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| − | :{{dablink|For other senses of this word, see [[Elm (disambiguation)]].}}
| + | __NOTOC__{{Plantbox |
| − | {{Taxobox
| + | | latin_name = ''Ulmus'' |
| − | | color = lightgreen | + | | common_names = Elm |
| − | | name = Elm | + | | growth_habit = tree |
| | + | | high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) --> |
| | + | | wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) --> |
| | + | | origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc --> |
| | + | | poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous --> |
| | + | | lifespan = perennial |
| | + | | exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) --> |
| | + | | water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak --> |
| | + | | features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive --> |
| | + | | hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc --> |
| | + | | bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers --> |
| | + | | usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 --> |
| | + | | sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available --> |
| | + | | color = IndianRed |
| | | image = Mature Ulmus rubra in graveyard.jpg | | | image = Mature Ulmus rubra in graveyard.jpg |
| − | | image_width = 240px | + | | image_width = 180px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical --> |
| | | image_caption = Mature Slippery Elm | | | image_caption = Mature Slippery Elm |
| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| + | | familia = Ulmaceae |
| − | | divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| + | | genus = Ulmus |
| − | | classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
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| − | | ordo = [[Rosales]]
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| − | | familia = [[Ulmaceae]] | |
| − | | genus = '''''Ulmus''''' | |
| − | | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| − | | subdivision_ranks = Species
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| − | | subdivision = See
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| − | *[[Elm species, varieties, by common name]]
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| − | *[[Elm species, varieties, by scientific name]]
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| − | *[[Elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars]]
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| − | *[[Elm synonyms and accepted names]]
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| | }} | | }} |
| − | | + | {{Inc| |
| − | '''Elms''' are [[deciduous]] and [[semi-deciduous]] [[tree]]s making up the genus ''[[Ulmus]]'', family [[Ulmaceae]], found throughout the [[Northern Hemisphere]] from [[Siberia]] to [[Indonesia]], [[Mexico]] to [[Japan]]. Many species and cultivars have also been introduced as ornamentals to parts of the [[Southern Hemisphere]], notably [[Australasia]].
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| − | Elms have alternate, simple, single- or doubly-serrate leaves, usually asymmetric at the base and acuminate at the apex. They are [[hermaphroditic]], having [[perfect flower]]s which, being wind-pollinated, are without petals. The fruit is a round wind-dispersed [[samara (fruit)|samara]].
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| − | All species are tolerant of a wide range of soils and [[pH]] levels but, with one exception (the [[European White Elm]] ''U. laevis''), demand good drainage.
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| − | The other genera of the Ulmaceae are ''Zelkova'' ([[Zelkova]]) and ''Planera'' ([[Planera aquatica|Water Elm]]). ''Celtis'' ([[Hackberry]] or Nettle Tree), formerly included in the Ulmaceae, is now included in the family [[Cannabaceae]].
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| − | ==Species, varieties and hybrids==
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| − | {{main|Elm species, varieties, by common name|Elm species, varieties, by scientific name|Elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars|Elm synonyms and accepted names}} | |
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| − | There are approximately 30 to 40 [[species]] of elm; the ambiguity in number
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| − | a result of difficult species delimitations in elms, owing to the ease of [[hybrid]]ization between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively-propagated [[species#Definitions of species|microspecies]] in some areas, mainly in the [[field elm]] group. Six species are endemic to [[North America]], and a smaller number to [[Europe]]; the greatest diversity is found in [[China]].
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| − | During the 18th and 19th centuries, elm cultivars enjoyed much popularity as ornamentals by virtue of their rapid growth and variety of foliage and forms. This '[[belle époque]]' lasted until the [[First World War]], when the consequences of hostilities, notably in [[Germany]], and the outbreak of [[Dutch elm disease]] saw the elm slide into horticultural decline. The further disruption caused by the [[Second World War]] and, 20 years later, the devastation wrought by the outbreak of a new, far more virulent strain of Dutch elm disease, brought the tree to its nadir.
