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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Orchid genus ''Coryanthes''<br />The "Bucket Orchids"
| image = Coryanthes verrucolineata Orchi 02.jpg
| image_caption = ''Coryanthes verrucolineata''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| tribus = [[Maxillarieae]]
| subtribus = [[Stanhopeinae]]
| genus = '''''Coryanthes'''''
| genus_authority = [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
see text...
}}
The term '''"Bucket orchid"''' can refer to any of the species in the genus '''''Coryanthes''''', which are tropical [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] plants in the [[Orchidaceae]] family. Bucket orchids are an excellent example of [[coevolution]] and [[mutualism]], as the orchids have [[Evolution|evolved]] along with [[orchid bee]]s (the tribe [[Euglossini]] of the family [[Apidae]]) and both depend on each other for reproduction. One to three flowers are borne on a [[pendant]] stem that comes from the base of the [[pseudobulbs]]. The flower secretes a fluid (see ''[[Coryanthes alborosea]]'' picture) into the flower lip, which is shaped like a bucket. The male orchid bees (not the females) are attracted to the flower by a strong scent from aromatic oils, which they store in specialized spongy pouches inside their swollen hind legs, as they appear to use the scent in their [[courtship]] dances in order to attract females. The bees, trying to get the waxy substance containing the scent, sometimes fall to the fluid-filled bucket. As they are trying to escape, they find that there are some small knobs on which they can climb on, while the rest of the lip is lined with smooth, downward-pointing hairs, upon which their claws cannot find a grip. The knobs lead to a spout (see the ''[[Coryanthes leucocorys]]'' picture), but as the bee is trying to escape, the spout constricts. At that same moment, the small packets containing the [[pollen]] of the orchid get pressed against the [[thorax]] of the bee. However, the glue on the pollen packets does not set immediately, so the orchid keeps the bee trapped until the glue has set. Once the glue has set, the bee is let free and he can now dry his wings and fly off. His ordeal may have taken as long as forty-five minutes. Hopefully, the bee will go to another flower, where, if the flower is to be successful at reproducing, the bee falls once again into the bucket of the same species. This time the pollen packets get stuck to the [[carpel|stigma]] as the bee is escaping, and after a while the orchid will produce a [[seed]] pod.
The bee, having stored the aromatic oils in his back legs, can then fly off to mate with a female bee.
==History==
Some of the first investigations on ''Coryanthes'' were published by Cruger in 1865.<ref>H. Cruger (1865) A few notes on the fecundation of orchids and their morphology. J. Linn.Soc.London–Bot.8:127–35</ref>
[[Charles Darwin]] describes his observations and experiments on some species of ''Coryanthes'' in his book ''The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects''.<ref>Charles Darwin, D. Appleton (1877) [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC04074722&id=cbbQxaa63vMC&dq=coryanthes ''The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects''].</ref> However, Darwin thought it was the female bees that were doing the fertilizing, and it was almost 100 years before the role of the male [[Euglossini|euglossine bees]] were revealed in 1961.<ref>Dodson, C. H. and G.P. Frymire (1961) ''Natural pollination of orchids''. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 49(9):133-152</ref>
=== Species ===
{| border="0" cellpadding="05"
|
*''[[Coryanthes albertinae]]''
*''[[Coryanthes alborosea]]''
*''[[Coryanthes balfouriana]]''
*''[[Coryanthes barkeri]]''
*''[[Coryanthes bergoldii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes bicolorata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes biflora]]''
*''[[Coryanthes bruckmuelleri]]''
*''[[Coryanthes boyi]]''
*''[[Coryanthes colinata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes elegantium]]''
|
*''[[Coryanthes exi
mia]]''
*''[[Coryanthes gerlachiana]]''
*''[[Coryanthes gernotii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes hunteriana]]''
*''[[Coryanthes leucocorys]]''
*''[[Coryanthes macrantha]]''
*''[[Coryanthes macrocorys]]''
*''[[Coryanthes maculata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes mastersii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes misasii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes parkeri]]''
|
*''[[Coryanthes picturata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes punctata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes powellii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes sanderi]]''
*''[[Coryanthes speciosa]]''
*''[[Coryanthes splendens]]''
*''[[Coryanthes sumnerana]]''
*''[[Coryanthes trifoliata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes vasquezii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes verruclinata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes wolfii]]''
