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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Dogbane family
| image = Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Alyxia oliviformis
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Gentianales]]
| familia = '''Apocynaceae'''
| synonyms = ''Asclepiadaceae'' <small>[[Borkh.]] (nom. cons.)</small><br/>''Periplocaceae'' <small>[[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]] (nom. cons.)</small><br/>''Plumeriaceae'' <small>[[Horan.]]</small><br/>''Stapeliaceae'' <small>[[Horan.]]</small><br/>''Vincaceae'' <small>[[Vest]]</small><br/>''Willughbeiaceae'' <small>[[J. Agardh]]</small>
| type_genus = ''Apocynum''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
See [[Apocynaceae#Taxonomy|Taxonomy]] and [[Apocynaceae#Genera|Genera]].
}}
The '''Apocynaceae''' or '''dogbane family''' is a family of [[flowering plant]]s, including [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, [[herb]]s, or [[liana]]s.
Many species are tall trees found in the tropical [[rainforest]], and most are from the [[tropic]]s and subtropics, but some come from tropical dry, xeric environments. There are also some [[perennial plant|perennial]] herbs from [[temperate zone]]s. Many of these plants have milky sap; and many species are poisonous if ingested. Some genera of Apocynaceae, such as ''Adenium'' however, have either clear and milky, latex sap, and others, such as ''Pachypodium'', always have clear sap.
==Taxonomy==
The family, as currently recognized, includes some 1500 species divided in about 424 genera. The family [[Asclepiadaceae]] is now, according to [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|AGP II]] included in the '''Apocynaceae''' (Endress & Bruyns, 2000).
There are five subfamilies:
*[[Rauvolfioideae]]
*[[Apocynoideae]]
*[[Periplocoideae]]
*[[Secamonoideae]]
*[[Asclepiadoideae]]
The former two sub-families were part of the Apocynaceae ''sensu stricto'', whilst the latter three sub-families used to belong to the Asclepiadaceae. The Apocynaceae is the result of a conflation of the two families.
==Distribution==
[[Image:Flower-01-KayEss-1.jpeg|thumb|''Wrightia antidysenterica'']]
Species in this family are distributed mainly in tropical regions:
*In the rainforests and swamps of India and Malaya: small to very tall evergreen trees, often with buttress roots, such as ''[[Alstonia]]'' and ''[[Dyera]]''.
*In northern Australia: small evergreen trees such as ''[[Cerbera]]'' and ''[[Ochrosia]]''.
*In deciduous forests of Africa and India: smaller trees such as ''[[Carissa]]'', ''[[Wrightia]]'' and ''[[Holarrhena]]''.
*In tropical America, India, Myanmar and Malaya: evergreen trees and shrubs, such as ''[[Rauwolfia]]'', ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' and ''[[Acokanthera]]''.
*In Central America: ''[[Plumeria]]'', or the frangipani, with its waxy white or pink flowers and a sweet scent.
*In South America, Africa and Madagascar: many [[liana]]s such as ''[[Landolphia]]''.
*In the Mediterranean region: ''Nerium'', with the well-known [[oleander]] or Be-still tree (''Nerium oleander'').
*The only genera found in temperate [[Europe]] away from the Mediterranean are ''[[Vinca]]'' (Apocynoideae) and ''[[Vincetoxicum]]'' (Asclepiadoideae).
*In North America: ''[[Apocynum]]'', dogbane or Indian hemp, including ''[[Apocynum cannabinum]]'', a traditional source of fiber.
*In continental southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) and Madgascar, except for the humid evergreen forest of the eastern side of Madgascar, and never above 2000 m for the entire island: ''[[Pachypodium]]''.
==Characteristics==
The [[leaf|leave]]s are simple, usually opposite and decussate, or whorled; lacking [[stipule]]s. [[Flower]]s are usually showy, radially symmetrical (''actinomorphic''), aggregated in cymose or racemose [[inflorescence]]s (rarely fasciculate or solitary). They are [[Perfect flower|perfect]] (bisexual), with a synsepalous, 5-lobed calyx. Inflorescences are terminal or axillary. The [[stamen]]s are inserted on the inside of the corolla tube. The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is usually superior.
