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Lantana camara (view source)

Revision as of 19:55, 9 July 2009

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''Lantana camara'', Linn. (L. aculeata, Linn.). Small shrub, 1-4 ft. high, hairy, sometimes with short hooked prickles: leavesvs. rather thick, rugose, scabrous above but pubescent beneath, ovate or cordate-ovate, mostly short-acuminate, crenate-dentate, the petioles short: clusters of flowers on strong axillary peduncles which may or may not exceed the leaves; flowers in a dense, nearly flat-topped head, usually opening yellow or pink but changing to orange or scarlet, the bracts narrow and not conspicuous. Trop. Amer., extending north to Texas and S. Ga. B.M. 96. L.B.C.12:1171 (as L. scabrida, Ait.).In the wild, the plant may grow 10 ft. high, and it is usually prickly (hence the name L. aculeata of Linnaeuns). The cultured plant is less prickly or even unarmed. Color of flowers varies on different plants, and there are many named forms. This group is now a prominent plant in many tropics. It is possible that more than one species is involved in the following forms. ''L.hybrida'' is a name for the dwarf garden forms. ''L. Pictavi'' is a hybrid between ''L. Sellowiana'' and a garden form.
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| name = ''Lantana camara''
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}}
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| common_names = Spanish Flag
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{{Taxobox
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| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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| color = lightgreen
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| name = Spanish Flag
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =     <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image = LantanaFlowerLeaves-3.jpg
 
| image = LantanaFlowerLeaves-3.jpg
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| image_width = 200px
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| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
 
| image_caption = Flowers and leaves
 
| image_caption = Flowers and leaves
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
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| ordo = Lamiales
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| familia = [[Verbenaceae]]
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| familia = Verbenaceae
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| genus = ''[[Lantana]]''
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| genus = Lantana
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| species = '''''L. camara'''''
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| species = camara
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| binomial = ''Lantana camara''
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}}
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| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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{{Inc|
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| synonyms =
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''[[Lantana]] camara'', Linn. (L. aculeata, Linn.). Small shrub, 1-4 ft. high, hairy, sometimes with short hooked prickles: leavesvs. rather thick, rugose, scabrous above but pubescent beneath, ovate or cordate-ovate, mostly short-acuminate, crenate-dentate, the petioles short: clusters of flowers on strong axillary peduncles which may or may not exceed the leaves; flowers in a dense, nearly flat-topped head, usually opening yellow or pink but changing to orange or scarlet, the bracts narrow and not conspicuous. Trop. Amer., extending north to Texas and S. Ga. In the wild, the plant may grow 10 ft. high, and it is usually prickly (hence the name L. aculeata of Linnaeuns). The cultured plant is less prickly or even unarmed. Color of flowers varies on different plants, and there are many named forms. This group is now a prominent plant in many tropics. It is possible that more than one species is involved in the following forms. ''L. hybrida'' is a name for the dwarf garden forms. ''L. Pictavi'' is a hybrid between ''L. Sellowiana'' and a garden form.
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''Lantana aculeata''<br />
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{{SCH}}
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''Lantana armata''
   
