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Phalaris (view source)

Revision as of 20:12, 9 July 2009

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:''For the historical personage, see [[Phalaris]].''
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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{{Taxobox
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| color = lightgreen
   
| name = ''Phalaris''
 
| name = ''Phalaris''
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| common_names =    <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
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| growth_habit = grass
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image = Phalaris_canariensis.jpg
 
| image = Phalaris_canariensis.jpg
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| image_width = 200px
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| image_width = 180px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption = ''[[Phalaris canariensis]]''
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| image_caption = Phalaris canariensis
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
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| classis = Liliopsida
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| ordo = [[Poales]]
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| ordo = Poales
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| familia = [[Poaceae]]
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| familia = Poaceae
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| genus = '''''Phalaris'''''
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| genus = Phalaris
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision =
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See text.
   
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{{Inc|
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Phalaris (old Greek name for a grass). Gramineae. Stout hardy ornamental grasses.
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Spikelets 1-fld., in heads or spike-like panicles; glumes'boat-shaped, awnless; 2 minute sterile lemmas at base of perfect floret.—Ten species, mostly of S. Eu., one native throughout the northern part of N. Amer., a variety of which is ribbon-grass. P. canariensis, Canary-grass, which is cult, in Eu. for bird-food or as a cereal, sometimes escapes along roadsides. This annual species, on account of its variegated ovate spikes, is worthy of cult, as an ornamental grass.
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The name "P. commulata, or Toowoomba Canary-grass." has appeared in recent agricultural literature, as an intro. from Austral. The grass has been identified as P. bulbosa, Linn.
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{{SCH}}
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}}
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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'''Phalaris''' is a [[genus]] of ''[[Poaceae]]''.
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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[[Species]] include:  
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==Species==
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[[Species]] include{{wp}}:  
 
*''[[Phalaris angusta]]'' - timothy canarygrass  
 
*''[[Phalaris angusta]]'' - timothy canarygrass  
 
*''[[Phalaris aquatica]]'' - bulbous canarygrass, Harding grass, Hardinggrass, =''[[Phalaris tuberosa]]''
 
*''[[Phalaris aquatica]]'' - bulbous canarygrass, Harding grass, Hardinggrass, =''[[Phalaris tuberosa]]''
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*''[[Phalaris paradoxa]]'' - hood canarygrass
 
*''[[Phalaris paradoxa]]'' - hood canarygrass
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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== Distribution and Uses ==
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<gallery>
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Various species of Phalaris grow on every continent except [[Antarctica]]. Found in a broad range of habitats from below sea level to thousands of feet above sea level and from wet marshy areas to dry areas. Used in dried flower arrangements.  Phalaris canariensis is commonly used for bird seed.
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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''P. arundinacea'' and ''P. aquatica'' are sometimes invasive species in wetlands.  ''P. arundinacea'' and ''P. aquatica'' are known to contain the psychedelic [[tryptamine]]s [[5-MeO-DMT]], [[Bufotenin|5-OH-DMT]], and [[dimethyltryptamine|N,N-DMT]].
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" style="background:white"
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|+ Phalaris Species Known to Contain Alkaloids
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|-----
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| '''Species''' || '''Total Alkaloids''' || <center>'''DMT'''</center> || '''5-MeO-DMT''' || '''5-OH-DMT'''
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| ''[[Phalaris aquatica]]'' || 0.0007-0.18%<ref name="lycaeum" /> || || ||
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| ''[[Phalaris arundinacea]]'' || 0.0004-0.121%<ref name="lycaeum">[http://nepenthes.lycaeum.org/Plants/Phalaris/DMTLU.html Lycaeum]</ref> || ||  ||
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| ''[[Phalaris brachystachys]]'' || <center>Aerial parts up to 3%</center> ||<center>x</center>  ||  ||
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| ''[[Phalaris tuberosa]]'' || || 0.100%<ref name="erowid">[http://www.erowid.org/plants/phalaris/phalaris_faq.shtml Erowid Phalaris FAQ]</ref> || 0.022%<ref name="erowid" /> || 0.005%<ref name="erowid" />
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|-----
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|}
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None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in ''P. californica'', ''P. canariensis'', ''P. minor'' and hybrids of ''P. arundinacea'' together with ''P. aquatica''.<ref name="lycaeum" />
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== References ==
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{{Reflist}}
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== External links ==
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==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PHALA2 USDA Plants Database]
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==External links==
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* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=41334 Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)]
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*{{wplink}}
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/grass/www/phalaris.htm Grass Genera of the World]
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* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,9179 Jepson Manual Treatment]
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[[Category:Entheogens]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Forages]]
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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[[Category:Grasses]]
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{{grass-stub}}
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