The fruit is a [[drupe]], a [[berry]], a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] or a [[follicle]].
==Genera==
===Apocynoideae===
{| border="0"
|''[[Acokanthera]]''
|''[[Adenium]]''
|''[[Aganonerion]]''
|''[[Aganosma]]''
|-
|''[[Alafia]]''
|''[[Allamanda]]''
|''[[Allomarkgrafia]]''
|''[[Allowoodsonia]]''
|-
|''[[Alstonia]]''
|''[[Alyxia]]''
|''[[Amocalyx]]''
|''[[Ambelania]]''
|-
|''[[Amsonia]]''
|''[[Ancylobotrys]]''
|''[[Anechites]]''
|''[[Angadenia]]''
|-
|''[[Anodendron]]''
|''[[Apocynum]]''
|''[[Arduina (genus)|Arduina]]''
|''[[Artia]]''
|-
|''[[Asketanthera]]''
|''[[Aspidosperma]]''
|''[[Baissea]]''
|''[[Beaumontia]]''
|-
|''[[Bousigonia]]''
|''[[Cabucala]]''
|''[[Callichilia]]''
|''[[Calocrater]]''
|-
|''[[Cameraria]]''
|''[[Carissa]]''
|''[[Carpodinus]]''
|''[[Carruthersia]]''
|-
|''[[Carvalhoa]]''
|''[[Catharanthus]]''
|''[[Cerbera]]''
|''[[Cerberiopsis]]''
|-
|''[[Chamaeclitandra]]''
|''[[Chilocarpus]]''
|''[[Chonemorpha]]''
|''[[Cleghornia]]''
|-
|''[[Clitandra]]''
|''[[Condylocarpon]]''
|''[[Couma]]''
|''[[Craspidospermum]]''
|-
|''[[Crioceras]]''
|''[[Cycladenia]]''
|''[[Cyclocotyla]]''
|''[[Cylindropsis]]''
|-
|''[[Delphyodon]]''
|''[[Dewevrella]]''
|''[[Dictyophleba]]''
|''[[Dipladenia]]''
|-
|''[[Diplorhynchus]]''
|''[[Dyera]]''
|''[[Ecdysanthera]]''
|''[[Echites]]''
|-
|''[[Elytropus]]''
|''[[Epigynium]]''
|''[[Eucorymbia]]''
|''[[Farquharia]]''
|-
|''[[Fernaldia]]''
|''[[Forsteronia]]''
|''[[Funtumia]]''
|''[[Galactophora]]''
|-
|''[[Geissospermum]]''
|''[[Gonioma]]''
|''[[Grisseea]]''
|''[[Gymnema]]''
|-
|''[[Hancornia]]''
|''[[Haplophyton]]''
|''[[Himatanthus]]''
|''[[Holarrhena]]''
|-
|''[[Hunteria]]''
|''[[Hymenolophus]]''
|''[[Ichnocarpus]]''
|''[[Isonema]]''
|-
|''[[Ixodonerium]]''
|''[[Kamettia]]''
|''[[Kibatalia]]''
|''[[Kopsia]]''
|-
|''[[Lacmellea]]''
|''[[Landolphia]]''
|''[[Laubertia]]''
|''[[Laxoplumeria]]''
|-
|''[[Lepinia]]''
|''[[Lepiniopsis]]''
|''[[Leuconotis]]''
|''[[Lochnera]]''
|-
|''[[Lyonsia]]''
|''[[Macoubea]]''
|''[[Macropharynx]]''
|''[[Macrosiphonia]]''
|-
|''[[Malouetia]]''
|''[[Mandevilla]]''
|''[[Mascarenhasia]]''
|''[[Melodinus]]''
|-
|''[[Mesechites]]''
|''[[Micrechtites]]''
|''[[Microplumeria]]''
|''[[Molongum]]''
|-
|''[[Mortoniella]]''
|''[[Motandra]]''
|''[[Mucoa]]''
|''[[Neobracea]]''
|-
|''[[Neocouma]]''
|''[[Nerium]]''
|''[[Nouettea]]''
|''[[Ochrosia]]''
|-
|''[[Odontadenia]]''
|''[[Oncinotis]]''
|''[[Orthopichonia]]''
|''[[Pachypodium]]''
|-
|''[[Pachouria]]''
|''[[Papuechites]]''