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| − | Since circa 1980 however, the elm has enjoyed a slow renaissance through the successful development in North America and Europe (notably the [[Netherlands]] until 1992, and, more recently, [[Italy]]) of cultivars highly resistant to the new strain of the disease. Consequently, the total number of named [[cultivar]]s, ancient and modern, now exceeds 300, although many of the older clones, possibly over 120, have been lost to cultivation. Unhappily, enthusiasm for the newer clones often remains low owing to the poor performance of earlier, supposedly disease-resistant Dutch trees released in the 1960s and 1970s. In the [[UK]] for example, only three of the new American and European releases were commercially available in 2007.
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| − | In 1997, a [[European Union]] elm project was initiated, its aim to coordinate the conservation of all the elm genetic resources of the member states and, among other things, to assess their resistance to Dutch elm disease. Accordingly, over 300 clones were selected and propagated for testing (Solla et al., 2005).
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| − | The classification adopted for [[Elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids]] is largely based on that established by Brummitt (1992). A large number of synonyms have accumulated over the last three centuries, their Accepted Names can be found on [[Elm Synonyms and Accepted Names]].
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| − | ==Cultivation and uses==
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| − | Elm [[wood]] was valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in [[wheels]], [[chair]] seats and [[coffin]]s. The wood is also resistant to decay when permanently wet, and hollowed trunks were widely used as water pipes during the medieval period in [[Europe]]. Elms also have a long history of cultivation for [[fodder]], with the leafy branches cut for [[livestock]]. The bark, cut into strips and boiled, sustained much of the rural population of [[Norway]] during the famine in the mid-19th century.
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| − | From the 18th century to the early 20th century, elms were among the most widely planted ornamental tree in both Europe and [[North America]]. They were particularly popular as a street tree in [[Avenue (landscape)|avenue]] plantings in towns and cities, creating high-tunnelled effects, and to this day, 'Elm Street' remains the most common road name in the USA. In North America the species most commonly planted was the American Elm ''U. americana'', which had unique properties that made it ideal for such use: rapid growth, adaptation to a broad range of [[climate]]s and soils, strong wood, resistance to wind damage, and vase-like growth habit requiring minimal [[pruning]]. In Europe, the Wych Elm ''U. glabra'' and the Smooth-leaved Elm ''U. minor'' var. ''minor'' were the most widely planted in the countryside, with the former in northern areas ([[Scandinavia]], northern [[Great Britain|Britain]]), and the latter further south. The hybrid between these two, Dutch Elm ''U. × hollandica'', occurs naturally and was also commonly planted. In England, it was the [[English Elm]] ''Ulmus procera'' that came to dominate the landscape; planted in hedgerows, it often occurred in densities of over 1000 per square kilometre. Such was its ubiquity, it almost always featured in the landscape paintings of [[John Constable]]. In [[Elms in Australia|Australia]], large numbers of English Elms, as well as other species and cultivars, were planted as ornamentals following their introduction in the 19th century.
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| | [[Image:Ulmus_glabra.jpg|right|thumb|Wych Elm leaves and seeds]] | | [[Image:Ulmus_glabra.jpg|right|thumb|Wych Elm leaves and seeds]] |
| − | [[Image:Columella flowers.jpg|right|thumb|Elm flowers]] | + | [[Image:Columella flowers.jpg|thumb|Elm flowers]] |
| − | In parks and gardens, from about 1850 to 1920 the most prized small specimen elm was the [[Camperdown Elm]], a contorted weeping [[cultivar]] of the Wych Elm ''Ulmus glabra'' Camperdownii, grafted on a standard elm trunk to give a wide, spreading and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces.
