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Pansy (view source)

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{{Plantbox
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| name = ''LATINNAME''  <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
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| common_names = Pansy
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| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
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| image = Viola x wittrockiana omega F1 blanc pur dsc00972.jpg
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| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption =    <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
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| regnum = Plantae
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| Phylum = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = Violales
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| familia = Violaceae
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| genus = Viola
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| species = tricolor
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| subspecies = hortensis
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}}
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The '''pansy''' or '''pansy violets''' are a large group of plants cultivated as garden [[flower]]s.  Pansies are derived from ''[[Viola]]'' species ''[[Viola tricolor]]'' and they often include [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s with other viola species, these hybrids are referred to as ''Viola × wittrockiana'' or less commonly ''Viola tricolor hortensis''.  The name "pansy" also appears as part of the common name for other'' Viola'' species that are [[wildflower]]s in Europe.
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{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
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Pansy. A favorite garden perennial, commonly grown as an annual; prized for the beauty and individuality of its flowers. The pansy is everywhere a familiar flower. There is much character in it. The flower is often likened to a face. It appeals to personal feeling. In fact, the word pansy is only a corruption of the French pensee, meaning thought. The old folk- name, heartsease, is also associated with the familiar place which the plant has occupied; it signifies remembrance. The pansy is one of the oldest of garden flowers. Parkinson mentions it as a flower-garden subject in 1629. When critical study began to be given to the kinds of plants, the pansy was so distinct from wild species that its specific indentity could not be determined with precision, and, in fact, this is the case to the present day. It is generally considered, however, that it has descended from Viola tricolor (see Viola), a small perennial violet native to the cooler parts of Europe. In its nearly normal or unimproved forms, Viola tricolor is now grown in gardens. (Fig. 2748.) It is a most interesting plant, because handsome-flowered and variable. The flowers of this violet usually have three colors or shades, mostly blue, whitish and yellow, but in the different varieties one of the colors strongly predominates. A form with very small and inconspicuous flowers (var. arvensis) has run wild in many parts of the country.
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Pansy. A favorite garden perennial, commonly grown as an annual; prized for the beauty and individuality of its flowers. The pansy is everywhere a familiar flower. There is much character in it. The flower is often likened to a face. It appeals to personal feeling. In fact, the word pansy is only a corruption of the French pensee, meaning thought. The old folk- name, heartsease, is also associated with the familiar place which the plant has occupied; it signifies remembrance. The pansy is one of the oldest of garden flowers. Parkinson mentions it as a flower-garden subject in 1629. When critical study began to be given to the kinds of plants, the pansy was so distinct from wild species that its specific indentity could not be determined with precision, and, in fact, this is the case to the present day. It is generally considered, however, that it has descended from Viola tricolor (see Viola), a small perennial violet native to the cooler parts of Europe. In its nearly normal or unimproved forms, Viola tricolor is now grown in gardens. It is a most interesting plant, because handsome-flowered and variable. The flowers of this violet usually have three colors or shades, mostly blue, whitish and yellow, but in the different varieties one of the colors strongly predominates. A form with very small and inconspicuous flowers (var. arvensis) has run wild in many parts of the country.
    
Pansies are perennial, but they are grown practically as winter or spring annuals. Commercial growers sow the seeds in fall, and sell great quantities of the seedling plants before winter sets in. These plants are flowered in frames or cold greenhouses, or they are planted in the open for spring bloom. Plants are also started indoors . in late winter for spring bloom. Pansies delight in cool, moist weather; hence the American summer is not to their liking, and they often perish. A new stock of plants is started every year.
 