|''[[Parahancornia]]''
|''[[Parameria]]''
|-
|''[[Parepigynum]]''
|''[[Parsonsia]]''
|''[[Peltastes]]''
|''[[Pentalinon]]''
|-
|''[[Petchia]]''
|''[[Picralima]]''
|''[[Plectaneia]]''
|''[[Pleiocarpa]]''
|-
|''[[Pleioceras]]''
|''[[Plumeria]]''
|''[[Pottsia]]''
|''[[Prestonia (genus)|Prestonia]]''
|-
|''[[Pycnobotrya]]''
|''[[Quiotania]]''
|''[[Rauwolfia]]''
|''[[Rhabdadenia]]''
|-
|''[[Rhazya]]''
|''[[Rhigospira]]''
|''[[Rhodocalyx]]''
|''[[Rhyncodia]]''
|-
|''[[Saba (genus)|Saba]]''
|''[[Schizozygia]]''
|''[[Secondatia]]''
|-
|''[[Sindechites]]''
|''[[Skytanthus]]''
|''[[Spirolobium]]''
|''[[Spongiosperma]]''
|-
|''[[Stemmadenia]]''
|''[[Stephanostegia]]''
|''[[Stephanostema]]''
|''[[Stipecoma]]''
|-
|''[[Strempeliopsis]]''
|''[[Strophanthus]]''
|''[[Tabernaemontana]]''
|''[[Tabernanthe]]''
|-
|''[[Temnadenia]]''
|''[[Thenardia]]''
|''[[Thevetia]]''
|''[[Tintinnabularia]]''
|-
|''[[Trachelospermum]]''
|''[[Urceola]]''
|''[[Urnularia]]''
|''[[Vahadenia]]''
|-
|''[[Vallariopsis]]''
|''[[Vallaris]]''
|''[[Vallesia]]''
|''[[Vinca]]''
|-
|''[[Voacanga]]''
|''[[Willughbeia]]''
|''[[Woytkowskia]]''
|''[[Wrightia]]''
|-
|''[[Xylinabaria]]''
|''[[Xylinabariopsis]]''
|
|}
The following genera used to belong to the family Asclepiadaceae :
* ''[[Araujia]]''
* ''[[Asclepias]]'' (subfamily Asclepiadoideae)
* ''[[Caralluma]]''
* ''[[Ceropegia]]''
* ''[[Cionura]]''
* ''[[Cynanchum]]''
* ''[[Periploca]]'' (Subfamily Periplocoideae)
* ''[[Vincetoxicum]]''
==Uses==
[[Image:Vinca major0.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Vinca major|Large Periwinkle]] ''Vinca major'', a popular garden plant]]
Several plants of this family had economic uses in the past.
The genera ''[[Carpodinus]]'', ''[[Landolphia]]'', ''[[Hancornia]]'', ''[[Funtumia]]'' and ''[[Mascarenhasia]]'' were used as a commercial source of inferior rubber.
The juice of ''[[Acokanthera]]'' species such as ''[[Acokanthera venenata|A. venenata]]'' and the milky juice of the [[Namibia]]n ''[[Pachypodium]]'' has been used as venom for arrow tips by the [[Bushmen]]. Some sources (Rapananrivo et al. on p. 5) state that ''Pachypodium'' do not have a milky sap.
Several genera are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, including ''[[Amsonia]]'' (bluestar), ''[[Nerium]]'' (oleander), ''[[Vinca]]'' (periwinkle), ''[[Carissa]]'' (Natal plum, an edible fruit), ''[[Allamanda]]'' (golden trumpet), ''[[Plumeria]]'' (frangipani), ''[[Thevetia]]'' (lucky nut), ''[[Mandevilla]]'' (Savannah flower).
