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Gladiolus (view source)

Revision as of 00:14, 11 September 2009

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{{Taxobox
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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| latin_name = ''Gladiolus''
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| name = ''Gladiolus''
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| common_names = Gladiolus, sword lily
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| growth_habit = bulbous
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = Africa, Eurasia
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan = perennial
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features = flowers
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = varies by species
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image = Gladiolus 7-19-06.JPG
 
| image = Gladiolus 7-19-06.JPG
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| image_width = 250px
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| image_width = 180px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption = ''Gladiolus''
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| image_caption =     <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
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| classis = Liliopsida
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| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
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| ordo = Asparagales
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| familia = [[Iridaceae]]
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| familia = Iridaceae
 
| subfamilia = Ixioideae
 
| subfamilia = Ixioideae
 
| tribus = Ixieae
 
| tribus = Ixieae
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| genus = '''''Gladiolus'''''
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| genus = Gladiolus
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision =
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About 260, see text
   
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}}
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{{Inc|
 
Gladiolus (diminutive of Latin gladius a sword, from the shape of the leaves. Popular summer- flowering and autumn-flowering bulbs, and now somewhat grown under glass.
 
Gladiolus (diminutive of Latin gladius a sword, from the shape of the leaves. Popular summer- flowering and autumn-flowering bulbs, and now somewhat grown under glass.
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Figures recently compiled from information given by the growers in the United States are as follows:
 
Figures recently compiled from information given by the growers in the United States are as follows:
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Number of acres devoted to gladioli.............................. 400 to 500
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Number of acres devoted to gladioli .............................. 400 to 500
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Estimated number of bulbs produced annually.........14,000.000 to 15,000,000 Estimated value of crop............................................ $250,000
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Estimated number of bulbs produced annually.........14,000.000 to 15,000,000 Estimated value of crop ............................................ $250,000
    
Raising new varieties.
 
Raising new varieties.
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I. Species Of Gladiolus (Nos. 1-27).
 
I. Species Of Gladiolus (Nos. 1-27).
 
Few of the original species of Gladiolus are in cultivation in their pure form. When grown at all, they are prized chiefly as oddities, or because of their botanical interest.
 
Few of the original species of Gladiolus are in cultivation in their pure form. When grown at all, they are prized chiefly as oddities, or because of their botanical interest.
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Many species of Gladiolus are likely to be discussed in horticultural literature. The following have recently been prominently mentioned: G. carmineus, C. Hi Wright. Resembles R. ramosus, Paxt., but differs in its laxer habit, longer spathc and yellow anthers: slender, 1 ½ ft.: lvs. linear, acuminate, 8 in. long and ½ in. broad: fls. carmine, about 3 in. across; tube narrow-funnel-shaped, white outride; segms. ovate, acuminate, 2 of the inner bearing a dark spot with a pale center; stamens rather more than half length of perianth. 8. Afr. B.M. 8068.—G. glaucus. Heldr. Dwarf, not exceeding 12 in.: st. and lvs. erect and stiff: fls. many, bluish red with red and white stripes at bane. Greece.—G. mackinderi, Hook, f. St. slender, 2 ft.: lvs. narrowly linear, the lower about 1 ft. long: fls. 5-6, the tube yellow, broad segms. scarlet and 1 ½ in. across. E. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7800. Named for Professor Mackinder, Oxford, who collected seeds at 10,000 ft. on Ml. Kenia in 1900. One of the Homoglossum section.  
 