| + | [[Image:PostcardCanaanCtFamousElm19081914.jpg|thumb|Elm (early 20th century postcard)]] |
| | + | Ulmus (ancient Latin name of the elm). Ulmaceae. Elm. Ornamental trees chiefly grown for their handsome foliage and often planted as shade and street trees. |
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| − | ==Pests and diseases==
| + | Deciduous, rarely half-evergreen: winter buds conspicuous, with imbricate scales: lvs. short-petioled, usually unequal at the base, with caducous stipules: fls. perfect or rarely polygamous, apetalous, in axillary clusters or racemes; calyx campanulate, 4-9-lobed, with an equal number of stamens; ovary superior, with a 2-lobed style, usually 1-loculed and with 1 ovule: fr. a slightly compressed dry nutlet, with a broad rarely narrow membranous wing all around (Fig. 3877).— About 18 species of Ulmus are known, distributed through the colder and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, in N. Amer. south to S. Mex., but none west of the Rocky Mts., and in Asia south to the Himalayas. The wood is heavy, hard, and tough and often difficult to split. It is especially useful in the manufacture of wagon-wheels, agricultural implements, and for boat-building. The inner mucilaginous bark of the branches of U. fulva is used medicinally and that of some Chinese species is made into meal and used for food. The tough inner bark of some species furnishes a kind of bass which is sometimes woven into a coarse cloth, especially that of U. japonica in Japan. |
| − | {{Main|List of elm diseases}}
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| − | Many species of [[Lepidoptera]]n [[larva]]e uses elm as a food plant; see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Elms]]. In Australia, introduced elm trees are sometimes used as foodplants by the larvae of [[Hepialidae|hepialid]] [[moth]]s of the genus ''[[Aenetus]]''. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down.
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| − | ===Dutch elm disease===
| + | The elms are mostly tall trees, rarely shrubby, with alternate usually 2-ranked, medium-sized or sometimes rather small leaves and with inconspicuous generally greenish brown flowers appearing mostly before the leaves. Most of the cultivated species are hardy North, but U. crassifolia and U. alata are tender; U. parvifolia and U. serotina are of doubtful hardiness, although they have persisted near Boston. The elms are mostly tall and long-lived and are very valuable for park planting and for avenue trees, especially U. americana, which is the favorite tree for street planting and as a shade tree for dwelling houses in the northeastern states. It is the most characteristic tree of this region and of characteristic beauty. Its habit is at once majestic and graceful, and the wide-spreading head, borne usually at a considerable height on a straight and shapely trunk, affords ample shade and shelter. Besides the American elm several other species are used as avenue trees, as Ulmus fulva, U. racemosa, and the European U. campestris, U. hollandica, and U. foliacea. Of U. hollandica, the vars. belgica, superba, Klemmer are among the best for street planting; of U. foliacea, the vars. stricta, Wheatleyi, and Dampieri. In the southern states U. serotina, U. crassifolia, and U. alata, are sometimes used as avenue trees. There are several varieties of striking and peculiar habit, as U. glabra var. fastigiata and U. foliacea var. monumentalis, with narrow columnar head; U. glabra var. pendula, with horizontal limbs forming wide-spreading tiers; U. glabra var. Camperdownii with long pendulous branches. U. foliacea var. umbraculifera, with a dense, globose and rather small head, may be used as an avenue tree for formal gardens. Several species and varieties are interesting in winter on account of their branches being furnished with broad corky wings. The foliage of most species turns pale yellow in fall, but that of the European species remains green much longer. |
| − | {{main|Dutch elm disease}}
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| − | '''Dutch elm disease''' devastated elms throughout Europe and North America in the 20th century. It is caused by the micro-[[fungus]] ''Ophiostoma novo-ulmi'' transmitted by two species of ''Scolytus'' elm-bark [[beetle]] which act as [[vector (biology)|vector]]s. The disease affects all species of elm native to North America and Europe, but many Asiatic species have anti-fungal genes and are resistant. Fungal spores, introduced into wounds in the tree caused by the beetles, invade the [[xylem]] or vascular system. The tree responds by producing [[tylose]]s, effectively blocking the flow from roots to leaves. Woodland trees in North America are not quite as susceptible to the disease because they usually lack the root-grafting of the urban elms and are somewhat more isolated from each other. In France, inoculation of over three hundred clones of the European species with the fungus failed to find a single variety possessed of any significant resistance.
