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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
| growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
| high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
| wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
| origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
| lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
| exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
| water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
| features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
| hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
| usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
| sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
| image_caption = <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
| regnum = Plantae <!--- Kingdom -->
| divisio = <!--- Phylum -->
| classis = <!--- Class -->
| ordo = <!--- Order -->
| familia = <!--- Family -->
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|
<!--- ******************************************************* -->
Pergola. The word "pergola" closely interprets its original meaning:
from the Latin "pergula," a projecting roof, shed, or vine arbor,
from "pergere," to reach forward or project; and from the Italian
"pergola," a grape which remains upon its trellis all winter. From
this derivation and use of the word, it will readily be seen how the
term has become one of common usage in modern garden design, rightly
or wrongly to designate almost any type of arbor or vine- support in
the present-day garden. In order to understand the purer and less
general meaning of the word, the garden vine-supports may be divided
into two kinds or types: (1) treillages, decorative or otherwise,
which may broadly be considered as designed in one simple geometric
plane, perpendicular to the garden, their dimensions, height, and
length being determined only by their use and detail design; and (2)
pergolas ana arbors, designed or planned in three planes, having
height, length, and breadth, and, in brief, being architecturally
conceived tunnels over which vines are trained or grown, the arbor
and the pergola differing only in the detail of their design.
The pergola is invariably flat-topped, its semi-open roof being
formed either by rustic poles or timbers of varying size, laid at
right angles to the length of the structure, or by similarly laid but
regularly spaced rafters or timbers of definite size and cut, this
partially open roof being supported in either case by posts or
columns of an architectural character equally and oppositely spaced.
In simpler description, the pergola is a horizontal vine-support
raised upon piers or columns, each of the latter standing free and
independent of the other, the vines being encouraged to lie flat over
its top.
The arbor, in distinction from the pergola, is, in its simplest form,
a treillage or vine-support of a skeletonized form, with sides and
top generally alike, its top, or roof, being flat or curved as its
design may determine. In detail, its construction consists usually of
regularly and oppositely spaced wooden posts supporting not
over-thick strips and rails of the same material, these extending
horizontally. Other material than wood is often used in
arbor-construction, but the design and character remain generally the
same,—a skeletonized tunnel for the support and training of vines
over its entire surface. Therefore, while similar in origin and use
in the garden, the pergola and the arbor must not be confused in
their character and design. The arbor is, in fact, a development of
the even earlier-used pergola, which in medieval gardening often
became the pleached alley (or allee), and in the early French and
English gardens the very decorative and often complicated tunnel or
gallery of treillage.
The pergola is numbered among the oldest pieces of garden
architecture extant. The Egyptian used it as a covered walk from one
part of his domicile to another, or to his garden house; Pompeii and
ancient Rome prove its constant use, Vitruvius, describing the garden
attached to the villa of Diomedes, saying, behind the fish pond
ornamented by a fountain, there was a platform over which vines were
trained on a wooden framework supported upon six columns of stucco.
In Italy, the pergola can be traced through the various transitions
of the Italian gardens from those of early imperial times through the
medieval, to the architectural or formal gardens of the Renaissance
and today. In the great medieval period, the pergola and the cloister
were often synonomous in use, differing only in the material of their
construction, the latter being largely the outgrowth and development
of the former. As early as the beginning of the fifteenth century,
the pergola was in common use in France, being found not only in the
magnificent gardens of the kings, but as a feature of the smallest
town gardens of Paris. Riat, in his most authentic garden history,
"LArt des Jardins," carefully notes and describes the use of the
pergola at this time; Hill, one of the earliest of English writers on
gardening, in his "Gardener's Labyrinth," published about the middle
of the sixteenth century, claims the pergola to be "so winded that
the branches of the vine, melon, or cucumber, running or spreading
all over, might shadow and keep both the heat and the sun from the
sitter there under, and offer him cool and shaded passage." William
Horman, in his "Vulgaria," published in 1519, tells us that alleys in
gardens, covered with vines, do great pleasure with the shadow in
parchynge heat, and clusters of grapis maketh a pleasant walkynge
alley." Thus, in brief, it will be seen that the pergola and its
close kin, the arbor, have been used in all time and manner of
gardening, the earlier English colonists bringing both to America,
where their popularity, especially of late, has been so great as
often to cause their degeneration in design and misconception in use.