|}
== Intergeneric hybrids ==
* ''Coryhopea'' (''Coryanthes'' × ''Stanhopea'')
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Coryanthes alborosea Orchi 04.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes alborosea|Coryanthes<br />alborosea]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes gerlachiana Orchi 02.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes gerlachiana|Coryanthes<br />gerlachiana]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes hunteriana Orchi 01.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes hunteriana|Coryanthes<br />hunteriana]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes leucocorys Orchi 02.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes leucocorys|Coryanthes<br />leucocorys]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes macrantha Orchi 03.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes macrantha|Coryanthes<br />macrantha]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes macrocorys Orchi 01.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes macrocorys|Coryanthes<br />macrocorys]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes maculata Orchi 02.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes maculata|Coryanthes<br />maculata]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes mastersiana Orchi 01.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes mastersiana|Coryanthes<br />mastersiana]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes picturata Orchi 01.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes picturata|Coryanthes<br />picturata]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes speciosa Orchi 02.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes speciosa|Coryanthes<br />speciosa]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes trifoliata Orchi 01.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes trifoliata|Coryanthes<br />trifoliata]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes verrucolineata Orchi 04.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes verrucolineata|Coryanthes<br />verrucolineata]]'''''
</gallery>
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
{{commonscat|Coryanthes}}
{{commons|Coryanthes}}
* [http://www.botanik.biologie.uni-muenchen.de/botgart/e/research/gg_thema.html Dr.Günter Gerlach, Coryanthes Expert - Botanical Garden Munich].
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = Orchid genus ''Coryanthes''<br />The "Bucket Orchids"
| image = Coryanthes verrucolineata Orchi 02.jpg
| image_caption = ''Coryanthes verrucolineata''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| tribus = [[Maxillarieae]]
| subtribus = [[Stanhopeinae]]
| genus = '''''Coryanthes'''''
| genus_authority = [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
see text...
}}
The term '''"Bucket orchid"''' can refer to any of the species in the genus '''''Coryanthes''''', which are tropical [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] plants in the [[Orchidaceae]] family. Bucket orchids are an excellent example of [[coevolution]] and [[mutualism]], as the orchids have [[Evolution|evolved]] along with [[orchid bee]]s (the tribe [[Euglossini]] of the family [[Apidae]]) and both depend on each other for reproduction. One to three flowers are borne on a [[pendant]] stem that comes from the base of the [[pseudobulbs]]. The flower secretes a fluid (see ''[[Coryanthes alborosea]]'' picture) into the flower lip, which is shaped like a bucket. The male orchid bees (not the females) are attracted to the flower by a strong scent from aromatic oils, which they store in specialized spongy pouches inside their swollen hind legs, as they appear to use the scent in their [[courtship]] dances in order to attract females. The bees, trying to get the waxy substance containing the scent, sometimes fall to the fluid-filled bucket. As they are trying to escape, they find that there are some small knobs on which they can climb on, while the rest of the lip is lined with smooth, downward-pointing hairs, upon which their claws cannot find a grip. The knobs lead to a spout (see the ''[[Coryanthes leucocorys]]'' picture), but as the bee is trying to escape, the spout constricts. At that same moment, the small packets containing the [[pollen]] of the orchid get pressed against the [[thorax]] of the bee. However, the glue on the pollen packets does not set immediately, so the orchid keeps the bee trapped until the glue has set. Once the glue has set, the bee is let free and he can now dry his wings and fly off. His ordeal may have taken as long as forty-five minutes. Hopefully, the bee will go to another flower, where, if the flower is to be successful at reproducing, the bee falls once again into the bucket of the same species. This time the pollen packets get stuck to the [[carpel|stigma]] as the bee is escaping, and after a while the orchid will produce a [[seed]] pod.