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| − | An earlier, less aggressive strain of the disease fungus, ''Ophiostoma ulmi'', first appeared in Europe in 1910 and North America in 1928, but had declined by the 1940s. The second, far more virulent strain of the disease was identified in Europe in the late 1960s, and within a decade had killed over 20 million trees (approximately 75%) in the UK alone. The origin of the new strain remains a mystery; earlier believed to have been endemic to China, surveys there in 1986 found no trace of it, although [[bark beetle]]s were common. The most popular hypothesis is that it arose from a hybrid between the original ''O. ulmi'' and another strain endemic to the Himalaya, ''O. himal-ulmi''. While there is no sign of the current pandemic waning, there is some hope in the susceptibility of the fungus to a disease of its own caused by d-factors: naturally occurring virus-like agents that can severely debilitate it and reduce its sporulation.
| + | Unfortunately many insects and fungi prey upon the elm, especially on the American elm. One of the most destructive is the elm leaf-beetle, which destroys the foliage. The canker-worm is also serious; to keep it from doing damage, band the trunks a few feet above the ground with cloth covered with a sticky substance, which prevents the ascent of the wingless female. The trees should be sprayed. A borer, Saperda tridentata, sometimes does considerable damage to the wood. The elms grow best in rich and rather moist soil, and the American elm especially requires such a soil to attain its full beauty, but some species, as U. racemosa and U. alata, do well in drier situations. Elm trees are not difficult to transplant, and rather large trees may be moved successfully if the work is done carefully. They bear pruning well, but generally do not need much attention of this kind. Propagation is by seeds ripening usually in May or June and sown at once. Most of the seeds will germinate after a few days, but some remain dormant until the following spring. Increased also by layers, which are usually put down in autumn and are fit to be removed in one year. A moist and rather light soil is best for this method. Trees raised from layers are said to bear seed less early and less profusely and are therefore especially recommended for street trees, as the foliage of trees that fruit slightly or not at all is larger and more abundant. Dwarf forms of U. foliacea and also U. parvifolia and U. pumila may be raised from greenwood cuttings under glass, the cuttings growing most readily if taken from forced plants. U. campestris, U. foliacea, and some of their varieties are also propagated by suckers. In nurseries most of the varieties are propagated by grafting, either by budding in summer or by whip- or splice- grafting in spring outdoors or on potted stock in the greenhouse. U. americana, U. campestris, U. foliacea, and U. glabra are used for stocks. |
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| − | Owing to its geographical isolation and effective quarantine enforcement, [[Australia]] has so far been unaffected by Dutch Elm Disease, and as such retains some of the world's best stands of [[English Elm]]s; the long avenues of Royal Parade and [[St Kilda Road]] in [[Melbourne]] are perhaps the most beautiful examples [http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=26&pg=640]. Grattan St, Carlton, is also a very pleasing example of a stand of elms.
