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| | + | __NOTOC__{{Plantbox |
| | + | | name = ''Cinchona'' |
| | + | | common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank --> |
| | + | | growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc --> |
| | + | | high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) --> |
| | + | | wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) --> |
| | + | | origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc --> |
| | + | | poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous --> |
| | + | | lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc --> |
| | + | | exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) --> |
| | + | | water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak --> |
| | + | | features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive --> |
| | + | | hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc --> |
| | + | | bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers --> |
| | + | | usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 --> |
| | + | | sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available --> |
| | + | | color = IndianRed |
| | + | | image = Cinchona.pubescens01.jpg |
| | + | | image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical --> |
| | + | | image_caption = ''Cinchona pubescens'' - flowers |
| | + | | regnum = Plantae |
| | + | | divisio = Magnoliophyta |
| | + | | classis = Magnoliopsida |
| | + | | ordo = Gentianales |
| | + | | familia = Rubiaceae |
| | + | | genus = Cinchona |
| | + | }} |
| | {{Inc| | | {{Inc| |
| | Cinchona (from the Countess Chinchon, wife of a Spanish Viceroy of Peru, who was cured of fever in 1638 by the use of Peruvian bark). Rubiaceae. Plants widely known as yielding a remedy, in the bark, for malaria. | | Cinchona (from the Countess Chinchon, wife of a Spanish Viceroy of Peru, who was cured of fever in 1638 by the use of Peruvian bark). Rubiaceae. Plants widely known as yielding a remedy, in the bark, for malaria. |
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| | The distance when planted out in their permanent positions is 3 by 3 feet, and as soon as they begin to interfere with each other's growth they should be thinned out just sufficiently at first to prevent this. The bark of those cut down may be worth stripping if the price of bark is high. | | The distance when planted out in their permanent positions is 3 by 3 feet, and as soon as they begin to interfere with each other's growth they should be thinned out just sufficiently at first to prevent this. The bark of those cut down may be worth stripping if the price of bark is high. |
| − | Several methods have been used in taking the bark from the trees. In South America, the tree is uprooted, and the whole of the bark may be taken from both root and stem. A second plan is used if shoots spring from the root; the trunk is cut through above the ground, the bark stripped, and the stump left to coppice, one or two of the shoots being allowed to grow. The third method is to make the same tree yield bark in successive seasons; for this purpose longitudinal layers of the bark are removed from the trunk, and the exposed surface is sometimes covered with moss; the bark renews itself, and the "renewed bark" is as rich (or richer) in alkaloids as the original. In this way, by taking successive strips of bark in different years, the tree yields a continuous supply of bark. L.H.B. | + | Several methods have been used in taking the bark from the trees. In South America, the tree is uprooted, and the whole of the bark may be taken from both root and stem. A second plan is used if shoots spring from the root; the trunk is cut through above the ground, the bark stripped, and the stump left to coppice, one or two of the shoots being allowed to grow. The third method is to make the same tree yield bark in successive seasons; for this purpose longitudinal layers of the bark are removed from the trunk, and the exposed surface is sometimes covered with moss; the bark renews itself, and the "renewed bark" is as rich (or richer) in alkaloids as the original. In this way, by taking successive strips of bark in different years, the tree yields a continuous supply of bark. |
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| − | }} | |
| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | | color = lightgreen
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| − | | name = ''Cinchona''
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| − | | image = Cinchona.pubescens01.jpg
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| − | | image_width = 240px
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| − | | image_caption = ''Cinchona pubescens'' - flowers
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| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| − | | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| − | | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| − | | ordo = [[Gentianales]]
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| − | | familia = [[Rubiaceae]]
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| − | | genus = '''''Cinchona'''''
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| − | | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] 1753
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| − | | subdivision_ranks = Species
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| − | | subdivision =
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| − | about 25 species; see text
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| | }} | | }} |
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| − | '''''Cinchona''''' is a [[genus]] of about 25 [[species]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Rubiaceae]], native to tropical [[South America]]. They are large [[shrub]]s or small [[tree]]s growing to 5-15 [[metre]]s tall with [[evergreen]] foliage.
