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Sphagnum (view source)

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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| name = ''Sphagnum''
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| common_names = Sphagnum moss, bog-moss, peat-moss
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| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
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| image = SphagnumFallax.jpg
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| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption = a clump of ''Sphagnum'', peat moss
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = Bryophyta
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| classis = Bryopsida
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| subclassis = Sphagnidae
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| ordo = Sphagnales
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| familia = Sphagnaceae
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| genus = Sphagnum
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}}
 
{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
 
Sphagnum. Sphagnum moss, bog-moss, or peat-moss is found in swamps or bogs and is one of the plants from which peat is formed; it is much used by gardeners. Its geographical distribution extends to all countries in the North Temperate zone. According to Warnstorf, 1911 (Engler's "Das Pflanzenreich"), there are 342 recognized species of Sphagnum, of which many occur in North America. Sphagnum mosses differ from the true mosses so much that they are usually classified in a distinct family, Sphagnaceae. Besides differences in structure of the reproductive organs, the marked differences lie in the larger growth of sphagnum (which is often a foot or more in height), its soft appearance, pale green color, and the absence of root-hairs. The stems and leaves are inclosed or encircled by one, two, and often four strata of transparent cells connected with each other by small holes, which have the capacity of sucking up and retaining a large amount of water. These cells therefore perform the function of root-hairs, and it is this abundant water-storage tissue that makes sphagnum moss of so much use to gardeners in the cultivation of orchids, anthuriums, and the like, and in fact most plants of an epiphytal or swamp-loving character, such as sarracenia and darlingtonia. Sphagnum often forms at least one-third of the compost in which pitcher-plants and epiphytes are grown. The fresh green tips of sphagnum are also most useful for surfacing pots of orchids and other plants. Besides giving them a better appearance, the moss acts as an index to the moisture condition of the plant. Sphagnum is also useful in the propagation of many stove plants, such as cordyline, nepenthes, and the like; for starting tropical tuberous-rooted plants, such as fancy caladiums; for sowing seeds of orchids, anthuriums, nepenthes, and sarracenias when fresh and chopped fine; as a mulch; as a non-conducting material for plants in pots in exposed positions in summer; and in packing plants for transportation, for which purpose it is an ideal material. Owing to its sponge-like character it may be used wet or dry, according to the character of the plants intended for packing.
 
Sphagnum. Sphagnum moss, bog-moss, or peat-moss is found in swamps or bogs and is one of the plants from which peat is formed; it is much used by gardeners. Its geographical distribution extends to all countries in the North Temperate zone. According to Warnstorf, 1911 (Engler's "Das Pflanzenreich"), there are 342 recognized species of Sphagnum, of which many occur in North America. Sphagnum mosses differ from the true mosses so much that they are usually classified in a distinct family, Sphagnaceae. Besides differences in structure of the reproductive organs, the marked differences lie in the larger growth of sphagnum (which is often a foot or more in height), its soft appearance, pale green color, and the absence of root-hairs. The stems and leaves are inclosed or encircled by one, two, and often four strata of transparent cells connected with each other by small holes, which have the capacity of sucking up and retaining a large amount of water. These cells therefore perform the function of root-hairs, and it is this abundant water-storage tissue that makes sphagnum moss of so much use to gardeners in the cultivation of orchids, anthuriums, and the like, and in fact most plants of an epiphytal or swamp-loving character, such as sarracenia and darlingtonia. Sphagnum often forms at least one-third of the compost in which pitcher-plants and epiphytes are grown. The fresh green tips of sphagnum are also most useful for surfacing pots of orchids and other plants. Besides giving them a better appearance, the moss acts as an index to the moisture condition of the plant. Sphagnum is also useful in the propagation of many stove plants, such as cordyline, nepenthes, and the like; for starting tropical tuberous-rooted plants, such as fancy caladiums; for sowing seeds of orchids, anthuriums, nepenthes, and sarracenias when fresh and chopped fine; as a mulch; as a non-conducting material for plants in pots in exposed positions in summer; and in packing plants for transportation, for which purpose it is an ideal material. Owing to its sponge-like character it may be used wet or dry, according to the character of the plants intended for packing.
    
Unless one has an ideal position in which to keep sphagnum moss after gathering it from its native place, or unless one has conditions very similar to its native habitat, it is difficult to keep it living for any length of time. This does not greatly matter, except that sphagnum used for surfacing pots should always be living for the sake of appearance. That which is used in potting and propagating need not necessarily be living as long as it is fresh and not decayed, while partially decayed moss may be used for mulching and packing.
 
