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:''For the Spanish mystic and poet see [[Luis de Góngora]].''
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Gongora
| image = Gongora-armeniaca1.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Gongora armeniaca''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| tribus = [[Maxillarieae]]
| subtribus = [[Stanhopeinae]]
| genus = '''''Gongora'''''
| genus_authority = [[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] & [[José Antonio Pavón|Pav.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''Gongora''' (Ruiz and Pavon 1794, abbreviation ''Gga.'') is a member of the [[Orchid]] family ([[Orchidaceae]]).
It consists of 65 species known from Central America, Trinidad, and tropical South America. Most are found in [[Colombia]]. They grow in wide geographical range from wet forests at sea level to mountainous regions in the Andes, as high as 1,800 m.
The name comes from Antonio Caballero y Gongora, a viceroy of New Granada ([[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]) and the governor of Peru during the Ruiz and Pavon botanical expedition.
''Gongora'' was one of the first orchids described by a western man. Several new ''Gongora'' orchids have been discovered in the last ten years, while many others have been assigned under another specific name. Yet there is still some confusion. Many species lack the right description. Some species, such as ''Gongora portentosa'' and ''Gongora superflua'', are very rare. [[DNA]] fingerprinting will in time contribute to an exact taxonomy of this genus.
All species in this genus are [[epiphyte]]s with a [[sympodial]] growth. The white aerial [[root]]s are very thin, growing in a dense pack. Some roots even grow upright instead of hanging down. This specialisation helps in forming the ball of aerial roots. Many are found in association with ant nests.
The conical [[pseudobulb]]s are ridged and are about 8 cm long. In some species, such as ''Gongora similis'', the pseudobulb can produce up to six inflorescences in succession. Two alternate [[Leaf|leaves]] originate from the end of each pseudobulb. The leaves are rather leathery and heavily veined, growing to a length of about 30 cm.
The [[raceme|racemose]] [[inflorescence]] grows from the base of the pseudobulbs. The stem first grows upright, but bends early in development and becomes pendulous. The numerous [[flower]]s hang upside down, with the [[labellum|lip]] upwards. The almost circularly bent [[pedicel]]s are characteristic of this genus. There are two lateral sepals and one dorsal sepal. The blooms of several species are waxy. The flowers of many species have distinctive fragrances. Some smell like unburned candle wax, others like nutmeg, cardamon, or cinnamon. The [[pollinium|pollinia]] are superposed on a stipe (a cellular pollinium stalk), which is held by a viscid disc.
The genus is closely related to ''[[Cirrhaea]]''. For other relatives see also ''[[Stanhopeinae]]'' & ''[[Coeliopsidinae]]''.
== Species ==
According to Rod Rice in ''Infragen. Rev. Gen. Gongora'' (2002, 2003) the genus ''Gongora'' can be classified into subgenera and sections as follows:
Subgenus Gongora
*Section Aceras with four species
*Section Gongora with about 30-33 species [G. atropurpurea, G. catilligera, G. latisepala, G. odoratissima, G. rufescens]
*Section Gratulabunda with four species
*Section Grossa with five species
*Section Truncata with nine species [G. charontis, G. dressleri,G. longipes, G. tracyana]
Subgenus Portentosa
*one section with at least five species [G. escobariana, G. garayana, G. portentosa, G. sanderiana]
Subgenus [[Acropera]]
*Section Acropera with one species
*Section Armeniaca with two species and one to two subspecies
*Section Cassidea with four species [G. amparoana, G. cassidea, G. galeata, G. tridentata]
----
[[Image:Gongora-galeata.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Gongora galeata'']]
*''[[Gongora aceras]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora alfieana]]'' (S. America)
*''[[Gongora amparoana]]'' (Costa Rica).
*''[[Gongora arcuata]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora armeniaca]]'' (C. America)
**''Gongora armeniaca'' subsp. ''armeniaca'' (C. America).. Pseudobulb epiphyte
**''Gongora armeniaca'' subsp. ''cornuta'' (Nicaragua to Costa Rica). Pseudobulb epiphyte
*''[[Gongora aromatica]]'' (C. America)
*''[[Gongora atropurpurea]]'' (Trinidad and Tobago to S. Trop. America).
*''[[Gongora beyrodtiana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora bufonia]]'' (SE. Brazil).
*''[[Gongora cassidea]]'' (Mexico - Chiapas) to C. America).
*''[[Gongora catilligera]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora charontis]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora chocoensis]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora claviodora]]'' (C. America).