''Rauvolfia cafra'' is the Quinine tree. ''Rauvolfia serpentina'' or Indian Snakeroot yields the [[alkaloid]]s [[reserpine]] and [[rescinnamine]].
Some are sources of drugs, such as [[cardiac glycoside]]s, affecting the heart function, including ''[[Acokanthera]]'', ''[[Apocynum]]'', ''[[Cerbera]]'', ''[[Nerium]]'', ''[[Thevetia]]'' and ''[[Strophantus]]''.
The genus ''[[Apocynum]]'' was used as a source of fiber by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].
The edible flower of [[Fernaldia pandurata]] (common name: Loroco) is a popular part of [[El Salvador]]ian and [[Guatemala]]n cooking.
==References==
* {{cite journal| author = Endress and Bruyns|title= A revised classification of the Apocynaceae| journal=Botanical Review|volume= 66|pages=1-56|year=2000}}
* Rapanarivo, S.H.J.V; Lavranos, J.J; Leeuwenberg, A.J.M.; AND Röösli, W. [Taxonomic revision of the genus Pachypodium. S.H.J.V Rapanarivo and A.J.M Leeuwenberg]; [The habitats of Pachyopdium species. S.H.J.V Rapanarivo]; [Cultivation. W. Röösli] (A.A. Balkema: Rotterdam, Brookfeild, 1999 p. 5) ". . . ''Adenium'' species have either clear sap or white latex. ''Pachypodium'' . . . always has clear sap".
==External links==
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/apocynac.htm Apocynaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards).
*[http://herbarium.uvsc.edu/Virtual/default.asp?table=Family&f=31&t=Apocynaceae UVSC Herbarium - Apocynaceae]
*[http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/departments/planta2/research/databases/delta_as/index.htm The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae)]
[[Category:Plant families]]
[[Category:Apocynaceae| ]]
[[Category:Gentianales]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = Dogbane family
| image = Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Alyxia oliviformis
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Gentianales]]
| familia = '''Apocynaceae'''
| synonyms = ''Asclepiadaceae'' <small>[[Borkh.]] (nom. cons.)</small><br/>''Periplocaceae'' <small>[[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]] (nom. cons.)</small><br/>''Plumeriaceae'' <small>[[Horan.]]</small><br/>''Stapeliaceae'' <small>[[Horan.]]</small><br/>''Vincaceae'' <small>[[Vest]]</small><br/>''Willughbeiaceae'' <small>[[J. Agardh]]</small>
| type_genus = ''Apocynum''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
See [[Apocynaceae#Taxonomy|Taxonomy]] and [[Apocynaceae#Genera|Genera]].
}}
The '''Apocynaceae''' or '''dogbane family''' is a family of [[flowering plant]]s, including [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, [[herb]]s, or [[liana]]s.
Many species are tall trees found in the tropical [[rainforest]], and most are from the [[tropic]]s and subtropics, but some come from tropical dry, xeric environments. There are also some [[perennial plant|perennial]] herbs from [[temperate zone]]s. Many of these plants have milky sap; and many species are poisonous if ingested. Some genera of Apocynaceae, such as ''Adenium'' however, have either clear and milky, latex sap, and others, such as ''Pachypodium'', always have clear sap.
==Taxonomy==
The family, as currently recognized, includes some 1500 species divided in about 424 genera. The family [[Asclepiadaceae]] is now, according to [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|AGP II]] included in the '''Apocynaceae''' (Endress & Bruyns, 2000).
There are five subfamilies:
*[[Rauvolfioideae]]
*[[Apocynoideae]]
*[[Periplocoideae]]
*[[Secamonoideae]]
*[[Asclepiadoideae]]
The former two sub-families were part of the Apocynaceae ''sensu stricto'', whilst the latter three sub-families used to belong to the Asclepiadaceae. The Apocynaceae is the result of a conflation of the two families.