| + | U. arbuscula, Wolf (U. glabra x U. pumila). Shrubby tree: lvs. elliptic to elliptic-oblong, doubly serrate, nearly equal at the base, 3/4 - 3 in. long, on shoots to 6 in. long. Originated in St. Petersburg. — U. Bergmanniana, Schneid. Allied to U. glabra. Tree, to 50 ft.: branchlets glabrous: lvs. obovate-oblong to elliptic, acuminate, doubly serrate, glabrous, 2 1/2 - 5 in. long; petioles very short: fr. roundish-obovate, glabrous, 1/2 – 3/4 in. long. Cent. China. Var. lasiophylla, Schneid. Lvs. pubescent beneath. W. China. — U. Davidiana, Planch. Allied to U. japonica. Medium-sized tree: young branchlets glabrous, later pale grayish brown or pale brown: lvs. short-petioled, obovate or elliptic ovate, doubly serrate, slightly pubescent beneath, 2-4 1/2 in. long: fr. pubescent in the middle, but glabrous toward the margin. N. China. — U. elliptica, Koch. Allied to U. glabra. Branchlets pubescent: lvs. elliptic to elliptic-oblong, glabrous and nearly smooth above, slightly pubescent beneath, 3 1/2-6 in. long: fr. obovate, with the seed in the pubescent middle. Transcaucasia, Armenia. The plant cult. under this name is U. fulva. — U. Keakii, Sieb.-Zelkova serrata. — U. macrocarpa, Hance. Small tree or shrub: young branchlets pubescent, later pale brown, often with 2 corky wings: lvs. ovate, coarsely doubly serrate, rough above, slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous below, 1 1/2 - 3 in. long: fr. obovate, with the nutlet in the middle, pubescent and ciliate, about 1 in. long. N. China. Possibly U. rotundifolia, Carr. (R.H. 1868, p. 374), belongs here. — U. minor, Mill. (U. surculosa var. argutifolia, Stokes. U. sativa, Moss, not Mill. U. Plotii, Druce). Allied to U. foliacea. Suckering tree, to 90 ft., with ascending branches and pendulous branchlets: lvs. obovate or elliptic, dull and slightly scabrous above, pubescent beneath at first, 1 1/2 – 2 1/2 in. long: petioles 1/5 in. long: fr. Narrowly obovate, 1/2 in. long. Eu. G.C. III. 50:408, 409; 51:235. R.F.G. 12:660.—U. Plotii, Druce -U. minor.—U. sativa, Moss—U. minor. —U. Verschaffeltii, Hort.-Zelkova Verschaffeltii.—U. Wilsoniana, Schneid. Tree, to 50 ft.: young branchlets pubescent, later brown and often corky: lvs. elliptic or elliptic-obovate, doubly serrate, smooth above, finely pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath, 1 1/2 – 4 in. long: fr. obovate with the nutlet near the apex, glabrous, about 3/4 in. long. Cent. China. |
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| − | The provinces of [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]] in [[western Canada]] are also free of Dutch Elm disease, although in 1998, one tree in southeastern Alberta was found diseased and destroyed immediately before the disease could spread. Aggressive means are being taken to prevent any occurrences of the disease in these two provinces. In fact, Alberta has the world's largest stands of elms unaffected by the disease, and many streets and parks in [[Edmonton]] and [[Calgary]] are still lined with large numbers of healthy mature trees.
| + | ==Cultivation== |
| | + | {{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | ====Resistant cultivars==== | + | ===Propagation=== |
| − | Efforts to develop resistant [[cultivars]] began in the Netherlands in 1928. Research was later initiated in North America in 1937, and continues to this day in Italy. Research has followed two paths:
| + | {{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | '''Hybrid cultivars''' from crossings of Asiatic with European species, or of Asiatic elms alone because of their innate resistance to Dutch elm disease. After a number of false dawns in the 1970s, this approach has produced some fine trees. Clones with immunity or very high resistance to disease have been raised in the USA, the Netherlands, and Italy, and are now commercially available after many years of field trials. However, some of these trees, notably those with the Siberian Elm ''U. pumila'' in their ancestry, will probably have a comparatively small mature size and lack the forms for which the iconic American Elm and English Elm were prized. Several of the same have also proven unsuited to the [[maritime climate]] conditions in northwestern Europe, notably because of their intolerance of ponding on poorly-drained soils in winter. Dutch hybridizations included the [[Himalayan Elm]] ''U. wallichiana'' as a source of anti-fungal genes and have proved more tolerant of wet ground; they should also ultimately reach a greater size. In recent years, a number of promising hybrids have been developed and propagated in Europe, notably [[Ulmus 'Nanguen'|'Nanguen (<tt>Lutèce™</tt>)]] in France and [[Ulmus 'Plinio'|'Plinio']] in Italy, both effectively immune to Dutch elm disease.
| + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
| | + | {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | '''Species cultivars''', mostly selected in North America. Careful selection has produced a number of trees not only resistant to disease, but also the droughts and extremely cold winters afflicting that continent. Research in the USA has concentrated on the [[American Elm]] ''U. americana'', resulting in the release of highly resistant clones, notably [[Ulmus 'Valley Forge'|'Valley Forge']]. Other species from which suitable cultivars have been selected in North America have included the [[Chinese Elm]] ''U. parvifolia'', the [[Siberian Elm]] ''U. pumila'', and the [[Japanese Elm]] ''U. davidiana'', var. ''japonica''.
| + | ==Species== |
| | + | <!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc --> |
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| − | Elms take many decades to grow to maturity, and as the introduction of these cultivars is relatively recent, their performance and ultimate size cannot be predicted with certainty.
| + | ==Gallery== |
| | + | {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> |
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| − | ====The European White Elm====
| + | <gallery> |
| − | Finally, there is the unique example of the [[European White Elm]]. Whilst the tree has little innate resistance to Dutch elm disease, it is not favoured by the vector bark beetles and thus only becomes colonized and infected when there are no other choices, a rare situation in western Europe. Research in Spain (Martín-Benito et al. 2005) has suggested that it might be the presence of a [[triterpene]], [[alnulin]], that makes the tree bark unattractive to the beetle species that spread the disease. However this has not been conclusively proved (Pajares et al 2004).
| + | Image:Upload.png| photo 1 |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 3 |
| | + | </gallery> |
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| − | ==Notable elm trees== | + | ==References== |
| − | [[Image:PostcardCanaanCtFamousElm19081914.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Elm said to be "famous" in [[Canaan, Connecticut]], United States (early 20th century postcard)]] | + | *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
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| − | * [[Sherwood Forest]] — the "Langton Elm" was a large tree that "was for a long time so remarkable as to have a special keeper", according to a book published in 1881.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ny4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA268&lpg=PA268&dq=%22famous+elm%22&source=web&ots=wh0hmf3owD&sig=WZoz-_BAY6RtjXK-WiepMBpXRVU] Wheeler, William Adolphus
| + | ==External links== |
| − | and Wheeler, Charles Gardner, ''Familiar Allusions: A Hand-book of Miscellaneous Information'', 1881, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, page 268, accessed Google digitized version [[October 20]], [[2007]]</ref>
| + | *{{wplink}} |
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| − | * The [[Biscarrosse]] Elm. Planted in [[1350]], this Smooth-leafed Elm ''Ulmus minor'' subsp. ''minor'' survives in the centre of Biscarrosse in the [[Landes]] region of south-west France, well isolated from disease-carrying Scolytus beetles. [[Image:Biscarrosse Elm 2.jpg|thumb|right|The Biscarrosse Elm, France, planted 1350]] | |
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| − | * [[Oxford]] — "Joe Pullen's Tree" was planted in about 1700 by the Rev. Josiah Pullen, vice president of Magdalen Hall. Josiah Pullen "used to Walk to that place every day, sometimes twice a day", according to diarist Thomas Hearne. The famous essayist [[Richard Steele]] (1672–1729) said his regular walks as an undergraduate to the elm with Pullen helped him to reach a "florid old age". The elm became famous at Oxford and its fame grew with its age. In November 1795, ''[[Gentleman's Magazine]]'' reported that "Joe Pullen, the famous elm, upon Headington hills, had one of its large branches torn off and carried to a great distance." When new parliamentary district boundaries were drawn after the [[Reform Act of 1832]], the tree was named as a landmark helping to mark the boundary of the Parliamentary Borough of Oxford. In early 1847, the owner of the property arranged to have the tree torn down, and work started on it before protests put an end to the plan. By 1892, however, rot had set in, and the tree was torn down to its (large and tall) "stump". Early in the morning of October 13, 1909, vandals set fire to the stump. A plaque was soon after installed on the side wall of Davenport House in Cuckoo Lane, marking the spot. It reads:
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| − | :NEAR THIS SPOT STOOD
| + | <!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! --> |
| − | :THE FAMOUS ELM
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| − | :PLANTED BY THE REV. JOSIAH PULLEN
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| − | :ABOUT 1680 AND KNOWN AS
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| − | :JO PULLEN'S TREE
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| − | :DESTROYED BY FIRE
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| − | :ON 13 OCTOBER 1909<ref>[http://www.headington.org.uk/history/pullens_lane/jo_pullen_tree.htm]Web page titled "Pullen's tree, Pullen's Lane, Headington" at the "Headington Website", accessed [[October 20]], [[2007]]</ref>
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| − | [[Image:Treaty of Penn with Indians by Benjamin West.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Penn and Indians with treaty under the elm]]
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| − | * The "Treaty Elm" — In what is now [[Penn Treaty Park]], the founder of [[Pennsylvania]], [[William Penn]], is said to have entered into a treaty of peace with native Indians under a picturesque elm tree immortalized in a painting by [[Benjamin West]]. West made the tree, already a local landmark, famous by incorporating it into his painting after hearing legends (of unknown veracity) about the tree being the location of the treaty. No documentary evidence exists of any treaty Penn signed beneath a particular tree. On March 6, 1810 a great storm blew the tree down. Measurements taken at the time showed it to have a circumference of 24 feet, and its age was estimated to be 280 years. Wood from the tree was made into furniture, canes, walking sticks and various trinkets that Philadelphians kept as relics.
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| − | * The [[Liberty Tree]] on [[Boston Common]] that was a rallying point for the growing resistance to the rule of England over the American colonies.
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| − | * [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] — [[George Washington]] is said to have taken command of the American [[Continental Army]] under "the Washington Elm" in Cambridge on [[July 3]], [[1775]]. The tree survived until the 1920s and "was thought to be a survivor of the primeval forest". In 1872, a large branch fell from it and was used to construct a pulpit for a nearby church.<ref name=questions>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ML3jtMUzRZgC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=%22famous+elm%22+connecticut&source=web&ots=YoksN8RYD3&sig=1SBMyu0JpMgGDSa75HP4K7DPcvU#PPA20,M1]Platt, Rutherford, "1001 Questions Answered About Trees", 1992, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0486270386, accessed [[October 20]], [[2007]]</ref> The tree, an American White Elm, became a celebrated attraction, with its own plaque, a fence constructed around it and a road moved in order to help preserve it.<ref name=wash>[http://www.arthurleej.com/a-Olympia.html]Web page titled "Arthur Lee Jacobson: Trees of the Washington State Capitol Campus" at the Web site of Arthur Lee Jacobson (author of ''Trees of Seattle''), text was part of a brochure, "originally published in 1993 as a 14-page brochure produced by the Washington State House of Represetatives", according to the Web page, accessed [[October 20]], [[2007]]</ref> The tree was cut down (or fell — sources differ) in October 1920 after an expert determined it was dead. The city of Cambridge had plans for it to be "carefully cut up and a piece sent to each state of the country and to the District of Columbia and Alaska," according to ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''.<ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=174121]"Big Day for Curio Hunter When Famous Elm is Cut", no byline, article in ''The Harvard Crimson'', [[October 23]], [[1920]], accessed [[October 20]], [[2007]]</ref> As late as the early 1930s, garden shops advertised that they had cuttings of the tree for sale, although the accuracy of the claims has been doubted. A Harvard "professor of plant anatomy" examined the tree rings days after the tree was felled and pronounced it between 204 and 210 years old, making it at most 62 years old when Washington took command of the troops at Cambridge. The tree would have been a bit more than two feet in diameter (at 30 inches above ground) in 1773.