*''[[Gongora colombiana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora cruciformis]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Gongora dressleri]]'' (Panama).
*''[[Gongora ecornuta]]'' (Ecuador to Peru).
*''[[Gongora erecta]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Gongora escobariana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora flaveola]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora fulva]]'' (Panama to Colombia).
[[Image:Gongora-maculata.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Gongora maculata'']]
*''[[Gongora galeata]]'' (Mexico to Guatemala).
*''[[Gongora galeottiana]]'' (SW. Mexico).
*''[[Gongora garayana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora gibba]]'' (Costa Rica to Panama).
*''[[Gongora gratulabunda]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora grossa]]'' (Venezuela to Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora hirtzii]]'' (S. Colombia to Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora histrionica]]'' (Costa Rica to N. South America).
*''[[Gongora hookeri]]'' (Guyana to Peru).
*''[[Gongora horichiana]]'' (Costa Rica to Panama).
*''[[Gongora ileneana]]'' (Bolivia).
*''[[Gongora ilense]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora irmgardiae]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora lagunae]]'' (Venezuela).
*''[[Gongora latibasis]]'' (Panama to Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora latisepala]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora leucochila]]'' (Mexico - Veracruz, Chiapas to C. America).
*''[[Gongora maculata]]'' (Trinidad, Guyana, Peru).
**''Gongora maculata'' var. ''lactea'' (Trinidad) Pseudobulb epiphyte
**''Gongora maculata'' var. ''maculata'' (Guyana, Peru). Pseudobulb epiphyte
*''[[Gongora minax]]'' (N. Brazil).
*''[[Gongora nigrita]]'' ( South America)
*''[[Gongora nigropunctata]]'' (N. Peru).
*''[[Gongora odoratissima']]' (E. Colombia to Venezuela).
*''[[Gongora pardina]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora passiflorolens]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Gongora pleiochroma]]'' (N. & W. South America)
*''[[Gongora portentosa]]'' (Colombia).
**''Gongora portentosa'' var. ''portentosa'' (Colombia) Pseudobulb epiphyte
**''Gongora portentosa'' var. ''rosea'' (Colombia). Pseudobulb epiphyte
*''[[Gongora pseudoatropurpurea]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora quinquenervis]]'' (Colombia to Peru) : this species forms a complex for several ill-defined species
*''[[Gongora retrorsa]]'' (W. Venezuela)
*''[[Gongora rosea]]'' (Colombia to Peru).
*''[[Gongora rubescens]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora rufescens]]'' (Colombia to Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora saccata]]'' (Mexico - Veracruz).
*''[[Gongora sanderiana]]'' (Colombia, Peru).
*''[[Gongora scaphephorus]]'' (Ecuador to Peru).
*''[[Gongora seideliana]]'' (Mexico - Chiapas).
*''[[Gongora similis]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora sphaerica]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora superflua]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora tracyana]]'' (Colombia, Peru).
*''[[Gongora tridentata]]'' (Mexico - Chiapas to Guatemala).
*''[[Gongora truncata]]'' (Mexico to C. America)
*''[[Gongora unicolor]]'' (Mexico - Veracruz, Chiapas to C. America).
== Intergeneric hybrids ==
* ''Houllora'' (''Gongora'' x ''Houlletia'') ''Orchid Review'', 108(1234): new orchid hybrids 15 (2000), IPNI ID#: 1014858-1
* ''Gonginia'' (''Gongora'' x ''Paphinia'') Sander's List Orchid Hybrids Addendum 2002-2004. xxxiv. 2005 (20 May 2005), IPNI ID: 77068862-1
* ''Polygora'' (''Gongora'' x ''Polycyncis'') ''Orchid Review'', 108(1234): new orchid hybrids 15 (2000), IPNI ID#: 1014858-1
* ''Stangora'' (''Gongora'' × ''Stanhopea'') ''Orchid Review'', 92(1091): centre page pull-out p. 8 (1984), IPNI ID#: 893423-1
==References==
* Jenny, Rudolf 1993. Monograph of the genus Gongora Ruiz & Pavón
* W. Mark Whitten, Norris H. Williams and Mark W. Chase ''Subtriba
l and generic relationships of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae) with emphasis on Stanhopeinae: combined molecular evidence'', ''[[American Journal of Botany]]''. 2000;87:1842-1856
* International Plant Names Index (IPNI)
== External links ==
* [http://www.ioni.org International Plant Names Index (IPNI)]
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Gongora
| image = Gongora-armeniaca1.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Gongora armeniaca''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| tribus = [[Maxillarieae]]
| subtribus = [[Stanhopeinae]]
| genus = '''''Gongora'''''
| genus_authority = [[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] & [[José Antonio Pavón|Pav.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''Gongora''' (Ruiz and Pavon 1794, abbreviation ''Gga.'') is a member of the [[Orchid]] family ([[Orchidaceae]]).
