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Solanum nigrum (view source)

Revision as of 00:37, 15 July 2009

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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| name = ''Solanum nigrum''
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| common_names = Black Nightshade
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| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = [[Eurasia]]{{wp}}
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
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| image = Solanum nigrum.jpeg
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| image_width = 200px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption =    <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = Solanales
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| familia = Solanaceae
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| genus = Solanum
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| species = nigrum
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}}
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'''''Solanum nigrum''''' ('''Black Nightshade''', '''Duscle''', '''Garden Nightshade''', '''Hound's Berry''', '''Petty Morel''', '''Small-fruited black nightshade''', '''Sunberry''', or '''Wonderberry''') is a species in the ''[[Solanum]]'' genus.
 
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[[Image:Solanum nigrum fruit black.jpg|thumb|225px|Black nightshade berries]]
 
Solanum nigrum, Linn. Black Nightshade. Morella of the French. Low unarmed herbaceous annual or suffrutescent in warm climates, glabrous or the young parts sometimes sparingly pubescent: lvs. simple, ovate, narrowed at both ends, entire or more frequently sinuate-toothed, petioled: fls. small, white, in pedunculate lateral cymes; calyx much shorter than the corolla with small obtuse lobes; corolla about 1/2 in. diam.: berry globular, black, about 1/4 in. diam. A widely distributed weed in all temperate and tropical regions.—In the Dakotas, according to Hansen, the plant is often called "stubbleberry," as it volunteers freely in wheat-stubble, and the fr. is used there for pies and preserves. Hansen finds that the plants withstand considerable frost. In warm countries, according to Vilmorin, the lvs. are sometimes eaten as spinach is, "and apparently without any injurious result, although the plant belongs to the dangerous family of the Solanaceae." The species is extremely variable, and much difference of opinion exists in regard to the poisonous qualities of the berries. Possibly differences exist in this respect in different forms but not correlated with characters recognizable by the systematist. Var. guineense, Linn., with scarcely angled to angular smooth st., broadly ovate lvs. glabrous above and glabrous or sparingly pilose below, deeply lobed calyx and relatively large fr., is the "garden huckleberry" (Fig. 3629). This form is cult. to some extent in some sections and the fr. used for pies and preserves. Another form, S. Burbankii, bitter, with foliage rather dark green above, and erect or ascending peduncles, is stated by the originator to be a hybrid between the "garden huckleberry" and S. villosum of the Pacific coast. In some characters it appears to be intermediate between its supposed parents, and it is used as is the former.
 
Solanum nigrum, Linn. Black Nightshade. Morella of the French. Low unarmed herbaceous annual or suffrutescent in warm climates, glabrous or the young parts sometimes sparingly pubescent: lvs. simple, ovate, narrowed at both ends, entire or more frequently sinuate-toothed, petioled: fls. small, white, in pedunculate lateral cymes; calyx much shorter than the corolla with small obtuse lobes; corolla about 1/2 in. diam.: berry globular, black, about 1/4 in. diam. A widely distributed weed in all temperate and tropical regions.—In the Dakotas, according to Hansen, the plant is often called "stubbleberry," as it volunteers freely in wheat-stubble, and the fr. is used there for pies and preserves. Hansen finds that the plants withstand considerable frost. In warm countries, according to Vilmorin, the lvs. are sometimes eaten as spinach is, "and apparently without any injurious result, although the plant belongs to the dangerous family of the Solanaceae." The species is extremely variable, and much difference of opinion exists in regard to the poisonous qualities of the berries. Possibly differences exist in this respect in different forms but not correlated with characters recognizable by the systematist. Var. guineense, Linn., with scarcely angled to angular smooth st., broadly ovate lvs. glabrous above and glabrous or sparingly pilose below, deeply lobed calyx and relatively large fr., is the "garden huckleberry" (Fig. 3629). This form is cult. to some extent in some sections and the fr. used for pies and preserves. Another form, S. Burbankii, bitter, with foliage rather dark green above, and erect or ascending peduncles, is stated by the originator to be a hybrid between the "garden huckleberry" and S. villosum of the Pacific coast. In some characters it appears to be intermediate between its supposed parents, and it is used as is the former.
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{{Taxobox
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==Cultivation==
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| color = lightgreen
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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| name = ''Solanum nigrum''
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| image = Solanum nigrum.jpeg
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===Propagation===
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| image_width = 225px
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
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| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
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===Pests and diseases===
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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| ordo = [[Solanales]]
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| familia = [[Solanaceae]]
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==Subspecies==
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| genus = ''[[Solanum]]''
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| species = '''''S. nigrum'''''
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| binomial = ''Solanum nigrum''
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| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]]
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| subdivision =  
   
''S. nigrum'' subsp. ''nigrum''<br/>
 
''S. nigrum'' subsp. ''nigrum''<br/>
 
''S. nigrum'' subsp. ''schultesii''
 
''S. nigrum'' subsp. ''schultesii''
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}}
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[[Image:Solanum nigrum fruit black.jpg|thumb|225px|Black nightshade berries]]
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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'''''Solanum nigrum''''' ('''Black Nightshade''', '''Duscle''', '''Garden Nightshade''', '''Hound's Berry''', '''Petty Morel''', '''Small-fruited black nightshade''', '''Sunberry''', or '''Wonderberry''') is a species in the ''[[Solanum]]'' genus, native to [[Eurasia]] and also introduced in the [[Americas]].
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<gallery>
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<!--[[Imagen:Hazard_T.svg|40px]]-->
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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The green berries and mature leaves contain [[glycoalkaloid]]s and are poisonous to eat raw. Their toxicity varies and there are some strains which have edible berries when fully ripe.<ref>Nancy J Turner, Adam F Szczawinski, "Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms of North America" p.128</ref> The plant has a long history of medicinal usage, dating back to ancient Greece.
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
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Black nightshade is a fairly common plant, found in many wooded areas, as well as disturbed habitats. It has a height of 30-120 cm (12-48"), leaves 4-7.5 cm (1 1/2-3") long; ovate to heart-shaped, with wavy or large-toothed edges. The flowers have petals greenish to whitish, recurved when aged and surround prominent bright yellow anthers. The fruits are oval black berries in small hanging clusters.
      
==References==
 
==References==
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<references/>
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
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* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/Wonderberry.html Solanum nigrum (Purdue University)]
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*{{wplink}}
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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[[Category:Solanum]]
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<!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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[[Category:Poisonous plants]]
 
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