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−{{Taxobox
−| color = lightgreen
−| name = Soapberry family
−| image = Lychee.jpg
−| image_width = 240px
−| image_caption = ''Litchi chinensis'' leaves and fruit
−| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
−| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
−| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
−| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
−| type_genus = ''[[Sapindus]]''
−| type_genus_authority= [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
−| familia = '''Sapindaceae'''
−| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
−| subdivision_ranks = Genera
−| subdivision = Over a hundred, see [[List of Sapindaceae genera]]
'''Sapindaceae''', also known as the '''soapberry family''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Sapindales]]. There are about 140-150 genera with 1400-2000 species.+Sapindaceae members occur in temperate to tropical regions throughout the world. Many are lactiferous, i.e. they contain milky sap, and many contain mildly [[toxic]] [[saponin]]s ([[alkaloid]]s with [[soap]]-like qualities) in either the foliage and/or the seeds. The largest genera are ''[[Serjania]]'', ''[[Paullinia]]'', ''[[Maple|Acer]]'' and ''[[Allophyllus]]''.+The largely temperate genera formerly separated in the families [[Aceraceae]] (''Acer'', ''[[Dipteronia]]'') and [[Hippocastanaceae]] (''[[Aesculus]]'', ''[[Billia]]'', ''[[Handeliodendron]]'') were included within a more broadly circumscribed Sapindaceae by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group| APG]]. Recent research has confirmed the inclusion of these genera in Sapindaceae.<ref name="singh">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurjaran |title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach |year=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |location=Enfield, New Hampshire |isbn=1-57808-342-7| pages=pp. 438-440}}</ref><ref name="harrington">{{cite journal |last=Harrington |first=Mark G. |coauthors=Karen J. Edwards, Sheila A. Johnson, Mark W. Chase & Paul A. Gadek |year=2005 |title=Phylogenetic inference in Sapindaceae ''sensu lato'' using plastid ''mat''K and ''rbc''L DNA sequences. |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=366-382 |doi=10.1600/0363644054223549}}</ref>+Plants of this family have a variety of habits, from [[tree]]s to [[herbaceous plant]]s or [[liana]]s. Their leaves usually spirally alternate, sometimes (in ''Acer, Aesculus'', and a few other genera) opposite. They are most often [[leaf shape|pinnately compound]], sometimes palmately, or just palmate (''Acer'', ''Aesculus''), with a [[petiole]] lacking [[stipule]]s, but having a swollen base.<ref name="singh"/>+[[Flower]]s are small and [[unisexual]], or functionally unisexual, though plants may be either [[dioecy|dioecious]] or monoecious. They are usually grouped in [[inflorescence|cyme]]s grouped in [[panicle]]s. They most often have four or five [[petal]]s and [[sepal]]s (petals are absent in ''[[Dodonaea]]''). The [[stamen]]s range from four to ten, usually on a [[nectar disc]] between the petals and stamen,their filaments are often hairy. The most frequent number is eight, in two rings of four. The [[gynoecium]] contains two or three [[carpel]]s, sometimes up to six. There is usually only one [[style]] with a lobed [[stigma]]. Most often [[pollination|pollinated]] by birds or insects,with a few species pollinated by wind.<ref name="singh"/>+ +The [[fruit]]s are fleshy or dry,. They may be [[nut]]s, [[berries]], [[drupe]]s, [[schizocarp]]s, [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]]s (''[[Bridgesia]]''), or [[samara (fruit)|samara]]s (''Acer''). The embryos are bent or coiled, without [[endosperm]] in the seed, but frequently with an [[aril]].<ref name="singh"/>+
−==Classification==
−Sapindaceae are related to [[Rutaceae]], and both are usually placed in an order [[Sapindales]] or [[Rutales]], depending on whether they are kept separate and which name is used for the order.<ref name="singh"/> The most [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member appears to be ''[[Xanthoceras]]''. Some authors maintain some or all of [[Hippocastanaceae]] and [[Aceraceae]], although this may result in [[paraphyly]].<ref name="singh"/><ref name="harrington"/> The former [[Ptaeroxylaceae]], now placed in Rutaceae, were sometimes placed in Sapindaceae.<ref>{{cite web|author=Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J.| year=2007| title=Sapindaceae Juss.|work=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval |url= http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/sapindac.htm |accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref> The family is divided in 5 or 6 subfamily depending on treatment.
−
−==Notable species==
−Sapindaceae includes many species of economically valuable tropical [[fruit]], including the [[lychee]], the [[longan]], the [[Talisia esculenta|pitomba]], the [[korlan]], the [[rambutan]], the [[mamoncillo]] and the [[ackee]]. Other products include [[Guarana]], [[Soapberry|soapberries]] and [[maple syrup]].