It consists of 65 species known from Central America, Trinidad, and tropical South America. Most are found in [[Colombia]]. They grow in wide geographical range from wet forests at sea level to mountainous regions in the Andes, as high as 1,800 m.
The name comes from Antonio Caballero y Gongora, a viceroy of New Granada ([[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]]) and the governor of Peru during the Ruiz and Pavon botanical expedition.
''Gongora'' was one of the first orchids described by a western man. Several new ''Gongora'' orchids have been discovered in the last ten years, while many others have been assigned under another specific name. Yet there is still some confusion. Many species lack the right description. Some species, such as ''Gongora portentosa'' and ''Gongora superflua'', are very rare. [[DNA]] fingerprinting will in time contribute to an exact taxonomy of this genus.
All species in this genus are [[epiphyte]]s with a [[sympodial]] growth. The white aerial [[root]]s are very thin, growing in a dense pack. Some roots even grow upright instead of hanging down. This specialisation helps in forming the ball of aerial roots. Many are found in association with ant nests.
The conical [[pseudobulb]]s are ridged and are about 8 cm long. In some species, such as ''Gongora similis'', the pseudobulb can produce up to six inflorescences in succession. Two alternate [[Leaf|leaves]] originate from the end of each pseudobulb. The leaves are rather leathery and heavily veined, growing to a length of about 30 cm.
The [[raceme|racemose]] [[inflorescence]] grows from the base of the pseudobulbs. The stem first grows upright, but bends early in development and becomes pendulous. The numerous [[flower]]s hang upside down, with the [[labellum|lip]] upwards. The almost circularly bent [[pedicel]]s are characteristic of this genus. There are two lateral sepals and one dorsal sepal. The blooms of several species are waxy. The flowers of many species have distinctive fragrances. Some smell like unburned candle wax, others like nutmeg, cardamon, or cinnamon. The [[pollinium|pollinia]] are superposed on a stipe (a cellular pollinium stalk), which is held by a viscid disc.
The genus is closely related to ''[[Cirrhaea]]''. For other relatives see also ''[[Stanhopeinae]]'' & ''[[Coeliopsidinae]]''.
== Species ==
According to Rod Rice in ''Infragen. Rev. Gen. Gongora'' (2002, 2003) the genus ''Gongora'' can be classified into subgenera and sections as follows:
Subgenus Gongora
*Section Aceras with four species
*Section Gongora with about 30-33 species [G. atropurpurea, G. catilligera, G. latisepala, G. odoratissima, G. rufescens]
*Section Gratulabunda with four species
*Section Grossa with five species
*Section Truncata with nine species [G. charontis, G. dressleri,G. longipes, G. tracyana]
Subgenus Portentosa
*one section with at least five species [G. escobariana, G. garayana, G. portentosa, G. sanderiana]
Subgenus [[Acropera]]
*Section Acropera with one species
*Section Armeniaca with two species and one to two subspecies
*Section Cassidea with four species [G. amparoana, G. cassidea, G. galeata, G. tridentata]
----
[[Image:Gongora-galeata.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Gongora galeata'']]
*''[[Gongora aceras]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora alfieana]]'' (S. America)
*''[[Gongora amparoana]]'' (Costa Rica).
*''[[Gongora arcuata]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora armeniaca]]'' (C. America)
**''Gongora armeniaca'' subsp. ''armeniaca'' (C. America).. Pseudobulb epiphyte
**''Gongora armeniaca'' subsp. ''cornuta'' (Nicaragua to Costa Rica). Pseudobulb epiphyte
*''[[Gongora aromatica]]'' (C. America)
*''[[Gongora atropurpurea]]'' (Trinidad and Tobago to S. Trop. America).
*''[[Gongora beyrodtiana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora bufonia]]'' (SE. Brazil).
*''[[Gongora cassidea]]'' (Mexico - Chiapas) to C. America).
*''[[Gongora catilligera]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora charontis]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora chocoensis]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora claviodora]]'' (C. America).
