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From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to searchNew page: __NOTOC__{{Plantbox | name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name --> | common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank --> | growth_habi...
__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
| growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
| high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
| wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
| origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
| lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
| exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
| water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
| features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
| hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
| usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
| sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
| image_caption = <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
| regnum = Plantae <!--- Kingdom -->
| divisio = <!--- Phylum -->
| classis = <!--- Class -->
| ordo = <!--- Order -->
| familia = <!--- Family -->
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|
<!--- ******************************************************* -->
Sterilizing Soils. Greenhouse and plant-bed soils are specially liable to infection by disease organisms, as they are intensively cropped and not exposed to the action of frost and weather. Careful growers now resort to methods of artificial sterilization.
In practice, the sterilizing is accomplished either by heat applied by live steam, or by a chemical process employing a formalin drench. In either case, the work must be thoroughly performed if satisfactory results are to be expected; it will be required at least as often as every other year, and the situation is safer if sterilizing is practised annually.
Steam sterilizing is of two methods: by buried perforated pipes, and by a pan inverted over the soil and under which the steam may be conveyed. The latter is probably preferable in most cases. In either case, live steam should be applied for an hour or more.
"The perforated pipe method appears to consist, at its best," according to Selby and Humbert in Circular No. 151 of the Ohio Experiment Station, "in a system or set of perforated pipes, with crosshead and high-pressure boiler connection. These pipes are connected and buried in the soil of the bed, either with or without partial banking up of the soil; the surface of the bed is then covered with canvas or other covering and the steam passed into the system for such a period as is required to heat the soil to the necessary temperature. This temperature for best results is 180° to 212° F. maintained for a period of an hour or more. The time required to reach this temperature will vary with the boiler area, the pressure and other steam and soil factors. The length of pipes of the system will be adapted to the beds, being one-half or one-third the total length of large beds. Generally, 1 1/2-inch pipe is used with 1/8-inch holes bored in a straight line about 1 foot apart. These pipes are buried in the beds 12 to 16 inches apart."
For the inverted pan method, "The apparatus consists," according to W. W. Gilbert, "of a galvanized iron pan, 6 inches deep and 6 by 10 feet in size, which is inverted over the soil to be sterilized and the steam admitted under pressure. The pan is supplied with steam hose connections, has sharp edges, which are forced into the soil on all sides to prevent the escape of steam, and is fitted with handles for moving it from place to place, the weight of the entire pan being not over 400 pounds.”
Remarking on the formaldehyde or formalin drench method, Selby and Humbert say that ''Soils to be treated by any method of sterilization should be prepared as for use by addition of manure so that the latter is incorporated with the soil before treatment. The soil after spading or plowing is ready for treatment, whether by steaming or drenching. For the work of drenching it is rather difficult to make exact estimates as to cost of appliances, as well as labor outlay, since the appliances are the usual watering devices of greenhouses or coldframes, and the labor will be somewhat variable according to the effectiveness of these devices. The appliances used may be extremely various, though usually some form of sprinkling-can, a force pump with hose and nozzles or application through the overhead Skinner watering system. For outside beds the hose and force pump offer a convenient method. The best strength appears to be three to three and one-half pints or pounds to each fifty gallons of drench applied at the rate of seven-eighths to one gallon to the square foot of surface."
{{SCH}}
}}
==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
==Species==
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->
==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>
==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]
<!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! -->
| name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
| growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
| high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
| wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
| origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
| lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
| exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
| water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
| features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
| hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
| usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
| sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
| color = IndianRed
| image = Upload.png <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
| image_caption = <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
| regnum = Plantae <!--- Kingdom -->
| divisio = <!--- Phylum -->
| classis = <!--- Class -->
| ordo = <!--- Order -->
| familia = <!--- Family -->
| genus =
| species =
| subspecies =
| cultivar =
}}
{{Inc|
<!--- ******************************************************* -->
Sterilizing Soils. Greenhouse and plant-bed soils are specially liable to infection by disease organisms, as they are intensively cropped and not exposed to the action of frost and weather. Careful growers now resort to methods of artificial sterilization.
In practice, the sterilizing is accomplished either by heat applied by live steam, or by a chemical process employing a formalin drench. In either case, the work must be thoroughly performed if satisfactory results are to be expected; it will be required at least as often as every other year, and the situation is safer if sterilizing is practised annually.
Steam sterilizing is of two methods: by buried perforated pipes, and by a pan inverted over the soil and under which the steam may be conveyed. The latter is probably preferable in most cases. In either case, live steam should be applied for an hour or more.
"The perforated pipe method appears to consist, at its best," according to Selby and Humbert in Circular No. 151 of the Ohio Experiment Station, "in a system or set of perforated pipes, with crosshead and high-pressure boiler connection. These pipes are connected and buried in the soil of the bed, either with or without partial banking up of the soil; the surface of the bed is then covered with canvas or other covering and the steam passed into the system for such a period as is required to heat the soil to the necessary temperature. This temperature for best results is 180° to 212° F. maintained for a period of an hour or more. The time required to reach this temperature will vary with the boiler area, the pressure and other steam and soil factors. The length of pipes of the system will be adapted to the beds, being one-half or one-third the total length of large beds. Generally, 1 1/2-inch pipe is used with 1/8-inch holes bored in a straight line about 1 foot apart. These pipes are buried in the beds 12 to 16 inches apart."
For the inverted pan method, "The apparatus consists," according to W. W. Gilbert, "of a galvanized iron pan, 6 inches deep and 6 by 10 feet in size, which is inverted over the soil to be sterilized and the steam admitted under pressure. The pan is supplied with steam hose connections, has sharp edges, which are forced into the soil on all sides to prevent the escape of steam, and is fitted with handles for moving it from place to place, the weight of the entire pan being not over 400 pounds.”
Remarking on the formaldehyde or formalin drench method, Selby and Humbert say that ''Soils to be treated by any method of sterilization should be prepared as for use by addition of manure so that the latter is incorporated with the soil before treatment. The soil after spading or plowing is ready for treatment, whether by steaming or drenching. For the work of drenching it is rather difficult to make exact estimates as to cost of appliances, as well as labor outlay, since the appliances are the usual watering devices of greenhouses or coldframes, and the labor will be somewhat variable according to the effectiveness of these devices. The appliances used may be extremely various, though usually some form of sprinkling-can, a force pump with hose and nozzles or application through the overhead Skinner watering system. For outside beds the hose and force pump offer a convenient method. The best strength appears to be three to three and one-half pints or pounds to each fifty gallons of drench applied at the rate of seven-eighths to one gallon to the square foot of surface."
{{SCH}}
}}
==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
==Species==
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->
==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>
==References==
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]
<!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! -->