Pansies are perennial, but they are grown practically as winter or spring annuals. Commercial growers sow the seeds in fall, and sell great quantities of the seedling plants before winter sets in. These plants are flowered in frames or cold greenhouses, or they are planted in the open for spring bloom. Plants are also started indoors . in late winter for spring bloom. Pansies delight in cool, moist weather; hence the American summer is not to their liking, and they often perish. A new stock of plants is started every year.
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The modern improved pansies run in strains or families rather than in definite varieties. These strains are maintained at a high grade by the best cultivation and the closest attention to selection. The seed of the best strains is necessarily expensive, for it represents much human care. The stock usually runs down quickly in other hands. It should be renewed from the seed-breeder each year if the best results are to be maintained. These fancy and high-bred strains require extra care in the growing. Most of the best strains are of European origin. They are usually known by the name of the breeder. The chief points of merit in the high-bred pansy are size of flower, brilliancy of coloring, arrangement of colors. The flowers may be self-colored (of only one color) or particolored. The parti-colored flowers are of three general types: two banner petals and three central petals of different colors; petals all margined with lighter color; petals all striped. There are all grades of intermediate differences. The colors which are now found in pansies are pure white, purple-black, pure yellow, different shades of blue, purple, violet, red-purple. Pansy flowers are now grown 3 inches across. (Fig. 2749.)
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The modern improved pansies run in strains or families rather than in definite varieties. These strains are maintained at a high grade by the best cultivation and the closest attention to selection. The seed of the best strains is necessarily expensive, for it represents much human care. The stock usually runs down quickly in other hands. It should be renewed from the seed-breeder each year if the best results are to be maintained. These fancy and high-bred strains require extra care in the growing. Most of the best strains are of European origin. They are usually known by the name of the breeder. The chief points of merit in the high-bred pansy are size of flower, brilliancy of coloring, arrangement of colors. The flowers may be self-colored (of only one color) or particolored. The parti-colored flowers are of three general types: two banner petals and three central petals of different colors; petals all margined with lighter color; petals all striped. There are all grades of intermediate differences. The colors which are now found in pansies are pure white, purple-black, pure yellow, different shades of blue, purple, violet, red-purple. Pansy flowers are now grown 3 inches across.
    
With the above account may be compared Gerard's description of pansies in 1587. He pictures the heartsease or Viola tricolor with small violet-like flowers, the petals standing apart from each other. The "upright heartsease," or Viola assurgens tricolor, is represented as a stouter and more erect plant, with rounder but scarcely larger flowers. These are described as follows:
 
With the above account may be compared Gerard's description of pansies in 1587. He pictures the heartsease or Viola tricolor with small violet-like flowers, the petals standing apart from each other. The "upright heartsease," or Viola assurgens tricolor, is represented as a stouter and more erect plant, with rounder but scarcely larger flowers. These are described as follows:
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"The upright Pansie bringeth forth long leaves deeply cut in the edges, sharp-pointed, of a bleake or pale green colour, set upon slender upright stalks, cornered, jointed, or kneed a foot high or higher; whereupon grow very faire floures of three colours, viz., of purple, blew, and yellow, in shape like the common Hearts-ease, but greater and fairer; which colours are so excellently and orderly placed, that they bring great delight to the beholders, though they have little or no smell at all: for oftentimes it hapneth that the uppermost floures are differing from those that grow upon the middle of the plant, and those vary from the lowermost, as Nature list to dally with things of such beauty.
 
"The upright Pansie bringeth forth long leaves deeply cut in the edges, sharp-pointed, of a bleake or pale green colour, set upon slender upright stalks, cornered, jointed, or kneed a foot high or higher; whereupon grow very faire floures of three colours, viz., of purple, blew, and yellow, in shape like the common Hearts-ease, but greater and fairer; which colours are so excellently and orderly placed, that they bring great delight to the beholders, though they have little or no smell at all: for oftentimes it hapneth that the uppermost floures are differing from those that grow upon the middle of the plant, and those vary from the lowermost, as Nature list to dally with things of such beauty.
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L.H.B.
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}}
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Cultivation of pansies.
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==Cultivation, breeding and life cycle==
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[[Image:Pansy2005.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A pansy flower]]
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{{Inc|
 
There are few plants more popular than the pansy. Every year the demand for the plants is greater. This flower has been cultivated for so long that its source is a matter of uncertainty. As seen at the present day, it is an artificial production, differing considerably from any known wild plant.
 
There are few plants more popular than the pansy. Every year the demand for the plants is greater. This flower has been cultivated for so long that its source is a matter of uncertainty. As seen at the present day, it is an artificial production, differing considerably from any known wild plant.
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The four characteristics of the pansy required by the four leading pansy-growing people are as follows:
 
The four characteristics of the pansy required by the four leading pansy-growing people are as follows:
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Germany: Color, substance, form, size.
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*Germany: Color, substance, form, size.
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Great Britain: Form, color, substance, size.
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*Great Britain: Form, color, substance, size.
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France: Substance, size, color, form.
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*France: Substance, size, color, form.
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America: Size, color, substance, form.
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*America: Size, color, substance, form.
    
The success of growing a crop of pansies depends largely on having good fresh seed and on how the seedbed is treated the first six to twelve days; for if pansy seed becomes dry after once sprouting, it is dead; and if kept too close, it will damp-off.  
 
