Changes

The Macadamia tree does not begin to produce commercial quantities of nuts until it is 7-10 years old, but once established, may continue bearing for over 100 years. Macadamias prefer fertile, well-drained soils, a rainfall of 1000-2000 mm, and temperatures not falling below 10 °C (although once established they can withstand light frosts), with an optimum temperature of 25 °C. The roots are shallow and trees can be blown down in storms; they are also susceptible to ''[[Phytophthora]]'' root disease. Outside of Australia, commercial production is also established in [[Hawaii]] (the largest commercial producer), [[Brazil]], [[California]], [[Israel]], [[Kenya]], [[ Bolivia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]] and [[Malawi]].

The Macadamia tree does not begin to produce commercial quantities of nuts until it is 7-10 years old, but once established, may continue bearing for over 100 years. Macadamias prefer fertile, well-drained soils, a rainfall of 1000-2000 mm, and temperatures not falling below 10 °C (although once established they can withstand light frosts), with an optimum temperature of 25 °C. The roots are shallow and trees can be blown down in storms; they are also susceptible to ''[[Phytophthora]]'' root disease. Outside of Australia, commercial production is also established in [[Hawaii]] (the largest commercial producer), [[Brazil]], [[California]], [[Israel]], [[Kenya]], [[ Bolivia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]] and [[Malawi]].

The Macadamia nut's kernel is extremely hard to mine out of its shell (it requires about 300 [[Pound-force per square inch|psi]]

The Macadamia nut's kernel is extremely hard to mine out of its shell (it requires about 300 [[Pound-force per square inch|psi]]or 2000 [[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] to crack), but after some time in a warm and dry place the shell may develop big cracks. The nut can be opened then with a screwdriver, though the warm dry conditions also reduce the nutritional value of the nut. The shell is most easily cracked with a metalworking bench [[Vice (tool)|vice]], but care must be taken not to crush the kernel in the process.  The nuts can be opened simply by locating the seam line on the shell (This seam line can be located by looking carefully at the shell) and placing a knife blade on the line and tapping with a hammer. The shell will open and allow the nut to be removed whole. A safer and quicker alternative is to use a Ratchet style PVC pipe cutter. Place the cutter blade on the seam line and ratchet it closed - the shell will split and allow the nut to be removed. When nuts have dried for a period of time the kernel will fall out (with green or fresh nuts the kernel may stick in the shell). The nuts can also be smashed open with a hammer or heavy solid kitchen tool. Boiling the nuts for a few minutes in a pot until the nuts rise to the surface is also a good way as it causes the nuts to crack. Nuts of the "Arkin Papershell" variety, cultivated by retired stockbroker [[Morris Arkin]], each have a blemish or small crack somewhere on the shell, and the shell will crack open readily if left for a few days, or if struck properly with a hammer.[http://www.echonet.org/eln&herbs/eln_catalog/fruittreesM.htm]

or 2000 [[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] to crack), but after some time in a warm and dry place the shell may develop big cracks. The nut can be opened then with a screwdriver, though the warm dry conditions also reduce the nutritional value of the nut. The shell is most easily cracked with a metalworking bench [[Vice (tool)|vice]], but care must be taken not to crush the kernel in the process.  The nuts can be opened simply by locating the seam line on the shell (This seam line can be located by looking carefully at the shell) and placing a knife blade on the line and tapping with a hammer. The shell will open and allow the nut to be removed whole. A safer and quicker alternative is to use a Ratchet style PVC pipe cutter. Place the cutter blade on the seam line and ratchet it closed - the shell will split and allow the nut to be removed. When nuts have dried for a period of time the kernel will fall out (with green or fresh nuts the kernel may stick in the shell). The nuts can also be smashed open with a hammer or heavy solid kitchen tool. Boiling the nuts for a few minutes in a pot until the nuts rise to the surface is also a good way as it causes the nuts to crack. Nuts of the "Arkin Papershell" variety, cultivated by retired stockbroker [[Morris Arkin]], each have a blemish or small crack somewhere on the shell, and the shell will crack open readily if left for a few days, or if struck properly with a hammer.[http://www.echonet.org/eln&herbs/eln_catalog/fruittreesM.htm]

[[Macadamia oil]] is prized for containing approximately 22% of the [[Omega-7]] [[palmitoleic acid]][http://www.bagkf.de/sofa/], which makes it a botanical alternative to [[mink oil]], which contains approx. 17%.  This relatively high content of "cushiony" palmitoleic acid plus macadamia's high oxidative stability make it a desirable ingredient in cosmetics, especially skincare.

[[Macadamia oil]] is prized for containing approximately 22% of the [[Omega-7]] [[palmitoleic acid]][http://www.bagkf.de/sofa/], which makes it a botanical alternative to [[mink oil]], which contains approx. 17%.  This relatively high content of "cushiony" palmitoleic acid plus macadamia's high oxidative stability make it a desirable ingredient in cosmetics, especially skincare.