There is no decorative or useful feature in the garden scheme which
has been more inadvisedly used than the pergola. Like our gardening,
which has naturally become composite and therefore often impure in
taste, so the pergola has become subjected to all manner of diversity
in use, material, and design. It can be made an excellent motif and
component of a good garden scheme, if properly and carefully
considered!. Its value is not as a mere floating incident, untied and
non- related to some stronger element or to the frame of the garden.
It must be given a "tying-together" or corridor value in order best
to serve and express its use. The garden should be designed in a
manner to call for its use as a covered passage between the house and
the garden entrance; or to connect one garden, or part of a garden,
with another; or to separate garden from garden, offering substitute
for the wall, hedges, or lattice, which might otherwise be used; or
allowed to enframe or terminate the garden, a situation in which it
may often be used to fine advantage either alone or in combination
with a garden house or shelter; but it should not be so designed and
placed as to serve merely as an isolated decorative garden feature.
For such location and use there is the garden shelter, the tea-house,
the pavilion, the seat, and various exedra, far more suitable.
As is generally the case with all decorative garden motifs, the
design and material of the pergola should be in strict harmony with
its more important and controlling architectural surroundings. This
does not mean, nor does it necessarily follow, that the material of
the pergola should be like that of the house, garden wall, or other
more or less important adjacent architectural features; but it does
mean that its architectural character or style, design, and scale,
must be determined and dominated by that common to the entire
problem, and its material be in harmony or at least reflective. The
designer or builder is safest when he considers not only his pergola
but all of the architectural features of the garden as details, the
character of which are to be largely determined by, or closely
interrelated with; the architectural treatment of the garden and its
environment as a whole. Materials and minor methods of
expression may vary with personal taste, but architectural period and
style cannot, for with a lack of appreciation of the proper
architectural relation between the interrelated parts of a garden
comes a breaking down of one of the most important principles of
garden or other composition, namely unity of idea.
While, of course, there can be no rules governing the dimensions of
pergolas, the relation of width to height is most important, as is
the relation of height to length. The scale may be either human or
relative. The width of a pergola or arbor, however, is seemingly best
when slightly greater than its height, for if less it will appear
stilted and in poor proportion. From diagrams A to E in Fig. 2869, it
will readily be seen that (A), showing a proportion of 4 to 3 is less
pleasing than (B), 4 to 4, or even (C), 4 to 5. When the width
increases noticeably over the height, as in (D) 4 to 6, or (E) 4 to
7. there is a resultant weakening in proportion. As for length, this
of course is determined by the individual problem, but in no case
should the length be merely equal to, or less than, the width or
height. In summary, the dimension of the pergola should produce a
form of sufficiently dominant and pleasing horizontal and
perpendicular dimensions to produce a satisfactory feeling of
stability and repose.
In regard to plant materials used in connection with pergolas, the
effect sought is that the pergola shall count as a support for vines;
the variety and kind of growth, however, must naturally be determined
by the exigencies of the particular case. Vines of fine and delicate
foliage, flower, and fruit are better suited to the delicate arbor or
treillage, and the larger-leaved, more heavily fruited vines to the
architecturally stronger and coarser pergola. Also, vines with coarse
and woody stems, such as the wistaria, the grape, the bittersweet and
the like, are better adapted to the true use of the pergola, as a
rack upon which vines lie, not a treillage or support up which they
climb or against which they are trained.
Bryant Fleming.