==Distribution==
[[Image:Flower-01-KayEss-1.jpeg|thumb|''Wrightia antidysenterica'']]
Species in this family are distributed mainly in tropical regions:
*In the rainforests and swamps of India and Malaya: small to very tall evergreen trees, often with buttress roots, such as ''[[Alstonia]]'' and ''[[Dyera]]''.
*In northern Australia: small evergreen trees such as ''[[Cerbera]]'' and ''[[Ochrosia]]''.
*In deciduous forests of Africa and India: smaller trees such as ''[[Carissa]]'', ''[[Wrightia]]'' and ''[[Holarrhena]]''.
*In tropical America, India, Myanmar and Malaya: evergreen trees and shrubs, such as ''[[Rauwolfia]]'', ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' and ''[[Acokanthera]]''.
*In Central America: ''[[Plumeria]]'', or the frangipani, with its waxy white or pink flowers and a sweet scent.
*In South America, Africa and Madagascar: many [[liana]]s such as ''[[Landolphia]]''.
*In the Mediterranean region: ''Nerium'', with the well-known [[oleander]] or Be-still tree (''Nerium oleander'').
*The only genera found in temperate [[Europe]] away from the Mediterranean are ''[[Vinca]]'' (Apocynoideae) and ''[[Vincetoxicum]]'' (Asclepiadoideae).
*In North America: ''[[Apocynum]]'', dogbane or Indian hemp, including ''[[Apocynum cannabinum]]'', a traditional source of fiber.
*In continental southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) and Madgascar, except for the humid evergreen forest of the eastern side of Madgascar, and never above 2000 m for the entire island: ''[[Pachypodium]]''.
==Characteristics==
The [[leaf|leave]]s are simple, usually opposite and decussate, or whorled; lacking [[stipule]]s. [[Flower]]s are usually showy, radially symmetrical (''actinomorphic''), aggregated in cymose or racemose [[inflorescence]]s (rarely fasciculate or solitary). They are [[Perfect flower|perfect]] (bisexual), with a synsepalous, 5-lobed calyx. Inflorescences are terminal or axillary. The [[stamen]]s are inserted on the inside of the corolla tube. The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is usually superior.
The fruit is a [[drupe]], a [[berry]], a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] or a [[follicle]].
==Genera==
===Apocynoideae===
{| border="0"
|''[[Acokanthera]]''
|''[[Adenium]]''
|''[[Aganonerion]]''
|''[[Aganosma]]''
|-
|''[[Alafia]]''
|''[[Allamanda]]''
|''[[Allomarkgrafia]]''
|''[[Allowoodsonia]]''
|-
|''[[Alstonia]]''
|''[[Alyxia]]''
|''[[Amocalyx]]''
|''[[Ambelania]]''
|-
|''[[Amsonia]]''
|''[[Ancylobotrys]]''
|''[[Anechites]]''
|''[[Angadenia]]''
|-
|''[[Anodendron]]''
|''[[Apocynum]]''
|''[[Arduina (genus)|Arduina]]''
|''[[Artia]]''
|-
|''[[Asketanthera]]''
|''[[Aspidosperma]]''
|''[[Baissea]]''
|''[[Beaumontia]]''
|-
|''[[Bousigonia]]''
|''[[Cabucala]]''
|''[[Callichilia]]''
|''[[Calocrater]]''
|-
|''[[Cameraria]]''
|''[[Carissa]]''
|''[[Carpodinus]]''
|''[[Carruthersia]]''
|-
|''[[Carvalhoa]]''
|''[[Catharanthus]]''
|''[[Cerbera]]''
|''[[Cerberiopsis]]''
|-
|''[[Chamaeclitandra]]''
|''[[Chilocarpus]]''
|''[[Chonemorpha]]''
|''[[Cleghornia]]''
|-
|''[[Clitandra]]''
|''[[Condylocarpon]]''
|''[[Couma]]''