Many species of Gladiolus are likely to be discussed in horticultural literature. The following have recently been prominently mentioned: G. carmineus, C. Hi Wright. Resembles R. ramosus, Paxt., but differs in its laxer habit, longer spathc and yellow anthers: slender, 1 ½ ft.: lvs. linear, acuminate, 8 in. long and ½ in. broad: fls. carmine, about 3 in. across; tube narrow-funnel-shaped, white outride; segms. ovate, acuminate, 2 of the inner bearing a dark spot with a pale center; stamens rather more than half length of perianth. 8. Afr. B.M. 8068.—G. glaucus. Heldr. Dwarf, not exceeding 12 in.: st. and lvs. erect and stiff: fls. many, bluish red with red and white stripes at bane. Greece.—G. mackinderi, Hook, f. St. slender, 2 ft.: lvs. narrowly linear, the lower about 1 ft. long: fls. 5-6, the tube yellow, broad segms. scarlet and 1 ½ in. across. E. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7800. Named for Professor Mackinder, Oxford, who collected seeds at 10,000 ft. on Ml. Kenia in 1900. One of the Homoglossum section.  
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L. H. B.
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{{SCH}}
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}}
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'''''Gladiolus''''' (from [[Latin]], the [[diminutive]] of ''gladius'', a [[sword]]) is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the iris family ([[Iridaceae]]). Sometimes called the '''sword lily''', the most widely-used [[English language|English]] common name for these plants is simply '''gladiolus''' (plural '''gladioli''' or '''gladioluses''').
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The genus ''Gladiolus'' contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]], mostly [[South Africa]]. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of ''Gladiolus'' endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The species vary from very small to the spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce.
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These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate [[climate]]s. They grow from rounded, symmetrical [[corm]]s, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.
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Their [[Plant stem|stems]] are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved [[leaf|leaves]], enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a [[cataphyll]]. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.
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The fragrant [[flower]] spikes are large and one-sided, with [[secund]], bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery,  green [[bract]]s. The [[sepal]]s and the [[petal]]s are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three [[stamen]]ss. The outer three [[tepal]]s are narrower. The [[perianth]] is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three [[filiform]], spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.
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The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is 3-locular with oblong or globose [[capsule (fruit)|capsules]], containing many, winged brown, longitudinally [[dehiscent]] [[seed]]s.
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These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.
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The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued [[anthrophorine]] bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by [[sunbird]]s, [[noctuid]] and [[Hawk moth|sphingid]] moths, long-tongued flies and several others.
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Gladioli are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including the [[Large Yellow Underwing]].
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They make very good cut flowers.  However, due to their height, the cultivated forms frequently tend to fall over in the [[wind]] if left on the plant.
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Gladioli have been extensively [[hybrid]]ized and a wide range of ornamental flower colours are available from the many varieties. The main hybrid groups have been obtained by crossing between four or five species, followed by selection: Grandiflorus, Primulines and Nanus.
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{{infobox-plant|name=Gladioli|type=flower|season=|location=Full sun, not in wind|planting=Spring|flower=Late summer - Spring|image=Gladioli_bulbs.jpg|notes=Plant some bulbs every 2 weeks to get a constant (w.r.t time) coverage}}
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==Species==
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The genus ''Gladiolus'' has been divided in several sections. Where possible, the sections have been indicated. Most species, however, are only tentatively placed.
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==Cultivation==
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Select species{{wp}}:
 
* ''[[Gladiolus abbreviatus]]'' Andrews
 
* ''[[Gladiolus abbreviatus]]'' Andrews
 
* ''[[Gladiolus acuminatus]]'' F. Bol.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus acuminatus]]'' F. Bol.  
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* ''[[Gladiolus zimbabweensis]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus zimbabweensis]]'' Goldblatt
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==Cultivation==
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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In [[temper
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==Species==
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ate zone]]s, the corms of most species and hybrids should be lifted in [[autumn]] and stored over [[winter]] in a [[frost]]-free place, then replanted in [[spring (season)|spring]]. Some species from Europe and high altitudes in Africa, as well as the small 'Nanus' hybrids, are much hardier (to at least -15°F/-26°C) and can be left in the ground in regions with sufficiently dry winters. Plants are [[plant propagation|propagated]] either from small cormlets produced as offsets by the parent corms, or from [[seed]]; in either case, they take several years to get to flowering size.
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<!--  This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
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==''Gladiolus'' in Popular Culture==
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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The stage character [[Dame Edna Everage]], has adopted the gladiolus as her trademark flower; the flowers often appear in her publicity photos and stage appearances. The singer [[Morrissey]] has done the same thing since his days in [[The Smiths]] in the 1980s, this use of flowers being rather unique in popular music circles.
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
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{{Commons|Gladiolus}}
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==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
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*[http://www.gbif.net/portal/ecat_browser.jsp?taxonKey=246285 Taxonomy of ''Gladiolus'' in GBIF Biodiversity Data Portal]
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*{{wplink}}
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*[http://www.gladioulus.co.uk Gladioulus.co.uk] - Comprehensive information about Gladiolus
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==References==
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* Peter Goldblatt (1996)-  A monograph of the genus Gladiolus in tropical Africa (83 species) (Timber Press)
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{{stub}}
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* Peter Goldblatt, J.C. Manning (1998)- Gladiolus in southern Africa : Systematics, Biology, and Evolution, including 144 watercolor paintings;  (Fernwood Press, Cape Town)
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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[[Category:Iridaceae]]
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[[Category:Garden plants]]
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[[Category:Corm]]
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[[Category:Flower]]
 
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