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Monarda didyma (view source)

Revision as of 04:53, 26 June 2009

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{{Taxobox
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| color = lightgreen
   
| name = ''Monarda didyma''
 
| name = ''Monarda didyma''
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| image = Bee_balm.jpg
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| common_names = bee balm, oswego tea, horsemint
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| image_width = 240px
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| growth_habit = herbaceous
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| image_caption = ''Monarda didyma''
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| high = 1m    <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| wide = 20cm    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| origin =     <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| poisonous =     <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
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| lifespan = perennial{{SSN}}
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| familia = [[Lamiaceae]]
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| exposure = sun (light afternoon shade where hot)
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| genus = ''[[Monarda]]''
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| water = moderate, does not like to stand in water    <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| species = '''''M. didyma'''''
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| features = fragrant    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| binomial = ''Monarda didyma''
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| hardiness =     <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| bloom =     <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| range_map = Monarda didyma in the USA.svg
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| usda_zones =     <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| range_map_width = 240px
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| sunset_zones = 2-11, 14-17, 30-41
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| range_map_caption = U.S. distribution of ''Monarda didyma''
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| color = IndianRed
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| image = Monarda-didyma.JPG  <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
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| image_width = 180px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption = Monarda didyma   <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = Lamiales
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| familia = Lamiaceae
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| genus = Monarda
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| species = didyma
 
}}
 
}}
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This plant provides flavor and scent with its leaves and flowers. The Earl Grey tea is scented with this plant.
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''Monarda didyma'' ('''Bergamot''', '''Scarlet Beebalm''', '''Scarlet Monarda''', '''Oswego Tea''', or '''Crimson Beebalm''') is an aromatic [[herb]] in the family [[Lamiaceae]], native to eastern [[North America]] from [[Maine]] west to [[Ohio]] and south to northern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. Its name is derived from its odor which is considered similar to that of the [[bergamot orange]]. The [[binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] comes from [[Nicolas Monardes]], who described the first American flora in [[1569]].
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Description===
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===Propagation===
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This hardy [[perennial plant]] grows to 0.7-1.5 m in height, with the stems square in cross-section. The [[Leaf|leaves]] are opposite on the square stems, 6-15 cm long and 3-8 cm broad, and dark green with reddish leaf veins and a coarsely-toothed margin; they are glaborous or sparsely pubescent above with spreading hairs below. It has ragged, bright red tubular [[flower]]s 3-4 cm long, borne on showy heads of about 30 together, with reddish bracts. It grows in dense clusters along stream banks, thickets and ditches, flowering from July to late August.
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Pests and diseases===
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Very sensitive to mold. Do not overwater.
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===Cultivation and uses===
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==Cultivars==
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Bergamot is extensively grown as an [[ornamental plant]] both within and outside its native range; it is [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] further west in the [[United States]] and also in parts of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. It grows best in full sun, but tolerates light shade and will thrive in any moist soil that is well-drained. Several [[cultivar]]s have been selected for different flower color, ranging from white through pink to dark red and purple.
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Scarlet colored: 'Adam'
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Pink colored: 'Croftway Pink', 'Granite Pink', 'Marshall's Delight', 'Snow White'
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Dark red colored: 'Mahogany', 'Cambridge Scarlet'
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'Violet Queen'
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The name ''Oswego Tea'' comes from the [[Iroquois|Oswego]] Indians who taught the immigrants how to use it for [[tea]] after the [[Boston tea party]] in [[1773]]. The flowers and leaves are good ingredients for [[potpourri]] making.
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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Note that the bergamot herb is ''not'' the source of bergamot oil, used to flavor [[Earl Grey tea]]; that comes from the [[bergamot orange]], a [[Mediterranean]] [[citrus]] [[fruit]].
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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Image:Bee_balm.jpg|Monarda didyma
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</gallery>
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==References==  
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==References==
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*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24535 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Monarda didyma'']
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
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*[http://www.missouriplants.com/Redopp/Monarda_didyma_page.html Missouri Plants: ''Monarda didyma'']
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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*[http://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_oswego_tea.htm Oswego tea]
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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* {{cite book | author=[[Neltje Blanchan|Blanchan, Neltje]] | title=[[Wild Flowers Worth Knowing]] | year=[[2005]] | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]]}}
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* {{cite book | author=[[Alfred Pink|Pink, A.]] | title=[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11892 Gardening for the Million.] | year=[[2004]] | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]]}}
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*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MODI USDA Plants Profile: ''Monarda didyma'']
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{{wikiversity-bc|Monarda didyma}}
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==External links==
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[[Category:Lamiaceae]]
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*{{wplink}}
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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[[Category:Wildflowers of the Great Smoky Mountains]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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