{{SCH}}
}}
==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
==Species==
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->
==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>
==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]
<!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! -->
| name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
| growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
| high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
| wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
| origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
| lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
| exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
| water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
| features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
| hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
| usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
| sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
| image_caption = <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
| regnum = Plantae <!--- Kingdom -->
| divisio = <!--- Phylum -->
| classis = <!--- Class -->
| ordo = <!--- Order -->
| familia = <!--- Family -->
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|
<!--- ******************************************************* -->
Pergola. The word "pergola" closely interprets its original meaning:
from the Latin "pergula," a projecting roof, shed, or vine arbor,
from "pergere," to reach forward or project; and from the Italian
"pergola," a grape which remains upon its trellis all winter. From
this derivation and use of the word, it will readily be seen how the
term has become one of common usage in modern garden design, rightly
or wrongly to designate almost any type of arbor or vine- support in
the present-day garden. In order to understand the purer and less
general meaning of the word, the garden vine-supports may be divided
into two kinds or types: (1) treillages, decorative or otherwise,
which may broadly be considered as designed in one simple geometric
plane, perpendicular to the garden, their dimensions, height, and
length being determined only by their use and detail design; and (2)
pergolas ana arbors, designed or planned in three planes, having
height, length, and breadth, and, in brief, being architecturally
conceived tunnels over which vines are trained or grown, the arbor
and the pergola differing only in the detail of their design.
The pergola is invariably flat-topped, its semi-open roof being
formed either by rustic poles or timbers of varying size, laid at
right angles to the length of the structure, or by similarly laid but
regularly spaced rafters or timbers of definite size and cut, this
partially open roof being supported in either case by posts or
columns of an architectural character equally and oppositely spaced.
In simpler description, the pergola is a horizontal vine-support
raised upon piers or columns, each of the latter standing free and
independent of the other, the vines being encouraged to lie flat over
its top.
The arbor, in distinction from the pergola, is, in its simplest form,
a treillage or vine-support of a skeletonized form, with sides and
top generally alike, its top, or roof, being flat or curved as its
design may determine. In detail, its construction consists usually of
regularly and oppositely spaced wooden posts supporting not
over-thick strips and rails of the same material, these extending
horizontally. Other material than wood is often used in
arbor-construction, but the design and character remain generally the
same,—a skeletonized tunnel for the support and training of vines
over its entire surface. Therefore, while similar in origin and use
in the garden, the pergola and the arbor must not be confused in
their character and design. The arbor is, in fact, a development of
the even earlier-used pergola, which in medieval gardening often
became the pleached alley (or allee), and in the early French and
English gardens the very decorative and often complicated tunnel or
gallery of treillage.
The pergola is numbered among the oldest pieces of garden
architecture extant. The Egyptian used it as a covered walk from one
part of his domicile to another, or to his garden house; Pompeii and
ancient Rome prove its constant use, Vitruvius, describing the garden
attached to the villa of Diomedes, saying, behind the fish pond
ornamented by a fountain, there was a platform over which vines were
trained on a wooden framework supported upon six columns of stucco.
In Italy, the pergola can be traced through the various transitions
of the Italian gardens from those of early imperial times through the
medieval, to the architectural or formal gardens of the Renaissance
and today. In the great medieval period, the pergola and the cloister
were often synonomous in use, differing only in the material of their
construction, the latter being largely the outgrowth and development
of the former. As early as the beginning of the fifteenth century,
the pergola was in common use in France, being found not only in the
magnificent gardens of the kings, but as a feature of the smallest
town gardens of Paris. Riat, in his most authentic garden history,
"LArt des Jardins," carefully notes and describes the use of the
pergola at this time; Hill, one of the earliest of English writers on
gardening, in his "Gardener's Labyrinth," published about the middle
of the sixteenth century, claims the pergola to be "so winded that
the branches of the vine, melon, or cucumber, running or spreading
all over, might shadow and keep both the heat and the sun from the
sitter there under, and offer him cool and shaded passage." William
Horman, in his "Vulgaria," published in 1519, tells us that alleys in
gardens, covered with vines, do great pleasure with the shadow in
parchynge heat, and clusters of grapis maketh a pleasant walkynge
alley." Thus, in brief, it will be seen that the pergola and its
close kin, the arbor, have been used in all time and manner of
gardening, the earlier English colonists bringing both to America,
where their popularity, especially of late, has been so great as
often to cause their degeneration in design and misconception in use.