| + | ==Cultivation== |
| | + | {{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | [[Image:Cinchona.pubescens03.jpg|thumb|left|''Cinchona pubescens'' - fruit]]
| + | ===Propagation=== |
| − | The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite, rounded to lanceolate, 10-40 cm long. The [[flower]]s are white, pink or red, produced in terminal [[panicle]]s. The [[fruit]] is a small [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] containing numerous [[seed]]s.
| + | {{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | The name of the genus is due to [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], who named the tree in [[1742]] after a [[Countess of Chinchon]], the wife of a viceroy of Peru, who, in 1638, was introduced by natives to the medicinal properties of the bark. Stories of the medicinal properties of this bark, however, are perhaps noted in journals as far back as the [[1560s]]-[[1570s]] (see the Ortiz link below).
| + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
| − | | + | {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
| − | ''Cinchona'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Engrailed|The Engrailed]], [[The Commander (butterfly)|The Commander]], and members of the genus ''[[Endoclita]]'' including ''[[Endoclita damor|E. damor]]'', ''[[Endoclita purpurescens|E. purpurescens]]'' and ''[[Endoclita sericeus|E. sericeus]]''.
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| | ==Species== | | ==Species== |
| − | {|
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| | * ''Cinchona antioquiae'' L.Andersson (1998). | | * ''Cinchona antioquiae'' L.Andersson (1998). |
| | * ''Cinchona asperifolia'' Wedd. (1848). | | * ''Cinchona asperifolia'' Wedd. (1848). |
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| | * ''Cinchona scrobiculata'' Humb. & Bonpl. (1808). | | * ''Cinchona scrobiculata'' Humb. & Bonpl. (1808). |
| | * ''Cinchona villosa'' Pav. ex Lindl. (1838). | | * ''Cinchona villosa'' Pav. ex Lindl. (1838). |
| − | |}
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| − | ==Cinchona alkaloids==
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| − | [[Image:Cinchona alkaloids.png|right|200px|Cinchona alkaloids]]The bark of trees in this genus are the source of a variety of [[alkaloid]]s, the most familiar of which is [[quinine]], an [[antipyretic|anti-fever]] agent especially useful in treating [[malaria]].
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| − | '''Cinchona alkaloids''' such as [[quinine]] (R = [[vinyl]], R' = [[methoxy]]), '''cinchonidine''' (R = vinyl, R' = [[hydrogen]]) and [[dihydroquinidine]] & [[dihydroquinine]] ([[enantiomer]]s with R = [[ethyl]], R' = methoxy) and find use in [[organic chemistry]] as [[organocatalyst]]s in [[asymmetric synthesis]].
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| − | ===Medicinal use===
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| − | The medicinally active [[bark]], which is stripped from the tree, dried and powdered, includes other alkaloids that are closely related to quinine but react differently in treating malaria. As a medicinal herb, cinchona bark is also known as [[Jesuit's bark]] or Peruvian bark.
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| − | The plants are cultivated in their native South America, and also in other tropical regions, notably in [[India]] and [[Java (island)|Java]].
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| − | ===History===
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| − | {{main|Jesuit's bark}}
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| − | [[Image:Koeh-179.jpg|thumb|19th century illustration of ''Cinchona calisaya'']]
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| − | The Italian botanist [[Pietro Castelli]] wrote a pamphlet noteworthy as being the first Italian publication that mentions the cinchona. By the [[1630s]] (or [[1640s]], depending on the reference), the bark was being exported to Europe. In the late 1640s, the method of use of the bark was noted in the ''Schedula Romana'', and in [[1677]] the use of the bark was noted in the London Pharmacopoeia.
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| − | The legend says that the first European ever to be cured from malaria fever was the wife of the Spanish [[Viceroy]], the countess of Chinchon. The court physician was summoned and urged to save the countess from the wave of fever and chill which was proving fatal for her. Every effort failed to relieve her from this ailed condition. At last the court physician collected a medicine from the local Indians, that grew on the Andes mountain slopes. They had been using this medicine for similar syndromes. The medicine was given to her and surprisingly she survived the malarial attack. When she returned to Europe in the 1640s, she reportedly brought the bark with her.
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| − | In 1753 [[Carolus Linnaeus]] named the bark Cinchona after the countess of Chinchon. The story of the cure of the countess, however, is doubtful.