The bee, having stored the aromatic oils in his back legs, can then fly off to mate with a female bee.
==History==
Some of the first investigations on ''Coryanthes'' were published by Cruger in 1865.<ref>H. Cruger (1865) A few notes on the fecundation of orchids and their morphology. J. Linn.Soc.London–Bot.8:127–35</ref>
[[Charles Darwin]] describes his observations and experiments on some species of ''Coryanthes'' in his book ''The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects''.<ref>Charles Darwin, D. Appleton (1877) [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC04074722&id=cbbQxaa63vMC&dq=coryanthes ''The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects''].</ref> However, Darwin thought it was the female bees that were doing the fertilizing, and it was almost 100 years before the role of the male [[Euglossini|euglossine bees]] were revealed in 1961.<ref>Dodson, C. H. and G.P. Frymire (1961) ''Natural pollination of orchids''. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 49(9):133-152</ref>
=== Species ===
{| border="0" cellpadding="05"
|
*''[[Coryanthes albertinae]]''
*''[[Coryanthes alborosea]]''
*''[[Coryanthes balfouriana]]''
*''[[Coryanthes barkeri]]''
*''[[Coryanthes bergoldii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes bicolorata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes biflora]]''
*''[[Coryanthes bruckmuelleri]]''
*''[[Coryanthes boyi]]''
*''[[Coryanthes colinata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes elegantium]]''
|
*''[[Coryanthes exi
mia]]''
*''[[Coryanthes gerlachiana]]''
*''[[Coryanthes gernotii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes hunteriana]]''
*''[[Coryanthes leucocorys]]''
*''[[Coryanthes macrantha]]''
*''[[Coryanthes macrocorys]]''
*''[[Coryanthes maculata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes mastersii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes misasii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes parkeri]]''
|
*''[[Coryanthes picturata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes punctata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes powellii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes sanderi]]''
*''[[Coryanthes speciosa]]''
*''[[Coryanthes splendens]]''
*''[[Coryanthes sumnerana]]''
*''[[Coryanthes trifoliata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes vasquezii]]''
*''[[Coryanthes verruclinata]]''
*''[[Coryanthes wolfii]]''
|}
== Intergeneric hybrids ==
* ''Coryhopea'' (''Coryanthes'' × ''Stanhopea'')
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Coryanthes alborosea Orchi 04.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes alborosea|Coryanthes<br />alborosea]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes gerlachiana Orchi 02.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes gerlachiana|Coryanthes<br />gerlachiana]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes hunteriana Orchi 01.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes hunteriana|Coryanthes<br />hunteriana]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes leucocorys Orchi 02.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes leucocorys|Coryanthes<br />leucocorys]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes macrantha Orchi 03.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes macrantha|Coryanthes<br />macrantha]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes macrocorys Orchi 01.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes macrocorys|Coryanthes<br />macrocorys]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes maculata Orchi 02.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes maculata|Coryanthes<br />maculata]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes mastersiana Orchi 01.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes mastersiana|Coryanthes<br />mastersiana]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes picturata Orchi 01.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes picturata|Coryanthes<br />picturata]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes speciosa Orchi 02.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes speciosa|Coryanthes<br />speciosa]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes trifoliata Orchi 01.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes trifoliata|Coryanthes<br />trifoliata]]'''''
Image:Coryanthes verrucolineata Orchi 04.jpg|'''''[[Coryanthes verrucolineata|Coryanthes<br />verrucolineata]]'''''
</gallery>
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
{{commonscat|Coryanthes}}
{{commons|Coryanthes}}
* [http://www.botanik.biologie.uni-muenchen.de/botgart/e/research/gg_thema.html Dr.Günter Gerlach, Coryanthes Expert - Botanical Garden Munich].
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