−
−Some species of [[Maple]] and [[Buckeye]] are valued for their wood, while several other genera, such as ''[[Koelreuteria]]'', ''[[Cardiospermum]]'' and ''[[Ungnadia]]'', are popular ornamentals. ''[[Schleichera trijuga]]'' is the source of Indian [[macassar oil]].
−
−==References==
−{{reflist}}
[[Category:Plant families]]
__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
+| name = ''Sapindaceae''
+| common_names = Soapberry family
+| color = IndianRed
+| image = Dimocarpus longan males F 070203 035 ime ed.jpg
+| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
+| image_caption = Longan fruits
+| regnum = Plantae
+| divisio = Magnoliophyta
+| classis = Magnoliopsida
+| ordo = Sapindales
+| familia = Sapindaceae
+}}
{{Inc|
{{Inc|
Sapindaceae (from the genus Sapindus, a contraction of the Latin sapo-indicus, Indian soap). Soap-Berry Family. Fig. 35. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, often climbing: leaves usually alternate, mostly compound, sometimes ternately, sometimes pinnately decompound: flowers unisexual or polygamous, regular or irregular (i.e. obliquely unsymmetrical), small; sepals 4-5, imbricated or rarely valvate; petals 4-5, small or wanting, usually with scales or hairs at the base inside: disk well developed, situated between the petals and the stamens (extrastaminal) ; stamens usually 10 in 2 whorls, more or less united at the base; ovary superior, mostly 3-celled and deeply 3-lobed; ovules typically 1 in each cell; style 1: fruit very diverse, a firm or bladdery capsule, a berry, nut, or winged fruit; seeds without endosperm.
Sapindaceae (from the genus Sapindus, a contraction of the Latin sapo-indicus, Indian soap). Soap-Berry Family. Fig. 35. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, often climbing: leaves usually alternate, mostly compound, sometimes ternately, sometimes pinnately decompound: flowers unisexual or polygamous, regular or irregular (i.e. obliquely unsymmetrical), small; sepals 4-5, imbricated or rarely valvate; petals 4-5, small or wanting, usually with scales or hairs at the base inside: disk well developed, situated between the petals and the stamens (extrastaminal) ; stamens usually 10 in 2 whorls, more or less united at the base; ovary superior, mostly 3-celled and deeply 3-lobed; ovules typically 1 in each cell; style 1: fruit very diverse, a firm or bladdery capsule, a berry, nut, or winged fruit; seeds without endosperm.
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There are 15 or more genera of true Sapindaceae grown in America. Koelreuteria (Varnish Tree) is hardy and ornamental. Cardiospermum (Balloon Vine) is a tender annual with queer fruit. Xanthoceras is a hardy ornamental tree. Paullinia is a greenhouse climbing shrub. The following are grown only in the southern states or California: Greyia; Melicocca (Spanish Lime); Blighia (Akee Tree); Dodonaea; Ungnadia (Mexican or Spanish Buckeye); Sapindus (Soapberry).
There are 15 or more genera of true Sapindaceae grown in America. Koelreuteria (Varnish Tree) is hardy and ornamental. Cardiospermum (Balloon Vine) is a tender annual with queer fruit. Xanthoceras is a hardy ornamental tree. Paullinia is a greenhouse climbing shrub. The following are grown only in the southern states or California: Greyia; Melicocca (Spanish Lime); Blighia (Akee Tree); Dodonaea; Ungnadia (Mexican or Spanish Buckeye); Sapindus (Soapberry).
−The following cultivated genera are now referred to other families: Melianthus (Melianthaceae); Aesculus (Hippocastanaceae); Acer (Aceraceae); Ptaeroxylon (Meliaceae); Staphylea (Staphyleaceae); Euscaphis (Staphyleaceae) ; Turpinia (Staphyleaceae).
+The following cultivated genera are now referred to other families: Melianthus (Melianthaceae); Aesculus (Hippocastanaceae); Acer (Aceraceae); Ptaeroxylon (Meliaceae); Staphylea (Staphyleaceae); Euscaphis (Staphyleaceae) ; Turpinia (Staphyleaceae).{{SCH}}
−{{SCH}}
−}}
}}
−==Genera==
+See: [[List of Sapindaceae genera]]
−==Gallery==
+{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
−<gallery>
+Image:Lychee.jpg| Litchi chinensis leaves and fruit
+Image:Upload.png| photo 1
+Image:Upload.png| photo 2
+Image:Upload.png| photo 3
+</gallery>
−==Characteristics==
+==References==
+*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
−==External links==
+*{{wplink}}
−{{stub}}
−[[Category:Categorize]]
−[[Category:Plant families]]
−{{seealso|List of Sapindaceae genera}}
−[[Image:Dimocarpus longan males F 070203 035 ime ed.jpg|thumb|right|Longan fruits.]]
−[[Category:Sapindales]]
[[Category:Sapindales]]
[[Category:Sapindaceae| ]]
[[Category:Sapindaceae| ]]
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