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| − | [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] called upon Mr Robert Talbor, who had become famous for his miraculous malaria cure. Because at that time the bark was in religious controversy, Talbor gave the king the bitter bark decoction in great secrecy. The treatment gave the king complete relief from the malaria fever. In return, he was offered membership of the prestigious Royal College of Physicians.
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| − | In 1679 Talbor was called by the King of France, [[Louis XIV]], whose son was suffering from malaria fever. After a successful treatment, Talbor was rewarded by the king with 3,000 gold crowns. At the same time he was given a lifetime pension for this prescription. Talbor was requested to keep the entire episode secret.
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| − | After the death of Talbor, the French king found this formula : six drahm of rose leaves, two ounces of lemon juice and a strong decoction of the chinchona bark served with wine. Wine was used because some alkaloids of the cinchona bark are not soluble in water, but soluble in wine.
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| − | The birth of [[homoeopathy]] was based on [[quinine]] testing. The founder of homoeopathy, Dr. [[Samuel Hahnemann]], when translating the Cullen's [[Materia medica]], noticed that [[William Cullen|Dr. Cullen]] wrote that quinine cures malaria and can also produce malaria. Dr. Hahnemann took daily a large non-homeopathic dose of quinine bark. After two weeks, he said he felt malaria-like symptoms. This idea of "like cures like" was the starting point of his writing on "Homoeopathy".
| + | ==Gallery== |
| | + | {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> |
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| − | ==History of cultivation==
| + | <gallery> |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 1 |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 3 |
| | + | </gallery> |
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| − | The bark was very valuable to Europeans in expanding their access to and exploitation of resources in far off colonies, and at home. Bark gathering was often environmentally destructive, destroying huge expanses of trees for their bark, with difficult conditions for low wages that did not allow the indigenous bark gatherers to settle debts even upon death.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} | + | ==References== |
| | + | *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
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| − | ==Treatments== | + | ==External links== |
| − | Cinchona has been used for a number of medical reasons such as:
| + | *{{wplink}} |
| − | * Treats malaria
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| − | * Kills parasites
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| − | * Reduces fever
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| − | * Regulates heartbeat
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| − | * Calms nerves
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| − | * Stimulates digestion
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| − | * Kills germs
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| − | * Reduces spasms
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| − | * Kills insects
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| − | * Relieves pain
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| − | * Kills bacteria and fungi
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| − | * Dries secretions | |
| − | The main reason for its use is to treat malaria, but it is rarely used today as many people think it is dangerous, as it can kill if taken in large amounts.
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| − | ==References and external links==
| + | {{stub}} |
| − | {{Commons|Cinchona calisaya}} | + | [[Category:Categorize]] |
| − | {{Commons|Cinchona pubescens}}
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| − | * [http://www.cuencanet.com/ortiz/cinchona.htm Cinchona project - Ortiz]
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| − | * [http://www.cuencanet.com/biologist/cinchona.htm Maricela Argudo's Cinchona Project]
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| − | * [http://www.bell.lib.umn.edu/Products/cinch.html Cinchona Bark]
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| − | * [http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/articles/article_08.html Using Bark to Cure the Bite]
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| − | * [http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~pczbl/cinch.html Cinchona Alkaloids]
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| − | * [http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/perbar29.html Peruvian Bark]
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| − | * [http://www.accessexcellence.org/21st/TL/sly/sly_imgWin14.html Cinchona photo]
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| − | * [http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/cinchona_pubescens.htm Photos of Cinchona pubescens]
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| − | * Reader's Digest, Strange Stories, Amazing Facts II; Title : "The Bark of Barks" -Reader's digest publication
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| − | * ''The Journals of [[Hipólito Ruiz López|Hipólito Ruiz]]: Spanish Botanist in [[Peru]] and [[Chile]] 1777-1788'', translated by Richard Evans Schultes and María José Nemry von Thenen de Jaramillo-Arango, Timber Press, 1998
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| − | * Druilhe, P., ''et al.'', Activity of a combination of three ''Cinchona'' bark alkaloids against ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' ''in vitro''. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 32(2):25-254.
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| − | [[Category:Rubiaceae]]
| + | <!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! --> |
| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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| − | [[Category:Malaria]]
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