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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Phragmites''
| image = Phragmites australis Schilfrohr.jpg
| image_caption = ''Phragmites australis'' seed head in winter
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Poales]]
| familia = [[Poaceae]]
| genus = '''''Phragmites'''''
| species = '''''P. australis'''''
| binomial = ''Phragmites australis''
| binomial_authority = ([[Cav.]]) [[Trin.]] ex [[Steud.]]
}}
'''''Phragmites australis''''', the '''Common Reed''' (see [[Reed (plant)]] for other species also called 'reed'), is a large [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[Poaceae|grass]] native to [[wetland]] sites throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. It is generally regarded as the sole species of the genus '''''Phragmites''''', though some [[botanist]]s divide the genus into three or four species.
It commonly forms extensive stands, up to a square kilometre or more (known as [[reedbed]]s); where conditions are suitable, it can spread at up to 5 m or more per year by horizontal '[[runner (botany)|runner]]' stems, which put down [[root]]s at regular intervals. The erect stems grow to 2–6 m tall, with the taller plants growing in areas with hot summers and fertile growing conditions. The [[leaf|leaves]] are broad for a grass, 20–50 cm long and 2–3 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are produced in a dense, dark purple [[panicle]] 20–50 cm long.
The Common Reed is a very important plant for wildlife and conservation, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], where several species of [[bird]]s are strongly tied to large ''Phragmites'' stands, notably:-
*[[Bearded Tit]] ''Panurus biarmicus''
*[[Reed Warbler]] ''Acrocephalus scirpaceus''
*[[Great Bittern]] ''Botaurus stellaris''
In [[North America]], the species' status was misunderstood. It was commonly considered to be an [[exotic species]], not native but introduced from Europe; however, there is clear evidence of the existence of ''Phragmites'' native in North America long before European colonisation of the continent. It is now known that the North American native forms of ''Phragmites'' are markedly less vigorous than European forms; the recent marked increase in ''Phragmites'' in North America may be due to a vigorous, but otherwise almost indistinguishable European form of the species, best detectable by [[genetics|genetic]] analysis. This is causing serious problems for many other North American wetland plants, including the local form of the species.<ref>http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=301&fr=1&sts=</ref>
Recent studies have characterised morphological variation among the introduced and native stands of ''Phragmites'' in North America. The Eurasian genotype can be distinguished from the North American genotype by its shorter ligules (up to 0.9 mm vs. over 1.0 mm), shorter glumes (under 3.2 mm vs. over 3.2 mm, although there is some overlap in this character), and culm characteristics. Recently, the North American genotype has been described as a distinct subspecies, ''Phragmites australis'' subsp. ''americanus'' Saltonstall, Peterson, and Soreng; the Eurasian genotype is referred to as ''Phragmites australis'' subsp. ''australis''. Rhizomes of the plant are rich in [[dimethyltryptamine|N,N-DMT]] alkaloids (Wassel et al. 1985).
[[Synonymy|Synonyms]] include ''Arundo phragmites'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] (the [[basionym]]), ''Phragmites altissimus, P. berlandieri, P. communis, P. dioicus, P. maximus, P. vulgaris''.
[[Image:Reedbeach_edit1.JPG|thumb|left|600 px| A previously sandy beach invaded by reeds.]] {{-}}
== In literature ==
One reference to reeds in European literature is Frenchman [[Blaise Pascal]]'s saying that Man is but a 'thinking reed' (''roseau pensant''). In [[Jean de La Fontaine|La Fontaine]]'s famous fable (''Le chêne et le roseau''), the reed tells the proud [[oak]]: "I bend, and break not" ("''Je plie, et ne romps pas''"), before the tree's fall.
[[Moses]] was "drawn out of the water where his mother had placed him in a reed basket to save him from the death that had been decreed by the Pharaoh against the firstborn of all of the children of Israel in Egypt (Exodus 2:10)."<ref> [http://cc.usu.edu/~fath6/Moses.htm usu.edu]</ref>
==See also==
*[[Psychedelic plants]]
== External links ==
{{commons|Phragmites australis|Phragmites}}
* [http://www.invasiveplants.net/phragmites/PNAS.pdf Cryptic invasion by a non-native genotype of the common reed, Phragmites australis, into North America] (pdf file)
<gallery>
Image:Phragmites australis1.jpg|Reed stems in flower, in [[France]]
Image:Riet Phragmites australis planten.jpg|Reed growth in early summer
Image:Reed.jpg|Roadside reed left from previous year, in [[Hungary]]
</gallery>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Grasses]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Phragmites''
| image = Phragmites australis Schilfrohr.jpg
| image_caption = ''Phragmites australis'' seed head in winter
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Poales]]
| familia = [[Poaceae]]
| genus = '''''Phragmites'''''
| species = '''''P. australis'''''
| binomial = ''Phragmites australis''
| binomial_authority = ([[Cav.]]) [[Trin.]] ex [[Steud.]]