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'''''Lantana camara''''', also known as '''Spanish Flag''', is native to tropical regions in Central and South America.<ref name="ws">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetenerifesun.com/Issue-172/page32.htm|title=Fill your garden with sunshine|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 19|publisher=The Western Sun Newspaper|year=2007|author=Efren and Luisa Gonzalez|language=English}}</ref><ref name="florida">{{Cite web|url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/L/lant_c.cfm|title=Lantana camara|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 19|publisher=Floridata LC|year=2007|author=Floridata LC|language=English}}</ref><ref name="moyhill">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moyhill.com/html/english_vs_latin_names.html|title=English vs. Latin Names|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 19|publisher=Moyhill Publishing|year=2007|author=Moyhill Publishing|language=English}}</ref> Spanish Flag has been introduced into other parts of the world as an ornamental plant, it is considered an invasive species in many tropical areas.<ref name="decc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/content/lantana_factsheet|title=Lantana - fact sheet|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 19|publisher=Department of Environment and Climate Change - NSW|year=2007|author=New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service|language=English}}</ref>
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==Naturalization==
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==Cultivation==
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''Lantana camara'' has become naturalized in tropical and warm regions worldwide.<ref name="feppc2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fleppc.org/ID_book/lantana%20camara.pdf|title=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council: Lantana camanara|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 19|publisher=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council|year=2005|author=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council|format=PDF|language=English}}</ref> In the Kenyan highlands it grows in many areas that receive even minimal amounts of rainfall. It can be seen in the wild and along footpaths, deserted fields, and farms.<ref name="khanna">{{cite book | last =Khanna  | first =L. S. | authorlink = | coauthors =Prakash, R. | title =Theory and Practice of silvicultural Systems | publisher =International Book Distributions | date =1983| location = | pages =400 pages | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> Lantana has been naturalized in the [[United States]], particularly in the Atlantic coastal plains, from [[Florida]] to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], where the climate is close to its native climate, with high heat and humidity.<ref name="florida" />
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==Domestication==
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===Propagation===
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Lantana has become popular in gardens, for its hardy nature. It is not affected by pests or disease, has low water requirements, and handles extreme heat. It is a favorite species of butterflies, and used in butterfly gardens in the United States.<ref name="florida" />
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===Pests and diseases===
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==Ecological impact==
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==Species==
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Lantana camara is an [[invasive species]] and has covered large areas in '''India''' as well as '''Australia'''. It colonizes new areas when its seeds are dispersed by birds. Once it reaches an area, ''Lantana camara'' spreads quickly. It coppices so well, that efforts to eradicate it have completely failed. It is resistant to fire, and quickly grows in and colonizes burnt areas.<ref name="hire">{{cite book | last =Hiremath | first =Ankila  | authorlink = | coauthors =Bharath Sundram. | title =The Fire-Lantana Cycle Hypothesis in Indian Forests | publisher =Conservation and Society  | date =2005 | location = | pages = | url =http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00002445/ | doi = | id = }}</ref> It has become a serious obstacle to the natural regeneration of important native species including [[Sal]] in Southeast Asia, as well as plants in 22 other countries. In greenhouses, lantana is notorious for attracting whitefly.<ref name="feppc2" /><ref name="feppc" />
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While considered a pest in Australia, it shelters several native marsupial species from predators, and offers a habitat for the vulnerable ''Exoneura'' native bee, which nests in the hollow stems of the plant.
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==Gallery==
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Lantana camara has been reported to make animals ill after ingestion.<ref name="feppc2" /> Its berries are toxic before they become ripe, and can be poisonous to pets as well as livestock. Lantana has been listed as a Category One "Invasive Toxic Species" in Florida by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council, and has become a problem in Texas and Hawaii.<ref name="feppc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fleppc.org/list/05List.htm|title=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council: List of Invasive Species|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 19|publisher=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council|year=2005|author=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council|language=English}}</ref><ref name="florida" />
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==Other uses==
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Some communities have found alternate uses for Lantana, as it is difficult to eradicate. Some household furniture, such as tables and chairs are made from the stalks, or the small branches are bundled together to make brooms.<ref name="khanna" />
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==Ornamental==
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Some ''Lantana'' cultivars are ornamentals and these tend to have small herbaceous stems.
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See also article [[Lantana]].
      
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Image:Lantana camara (1).jpg
 
Image:Lantana camara (1).jpg
 
Image:lantana camara blanca.jpg
 
Image:lantana camara blanca.jpg
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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Image:Upload.png| photo 4
 
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==References==
 
==References==
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{{reflist}}
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
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*[http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Lantana%20camara.pdf USDA Forest service brochure]
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*{{wplink}}
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*[http://www.fleppc.org/ID_book/lantana%20camara.pdf Lantana camara at Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council]
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*[http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/in/in_8.htm ''Lantana'' threat in India]
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{{stub}}
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*[http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/content/lantana_factsheet Lantana factsheet]
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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*[http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/lantana_flower_guide.pdf Lantana identification guide]
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[[Category:Invasive plant species]]
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