Unless one has an ideal position in which to keep sphagnum moss after gathering it from its native place, or unless one has conditions very similar to its native habitat, it is difficult to keep it living for any length of time. This does not greatly matter, except that sphagnum used for surfacing pots should always be living for the sake of appearance. That which is used in potting and propagating need not necessarily be living as long as it is fresh and not decayed, while partially decayed moss may be used for mulching and packing.
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{{SCH}}
 
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{{Taxobox
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==Cultivation==
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| color = lightgreen
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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| name = Peat moss
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| image = SphagnumFallax.jpg
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===Propagation===
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| image_width = 240px
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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| image_caption = a clump of ''Sphagnum'', peat moss
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
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===Pests and diseases===
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| divisio = [[Bryophyta]]
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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| classis = [[Moss|Bryopsida]]
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| subclassis = '''Sphagnidae'''
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==Species==
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| ordo = '''Sphagnales'''
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Selected species{{wp}}:
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| familia = '''Sphagnaceae'''
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| genus = '''''Sphagnum'''''
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
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| subdivision =
   
''[[Sphagnum affine]]''<br>
 
''[[Sphagnum affine]]''<br>
 
''[[Sphagnum apiculatum]]''<br>
 
''[[Sphagnum apiculatum]]''<br>
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''[[Sphagnum warnstorfii]]''<br>
 
''[[Sphagnum warnstorfii]]''<br>
 
and many more
 
and many more
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}}
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'''''Sphagnum''''' is [[genus]] of between 150-350 species of [[moss]]es commonly called '''peat moss''', due to its prevalence in [[peat]] [[Peat bog|bog]]s. Members of this genus can hold large quantities of water inside their cells; some species can hold up to 20 times their dry weight in water, which is why peat moss is commonly sold as a [[soil]] amendment. Sphagnum and the peat formed from it do not decay readily because of the [[phenolic]] compounds embedded in the moss's cell walls. Peat moss can also [[acid]]ify its surroundings by taking up [[cations]] such as [[calcium]] and [[magnesium]] and releasing [[hydrogen]] ions.
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
    
[[Image:Torfmoospolster Sonnentau.jpg|thumb|left|[[Drosera rotundifolia|Common sundew]] in a ''Sphagnum'' moss cushion]]
 
[[Image:Torfmoospolster Sonnentau.jpg|thumb|left|[[Drosera rotundifolia|Common sundew]] in a ''Sphagnum'' moss cushion]]
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Individual peat moss plants consist of a main stem, with tightly arranged clusters of branch fascicles usually consisting of two or three spreading branches and two to four hanging branches. The branches are covered by [[wiktionary:ovate|ovate]] to [[wiktionary:lanceolate|lanceolate]] [[Leaf|leaves]] called [[branch leaves]]. The top of the plant, or capitulum, has compact clusters of young branches. Along the stem are scattered leaves of various shape, named [[stem leaves]]; the shape varies according to species. The leaves consist of two kinds of cell; small, green, living cells (chlorophyllose cells), and large, clear, structural, dead cells (hyaline cells). The latter have the large water-holding capacity.
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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[[Spore]]s are released from specialized black, shiny capsules located at the tips of thin stalks. ''Sphagnum'' species also reproduce by [[Fragmentation (biology)|fragmentation]].
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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Peat moss can be distinguished from other moss species by its unique branch clusters. The plant and stem color, the shape of the branch and stem leaves, and the shape of the green cells are all characteristics used to identify peat moss to species.
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</gallery>
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==Geographic distribution==
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Peat mosses occur mainly in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] where different species dominate the bottom layer of peat bogs and moist [[tundra]] areas. The northernmost populations of peat moss lie in the archipelago of [[Svalbard]], arctic [[Norway]] at 81° N.
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In the [[Southern Hemisphere]], the largest peat moss areas are in [[New Zealand]], [[Tasmania]], southernmost [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]], but contain comparatively few species. Many species are reported from mountainous, subtropical [[Brazil]], but uncertainty exists regarding the specific status of many of them.
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== Uses ==
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Decayed, compacted ''Sphagnum'' moss has the name of peat moss.  Peat moss can be used as a soil additive which increases the soil's capacity to hold water.  This is often necessary when dealing with very sandy soil, or plants that need an increased moisture content to flourish.  One such group of plants are the [[carnivorous plants]], often found in wetlands (bogs for example). Dried ''Sphagnum
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'' moss is also used in northern Arctic regions as an insulating material.
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Peat moss is also a critical element for growing mushrooms; [[mycelium]] grows in compost with a layer of peat moss on top, through which the mushrooms come out, a process called [[pin]]ning.
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Anaerobic acidic ''Sphagnum'' bogs ([[moss (habitat)|mosses]], Scottish) are known to preserve mammalian bodies extremely well for millennia.  Examples of these preserved specimens are [[Tollund Man]], [[Haraldskær Woman]], [[Clonycavan Man]] and [[Lindow Man]].  Such ''Sphagnum'' bogs can also preserve human hair and clothing, one of the most noteworthy examples being [[Egtved Girl]], [[Denmark]].
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It is also used at horse stables as a bedding in horse stalls. It is not a very common bedding, but some farm owners choose peat moss as a great compost with horse manure.
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== Conservation ==
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==References==
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There is some question about the sustainability of large-scale ''Sphagnum'' harvesting. In particular, the extraction of large quantities of moss is a threat to raised [[bog]]s [http://www.ipcc.ie/currentaction2005-11.html].
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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== Health dangers ==
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==External links==
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Although rare, exposure to ''Sphagnum'' moss can potentially cause the chronic fungal disease, [[sporotrichosis]]. [[Sporothrix schenckii]] spores enter the skin via abrasions, scratches, and small puncure wounds as a result of unprotected contact exposure to ''Sphagnum'' moss. Sphagnum moss has also been used for centuries as a dressing for wounds.  This works because of the moss's ability to evenly soak up blood.
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*{{wplink}}
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{{commonscat|Sphagnaceae}}
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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[[Category:Bryophyta]]
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