There is no decorative or useful feature in the garden scheme which
has been more inadvisedly used than the pergola. Like our gardening,
which has naturally become composite and therefore often impure in
taste, so the pergola has become subjected to all manner of diversity
in use, material, and design. It can be made an excellent motif and
component of a good garden scheme, if properly and carefully
considered!. Its value is not as a mere floating incident, untied and
non- related to some stronger element or to the frame of the garden.
It must be given a "tying-together" or corridor value in order best
to serve and express its use. The garden should be designed in a
manner to call for its use as a covered passage between the house and
the garden entrance; or to connect one garden, or part of a garden,
with another; or to separate garden from garden, offering substitute
for the wall, hedges, or lattice, which might otherwise be used; or
allowed to enframe or terminate the garden, a situation in which it
may often be used to fine advantage either alone or in combination
with a garden house or shelter; but it should not be so designed and
placed as to serve merely as an isolated decorative garden feature.
For such location and use there is the garden shelter, the tea-house,
the pavilion, the seat, and various exedra, far more suitable.
As is generally the case with all decorative garden motifs, the
design and material of the pergola should be in strict harmony with
its more important and controlling architectural surroundings. This
does not mean, nor does it necessarily follow, that the material of
the pergola should be like that of the house, garden wall, or other
more or less important adjacent architectural features; but it does
mean that its architectural character or style, design, and scale,
must be determined and dominated by that common to the entire
problem, and its material be in harmony or at least reflective. The
designer or builder is safest when he considers not only his pergola
but all of the architectural features of the garden as details, the
character of which are to be largely determined by, or closely
interrelated with; the architectural treatment of the garden and its
environment as a whole. Materials and minor methods of
expression may vary with personal taste, but architectural period and
style cannot, for with a lack of appreciation of the proper
architectural relation between the interrelated parts of a garden
comes a breaking down of one of the most important principles of
garden or other composition, namely unity of idea.
While, of course, there can be no rules governing the dimensions of
pergolas, the relation of width to height is most important, as is
the relation of height to length. The scale may be either human or
relative. The width of a pergola or arbor, however, is seemingly best
when slightly greater than its height, for if less it will appear
stilted and in poor proportion. From diagrams A to E in Fig. 2869, it
will readily be seen that (A), showing a proportion of 4 to 3 is less
pleasing than (B), 4 to 4, or even (C), 4 to 5. When the width
increases noticeably over the height, as in (D) 4 to 6, or (E) 4 to
7. there is a resultant weakening in proportion. As for length, this
of course is determined by the individual problem, but in no case
should the length be merely equal to, or less than, the width or
height. In summary, the dimension of the pergola should produce a
form of sufficiently dominant and pleasing horizontal and
perpendicular dimensions to produce a satisfactory feeling of
stability and repose.
In regard to plant materials used in connection with pergolas, the
effect sought is that the pergola shall count as a support for vines;
the variety and kind of growth, however, must naturally be determined
by the exigencies of the particular case. Vines of fine and delicate
foliage, flower, and fruit are better suited to the delicate arbor or
treillage, and the larger-leaved, more heavily fruited vines to the
architecturally stronger and coarser pergola. Also, vines with coarse
and woody stems, such as the wistaria, the grape, the bittersweet and
the like, are better adapted to the true use of the pergola, as a
rack upon which vines lie, not a treillage or support up which they
climb or against which they are trained.
Bryant Fleming.
{{SCH}}
}}
==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
==Species==
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->
==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>
==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]
<!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! -->