}}
'''''Phragmites australis''''', the '''Common Reed''' (see [[Reed (plant)]] for other species also called 'reed'), is a large [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[Poaceae|grass]] native to [[wetland]] sites throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. It is generally regarded as the sole species of the genus '''''Phragmites''''', though some [[botanist]]s divide the genus into three or four species.
It commonly forms extensive stands, up to a square kilometre or more (known as [[reedbed]]s); where conditions are suitable, it can spread at up to 5 m or more per year by horizontal '[[runner (botany)|runner]]' stems, which put down [[root]]s at regular intervals. The erect stems grow to 2–6 m tall, with the taller plants growing in areas with hot summers and fertile growing conditions. The [[leaf|leaves]] are broad for a grass, 20–50 cm long and 2–3 cm broad. The [[flower]]s are produced in a dense, dark purple [[panicle]] 20–50 cm long.
The Common Reed is a very important plant for wildlife and conservation, particularly in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], where several species of [[bird]]s are strongly tied to large ''Phragmites'' stands, notably:-
*[[Bearded Tit]] ''Panurus biarmicus''
*[[Reed Warbler]] ''Acrocephalus scirpaceus''
*[[Great Bittern]] ''Botaurus stellaris''
In [[North America]], the species' status was misunderstood. It was commonly considered to be an [[exotic species]], not native but introduced from Europe; however, there is clear evidence of the existence of ''Phragmites'' native in North America long before European colonisation of the continent. It is now known that the North American native forms of ''Phragmites'' are markedly less vigorous than European forms; the recent marked increase in ''Phragmites'' in North America may be due to a vigorous, but otherwise almost indistinguishable European form of the species, best detectable by [[genetics|genetic]] analysis. This is causing serious problems for many other North American wetland plants, including the local form of the species.<ref>http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=301&fr=1&sts=</ref>
Recent studies have characterised morphological variation among the introduced and native stands of ''Phragmites'' in North America. The Eurasian genotype can be distinguished from the North American genotype by its shorter ligules (up to 0.9 mm vs. over 1.0 mm), shorter glumes (under 3.2 mm vs. over 3.2 mm, although there is some overlap in this character), and culm characteristics. Recently, the North American genotype has been described as a distinct subspecies, ''Phragmites australis'' subsp. ''americanus'' Saltonstall, Peterson, and Soreng; the Eurasian genotype is referred to as ''Phragmites australis'' subsp. ''australis''. Rhizomes of the plant are rich in [[dimethyltryptamine|N,N-DMT]] alkaloids (Wassel et al. 1985).
[[Synonymy|Synonyms]] include ''Arundo phragmites'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] (the [[basionym]]), ''Phragmites altissimus, P. berlandieri, P. communis, P. dioicus, P. maximus, P. vulgaris''.
[[Image:Reedbeach_edit1.JPG|thumb|left|600 px| A previously sandy beach invaded by reeds.]] {{-}}
== In literature ==
One reference to reeds in European literature is Frenchman [[Blaise Pascal]]'s saying that Man is but a 'thinking reed' (''roseau pensant''). In [[Jean de La Fontaine|La Fontaine]]'s famous fable (''Le chêne et le roseau''), the reed tells the proud [[oak]]: "I bend, and break not" ("''Je plie, et ne romps pas''"), before the tree's fall.
[[Moses]] was "drawn out of the water where his mother had placed him in a reed basket to save him from the death that had been decreed by the Pharaoh against the firstborn of all of the children of Israel in Egypt (Exodus 2:10)."<ref> [http://cc.usu.edu/~fath6/Moses.htm usu.edu]</ref>
==See also==
*[[Psychedelic plants]]
== External links ==
{{commons|Phragmites australis|Phragmites}}
* [http://www.invasiveplants.net/phragmites/PNAS.pdf Cryptic invasion by a non-native genotype of the common reed, Phragmites australis, into North America] (pdf file)
<gallery>
Image:Phragmites australis1.jpg|Reed stems in flower, in [[France]]
Image:Riet Phragmites australis planten.jpg|Reed growth in early summer
Image:Reed.jpg|Roadside reed left from previous year, in [[Hungary]]
</gallery>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Grasses]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers]]