|''[[Craspidospermum]]''
|-
|''[[Crioceras]]''
|''[[Cycladenia]]''
|''[[Cyclocotyla]]''
|''[[Cylindropsis]]''
|-
|''[[Delphyodon]]''
|''[[Dewevrella]]''
|''[[Dictyophleba]]''
|''[[Dipladenia]]''
|-
|''[[Diplorhynchus]]''
|''[[Dyera]]''
|''[[Ecdysanthera]]''
|''[[Echites]]''
|-
|''[[Elytropus]]''
|''[[Epigynium]]''
|''[[Eucorymbia]]''
|''[[Farquharia]]''
|-
|''[[Fernaldia]]''
|''[[Forsteronia]]''
|''[[Funtumia]]''
|''[[Galactophora]]''
|-
|''[[Geissospermum]]''
|''[[Gonioma]]''
|''[[Grisseea]]''
|''[[Gymnema]]''
|-
|''[[Hancornia]]''
|''[[Haplophyton]]''
|''[[Himatanthus]]''
|''[[Holarrhena]]''
|-
|''[[Hunteria]]''
|''[[Hymenolophus]]''
|''[[Ichnocarpus]]''
|''[[Isonema]]''
|-
|''[[Ixodonerium]]''
|''[[Kamettia]]''
|''[[Kibatalia]]''
|''[[Kopsia]]''
|-
|''[[Lacmellea]]''
|''[[Landolphia]]''
|''[[Laubertia]]''
|''[[Laxoplumeria]]''
|-
|''[[Lepinia]]''
|''[[Lepiniopsis]]''
|''[[Leuconotis]]''
|''[[Lochnera]]''
|-
|''[[Lyonsia]]''
|''[[Macoubea]]''
|''[[Macropharynx]]''
|''[[Macrosiphonia]]''
|-
|''[[Malouetia]]''
|''[[Mandevilla]]''
|''[[Mascarenhasia]]''
|''[[Melodinus]]''
|-
|''[[Mesechites]]''
|''[[Micrechtites]]''
|''[[Microplumeria]]''
|''[[Molongum]]''
|-
|''[[Mortoniella]]''
|''[[Motandra]]''
|''[[Mucoa]]''
|''[[Neobracea]]''
|-
|''[[Neocouma]]''
|''[[Nerium]]''
|''[[Nouettea]]''
|''[[Ochrosia]]''
|-
|''[[Odontadenia]]''
|''[[Oncinotis]]''
|''[[Orthopichonia]]''
|''[[Pachypodium]]''
|-
|''[[Pachouria]]''
|''[[Papuechites]]''
|''[[Parahancornia]]''
|''[[Parameria]]''
|-
|''[[Parepigynum]]''
|''[[Parsonsia]]''
|''[[Peltastes]]''
|''[[Pentalinon]]''
|-
|''[[Petchia]]''
|''[[Picralima]]''
|''[[Plectaneia]]''
|''[[Pleiocarpa]]''
|-
|''[[Pleioceras]]''
|''[[Plumeria]]''
|''[[Pottsia]]''
|''[[Prestonia (genus)|Prestonia]]''
|-
|''[[Pycnobotrya]]''
|''[[Quiotania]]''
|''[[Rauwolfia]]''
|''[[Rhabdadenia]]''
|-
|''[[Rhazya]]''
|''[[Rhigospira]]''
|''[[Rhodocalyx]]''
|''[[Rhyncodia]]''
|-
|''[[Saba (genus)|Saba]]''
|''[[Schizozygia]]''
|''[[Secondatia]]''
|-
|''[[Sindechites]]''
|''[[Skytanthus]]''
|''[[Spirolobium]]''
|''[[Spongiosperma]]''
|-
|''[[Stemmadenia]]''
|''[[Stephanostegia]]''
|''[[Stephanostema]]''
|''[[Stipecoma]]''
|-
|''[[Strempeliopsis]]''
|''[[Strophanthus]]''
|''[[Tabernaemontana]]''
|''[[Tabernanthe]]''
|-
|''[[Temnadenia]]''
|''[[Thenardia]]''
|''[[Thevetia]]''
|''[[Tintinnabularia]]''
|-
|''[[Trachelospermum]]''
|''[[Urceola]]''
|''[[Urnularia]]''
|''[[Vahadenia]]''
|-
|''[[Vallariopsis]]''
|''[[Vallaris]]''
|''[[Vallesia]]''
|''[[Vinca]]''
|-
|''[[Voacanga]]''
|''[[Willughbeia]]''
|''[[Woytkowskia]]''
|''[[Wrightia]]''
|-
|''[[Xylinabaria]]''
|''[[Xylinabariopsis]]''
|
|}
The following genera used to belong to the family Asclepiadaceae :
* ''[[Araujia]]''
* ''[[Asclepias]]'' (subfamily Asclepiadoideae)
* ''[[Caralluma]]''
* ''[[Ceropegia]]''
* ''[[Cionura]]''
* ''[[Cynanchum]]''
* ''[[Periploca]]'' (Subfamily Periplocoideae)
* ''[[Vincetoxicum]]''
==Uses==
[[Image:Vinca major0.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Vinca major|Large Periwinkle]] ''Vinca major'', a popular garden plant]]
Several plants of this family had economic uses in the past.