The success of growing a crop of pansies depends largely on having good fresh seed and on how the seedbed is treated the first six to twelve days; for if pansy seed becomes dry after once sprouting, it is dead; and if kept too close, it will damp-off.  
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In favored localities pansies designed for early spring bloom receive no glass protection during winter, the plants from the August sowing being transplanted in the fall from the seed-bed directly into their permanent quarters. Good pansies can be grown out-of-doors without glass protection as far north as Nova Scotia. Generally, however, it is much better to winter pansies in a coldframe, especially the finer strains. Pansies in bloom should be partially shaded from the hot midday sun, particularly the fancy-colored strains, the petals of which are more delicate in texture.
 
In favored localities pansies designed for early spring bloom receive no glass protection during winter, the plants from the August sowing being transplanted in the fall from the seed-bed directly into their permanent quarters. Good pansies can be grown out-of-doors without glass protection as far north as Nova Scotia. Generally, however, it is much better to winter pansies in a coldframe, especially the finer strains. Pansies in bloom should be partially shaded from the hot midday sun, particularly the fancy-colored strains, the petals of which are more delicate in texture.
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Charles Frost.
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{{Plantbox
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| name = Pansy
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| image = Viola x wittrockiana omega F1 blanc pur dsc00972.jpg
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| image_width = 250px
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| image_caption =
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| regnum = Plantae
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| Phylum = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = Violales
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| familia = Violaceae
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| genus = Viola
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| species = tricolor
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| subspecies = hortensis
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| trinomial = ''Viola tricolor hortensis''
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| subdivision_ranks = Hybrids
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| subdivision =
   
}}
 
}}
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The '''pansy''' or '''pansy violets''' are a large group of plants cultivated as garden [[flower]]s.  Pansies are derived from ''[[Viola (plant)|Viola]]'' species ''[[Viola tricolor]]'' and they often include [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s with other viola species, these hybrids are referred to as ''Viola × wittrockiana'' or less commonly ''Viola tricolor hortensis''.  The name "pansy" also appears as part of the common name for other'' Viola'' species that are [[wildflower]]s in Europe.  Some unrelated species, such as the [[Mimulus|Pansy Monkeyflower]], also have "pansy" in their name. 
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==Cultivation, breeding and life cycle==
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[[Image:Pansy2005.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A pansy flower]]
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Pansy breeding has produced a wide range of flower colors including yellow, gold, orange, purple, violet, red, white, and even black (dark purple) many with large showy face markings. A large number of bicoloured flowers have also been produced.  They are generally very cold [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy plant]]s surviving freezing even during their blooming period. Plants grow well in sunny or partially sunny positions in well draining soils. Pansies are developed from ''viola'' species that are normally [[Biennial plant|biennials]] with a two-year life cycle. The first year plant produce [[Leaf|greenery]] and then bear [[flower]]s and [[seed]]s their second year of growth and afterwards die like [[Annual plant|annuals]]. Because of selective human breeding, most garden pansies bloom the first year, some in as little as nine weeks after sowing. 
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Most biennials are purchased as packs of young plants from the [[garden centre]] and planted directly into the garden [[soil]]. Under favourable conditions, pansies and viola can often be grown as [[perennial plant]]s, but are generally treated as [[annual plant|annual]]s or [[biennial plant]]s because after a few years of growth the stems become long and scraggly. Plants grow up to nine inches (23 cm) tall, and the flowers are two to three inches (about 6 cm) in diameter, though there are some smaller and larger flowering [[cultivar]]s available too.
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Pansies are winter hardy in [[USDA plant hardiness zone|zones 4-8]]. They can survive light freezes and short periods of snow cover, in areas with prolonged snow cover they survive best with a covering of a dry winter mulch.  In warmer climates, [[USDA plant hardiness zone|zones 9-11]], pansies can bloom over the winter, and are often planted in the fall. In these climates, pansies have been known to reseed themselves and come back the next year. Pansies are not very heat-tolerant; they are best used as a cool season planting, warm temperatures inhibit blooming and hot muggy air causes rot and death.  In colder zones, pansies may not persist without snow cover or protection (mulch) from the extreme cold.
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Pansies should be watered thoroughly about once a week, depending on climate and rainfall. To maximize blooming, plant food should be used about every other week, according to the plant food directions. Regular deadheading can extend the blooming period.
      
==Anatomy==
 
==Anatomy==
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The pansy has two top [[petal]]s overlapping slightly, two side petals, beards where the three lower petals join the center of the flower, and a single bottom petal with a slight indentation.
 