*''[[Gongora colombiana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora cruciformis]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Gongora dressleri]]'' (Panama).
*''[[Gongora ecornuta]]'' (Ecuador to Peru).
*''[[Gongora erecta]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Gongora escobariana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora flaveola]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora fulva]]'' (Panama to Colombia).
[[Image:Gongora-maculata.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Gongora maculata'']]
*''[[Gongora galeata]]'' (Mexico to Guatemala).
*''[[Gongora galeottiana]]'' (SW. Mexico).
*''[[Gongora garayana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora gibba]]'' (Costa Rica to Panama).
*''[[Gongora gratulabunda]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora grossa]]'' (Venezuela to Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora hirtzii]]'' (S. Colombia to Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora histrionica]]'' (Costa Rica to N. South America).
*''[[Gongora hookeri]]'' (Guyana to Peru).
*''[[Gongora horichiana]]'' (Costa Rica to Panama).
*''[[Gongora ileneana]]'' (Bolivia).
*''[[Gongora ilense]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora irmgardiae]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora lagunae]]'' (Venezuela).
*''[[Gongora latibasis]]'' (Panama to Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora latisepala]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora leucochila]]'' (Mexico - Veracruz, Chiapas to C. America).
*''[[Gongora maculata]]'' (Trinidad, Guyana, Peru).
**''Gongora maculata'' var. ''lactea'' (Trinidad) Pseudobulb epiphyte
**''Gongora maculata'' var. ''maculata'' (Guyana, Peru). Pseudobulb epiphyte
*''[[Gongora minax]]'' (N. Brazil).
*''[[Gongora nigrita]]'' ( South America)
*''[[Gongora nigropunctata]]'' (N. Peru).
*''[[Gongora odoratissima']]' (E. Colombia to Venezuela).
*''[[Gongora pardina]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora passiflorolens]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Gongora pleiochroma]]'' (N. & W. South America)
*''[[Gongora portentosa]]'' (Colombia).
**''Gongora portentosa'' var. ''portentosa'' (Colombia) Pseudobulb epiphyte
**''Gongora portentosa'' var. ''rosea'' (Colombia). Pseudobulb epiphyte
*''[[Gongora pseudoatropurpurea]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora quinquenervis]]'' (Colombia to Peru) : this species forms a complex for several ill-defined species
*''[[Gongora retrorsa]]'' (W. Venezuela)
*''[[Gongora rosea]]'' (Colombia to Peru).
*''[[Gongora rubescens]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora rufescens]]'' (Colombia to Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora saccata]]'' (Mexico - Veracruz).
*''[[Gongora sanderiana]]'' (Colombia, Peru).
*''[[Gongora scaphephorus]]'' (Ecuador to Peru).
*''[[Gongora seideliana]]'' (Mexico - Chiapas).
*''[[Gongora similis]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora sphaerica]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Gongora superflua]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Gongora tracyana]]'' (Colombia, Peru).
*''[[Gongora tridentata]]'' (Mexico - Chiapas to Guatemala).
*''[[Gongora truncata]]'' (Mexico to C. America)
*''[[Gongora unicolor]]'' (Mexico - Veracruz, Chiapas to C. America).
== Intergeneric hybrids ==
* ''Houllora'' (''Gongora'' x ''Houlletia'') ''Orchid Review'', 108(1234): new orchid hybrids 15 (2000), IPNI ID#: 1014858-1
* ''Gonginia'' (''Gongora'' x ''Paphinia'') Sander's List Orchid Hybrids Addendum 2002-2004. xxxiv. 2005 (20 May 2005), IPNI ID: 77068862-1
* ''Polygora'' (''Gongora'' x ''Polycyncis'') ''Orchid Review'', 108(1234): new orchid hybrids 15 (2000), IPNI ID#: 1014858-1
* ''Stangora'' (''Gongora'' × ''Stanhopea'') ''Orchid Review'', 92(1091): centre page pull-out p. 8 (1984), IPNI ID#: 893423-1
==References==
* Jenny, Rudolf 1993. Monograph of the genus Gongora Ruiz & Pavón
* W. Mark Whitten, Norris H. Williams and Mark W. Chase ''Subtriba
l and generic relationships of Maxillarieae (Orchidaceae) with emphasis on Stanhopeinae: combined molecular evidence'', ''[[American Journal of Botany]]''. 2000;87:1842-1856
* International Plant Names Index (IPNI)
== External links ==
* [http://www.ioni.org International Plant Names Index (IPNI)]
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