The genera ''[[Carpodinus]]'', ''[[Landolphia]]'', ''[[Hancornia]]'', ''[[Funtumia]]'' and ''[[Mascarenhasia]]'' were used as a commercial source of inferior rubber.
The juice of ''[[Acokanthera]]'' species such as ''[[Acokanthera venenata|A. venenata]]'' and the milky juice of the [[Namibia]]n ''[[Pachypodium]]'' has been used as venom for arrow tips by the [[Bushmen]]. Some sources (Rapananrivo et al. on p. 5) state that ''Pachypodium'' do not have a milky sap.
Several genera are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, including ''[[Amsonia]]'' (bluestar), ''[[Nerium]]'' (oleander), ''[[Vinca]]'' (periwinkle), ''[[Carissa]]'' (Natal plum, an edible fruit), ''[[Allamanda]]'' (golden trumpet), ''[[Plumeria]]'' (frangipani), ''[[Thevetia]]'' (lucky nut), ''[[Mandevilla]]'' (Savannah flower).
''Rauvolfia cafra'' is the Quinine tree. ''Rauvolfia serpentina'' or Indian Snakeroot yields the [[alkaloid]]s [[reserpine]] and [[rescinnamine]].
Some are sources of drugs, such as [[cardiac glycoside]]s, affecting the heart function, including ''[[Acokanthera]]'', ''[[Apocynum]]'', ''[[Cerbera]]'', ''[[Nerium]]'', ''[[Thevetia]]'' and ''[[Strophantus]]''.
The genus ''[[Apocynum]]'' was used as a source of fiber by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].
The edible flower of [[Fernaldia pandurata]] (common name: Loroco) is a popular part of [[El Salvador]]ian and [[Guatemala]]n cooking.
==References==
* {{cite journal| author = Endress and Bruyns|title= A revised classification of the Apocynaceae| journal=Botanical Review|volume= 66|pages=1-56|year=2000}}
* Rapanarivo, S.H.J.V; Lavranos, J.J; Leeuwenberg, A.J.M.; AND Röösli, W. [Taxonomic revision of the genus Pachypodium. S.H.J.V Rapanarivo and A.J.M Leeuwenberg]; [The habitats of Pachyopdium species. S.H.J.V Rapanarivo]; [Cultivation. W. Röösli] (A.A. Balkema: Rotterdam, Brookfeild, 1999 p. 5) ". . . ''Adenium'' species have either clear sap or white latex. ''Pachypodium'' . . . always has clear sap".
==External links==
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/apocynac.htm Apocynaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards).
*[http://herbarium.uvsc.edu/Virtual/default.asp?table=Family&f=31&t=Apocynaceae UVSC Herbarium - Apocynaceae]
*[http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/departments/planta2/research/databases/delta_as/index.htm The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae)]
[[Category:Plant families]]
[[Category:Apocynaceae| ]]
[[Category:Gentianales]]