The pansy has two top [[petal]]s overlapping slightly, two side petals, beards where the three lower petals join the center of the flower, and a single bottom petal with a slight indentation.
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==Diseases==
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{howto|section|date=April 2008}}
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*Stem rot - Stem rot, also known as pansy sickness, is a soil-borne [[fungus]] and a possible hazard with unsterilized animal [[manure]]. The plant may collapse without warning in the middle of the season. The foliage will flag and lose color. Flowers will fade and shrivel prematurely. Stem will snap at the soil line if tugged slightly. The plant is probably a total loss unless tufted. The treatment of stem rot, includes the use of [[fungicide]]s such as [[Cheshunt]] or [[Benomyl]] , which are used prior to planting. Infected plants are destroyed (burned) to prevent the spread of the pathogen to other plants.
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===Stem rot===
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*Leaf spot - Leaf spot (''Ramularia deflectens'') is a [[Fungus|fungal infection]]. Symptoms include dark spots on leaf margins followed by a white web covering the leaves. It is associated with cool damp springs.
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Stem rot, also known as pansy sickness, is a soil-borne [[fungus]] and a possible hazard with unsterilized animal [[manure]]. The plant may collapse without warning in the middle of the season. The foliage will flag and lose color. Flowers will fade and shrivel prematurely. Stem will snap at the soil line if tugged slightly. The plant is probably a total loss unless tufted. The treatment of stem rot, includes the use of [[fungicide]]s such as [[Cheshunt]] or [[Benomyl]] , which are used prior to planting. Infected plants are destroyed (burned) to prevent the spread of the pathogen to other plants.
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*Mildew - [[Mildew]] (''Oidium'') is a fungal infection. Symptoms include violet-gray powder on fringes and underside of leaves. It is caused by stagnant air and can be limited but not necessarily eliminated by spraying (especially leaf undersides).
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*Cucumber mosaic virus - The [[cucumber mosaic virus]] is transmitted by [[aphid]]s. Pansies with the virus have fine yellow veining on young leaves, stunted growth and anomalous flowers. The virus can lay dormant, affect the entire plant and be passed to next generations and to other species. Prevention is key: purchases should consist entirely of healthy plants, and [[pH]]-balanced soil should be used which is neither too damp nor too dry. The soil should have balanced amounts of [[nitrogen]], [[phosphate]] and [[potash]]. Other diseases which may weaken the plant should be eliminated.
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===Watering===
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*Slugs and snails
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The plant should be watered every other day, and watering should never be missed for more than three days.  '''The plant should ''never'' be over watered.'''
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*Aphids
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===Leaf spot===
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Leaf spot (''Ramularia deflectens'') is a [[Fungus|fungal infection]]. Symptoms include dark spots on leaf margins followed by a white web covering the leaves. It is associated with cool damp springs.
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===Mildew===
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[[Mildew]] (''Oidium'') is a fungal infection. Symptoms include violet-gray powder on fringes and underside of leaves. It is caused by stagnant air and can be limited but not necessarily eliminated by spraying (especially leaf undersides).
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===Cucumber mosaic virus===
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The [[cucumber mosaic virus]] is transmitted by [[aphid]]s. Pansies with the virus have fine yellow veining on young leaves, stunted growth and anomalous flowers. The virus can lay dormant, affect the entire plant and be passed to next generations and to other species. Prevention is key: purchases should consist entirely of healthy plants, and [[pH]]-balanced soil should be used which is neither too damp nor too dry. The soil should have balanced amounts of [[nitrogen]], [[phosphate]] and [[potash]]. Other diseases which may weaken the plant should be eliminated.
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==Pests==
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===Slugs and snails===
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To ward off [[slug]]s and [[snail]]s, sharp, gritty sand can be laid, or the soil can be top-dressed with chipped bark. The area should be kept clean of leaves and foreign matter, etc. [[Beer]] in little bowls buried to the rims in the flower beds will also keep slugs and snails at bay.
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===Aphids===
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To combat [[aphid]]s, which spread the cucumber mosaic virus, the treatment is to spray with diluted soft soap (2 ounces per gallon).
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==Cultivars==
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The Universal Plus series of 21 cultivars covers all the common pansy colours except orange and black.
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==Gallery==
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
 
Image:Pansy Viola x wittrockiana 'Delta Pure Deep Orange' Flower 1534px.jpg|'Delta Pure Deep Orange' Orange cultivar
 
Image:Pansy Viola x wittrockiana 'Delta Pure Deep Orange' Flower 1534px.jpg|'Delta Pure Deep Orange' Orange cultivar
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