<ref>[http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/391.pdf]Jack, J. G., "The Cambridge Washington Elm", article in the "Bulletin of Popular Information" of Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum, [[December 10]], [[1931]], accessed [[October 20]], [[2007]]</ref> In 1896, an alumnus of the [[University of Washington]], obtained a rooted cutting of the Cambridge tree and sent it to Professor Edmund Meany at the university. The cutting was planted, cuttings were then taken from it, including one planted on [[February 18]], [[1932]], the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington, for whom Washington state is named. That tree remains on the campus of the Washington State Capitol. Just to the west of the tree is a small elm from a cutting made in 1979.<ref name=wash/>
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| − | * Washington, D.C. — George Washington supposedly had a favorite spot under an elm tree near the United States Capitol Building from which he would watch construction of the building. The elm stood near the Senate wing of the Capitol building until 1948.<ref name=questions/>
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| − | * [[Brown University]] — "Elmo", a large elm which "once defined the Thayer Street entrance to Brown’s new Watson Institute for International Studies" on the campus of the [[Providence, Rhode Island]] school, contracted Dutch Elm disease and was torn down in December 2003, according to a campus news release. The tree "was thought to have been between 80 and 100 years old. Wood from the tree, one of the largest on campus, was used in various student art projects.<ref>[http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2003-04/03-137.html]"The Elm Tree Project: Brown’s once-mighty 'Elmo' is preserved through artists’ project", [[May 14]], [[2004]], "Contact Mary Jo Curtis", accessed [[October 20]], [[2007]]</ref>
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| − | * [[Association Island]] — the [[General Electric]] think tank organization, the Elfun Society, founded in 1928 at Association Island in the Thousand Islands area of northern New York state, is named after a "famous" elm tree on the 65-acre isle. The tree died in the 1970's, but it survives in the elm tree logo still used by Elfun.<ref>[http://www.associationislandresort.com/History.htm]Web page titled "Association Island's History" at the Web site of the Association Island resort, accessed [[October 20]], [[2007]]</ref>
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Commons|Ulmus}}
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| − | *Armstrong, J. V. & Sell, P. D. (1996). A revision of the British elms (''Ulmus'' L., Ulmaceae): the historical background. ''Bot. J. Linn. Soc.'' 120: 39-50.
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| − | *Bean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain'', 7th edition. Murray, London.
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| − | *Biggerstaffe, C., Iles, J. K., & Gleason, M. L. (1999). ''Sustainable urban landscapes: Dutch elm disease and disease-resistant elms''. SUL-4, Iowa State University.
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| − | *Brasier, C. M. (1996). New horizons in Dutch elm disease control. Pages 20-28 in: ''Report on Forest Research'', 1996. Forestry Commission. HMSO, London, UK.[http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/New_horizons_DED.pdf/$FILE/New_horizons_DED.pdf]
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| − | *Brookes, A. H. (2006). ''An evaluation of disease-resistant hybrid and exotic elms as larval host plants for the White-letter Hairstreak Satyrium w-album, Part 1.'' [http://www.hantsiow-butterflies.org.uk/conservation.html#Elm%20Report]. Butterfly Conservation. Lulworth, UK.
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| − | *Brummitt, R. K. (1992). ''Vascular Plant Families & Genera''. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London, UK.
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| − | *Burdekin, D. A. & Rushforth, K. D. (Revised by Webber J. F. 1996). Elms resistant to Dutch elm disease. ''Arboricultural Research Note ''2/96. Arboricultural Advisory and Information Service, Alice Holt, Farnham, UK.
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| − | *Collin, E. (2001). Elm. In Teissier du Cros (Ed.) (2001) ''Forest Genetic Resources Management and Conservation. France as a case study.'' Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bureau of Genetic Resources. INRA DIC. France.
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| − | *[http://www.hort.cornell.edu/uhi/outreach/recurbtree/pdfs/08Ulmus%20x.pdf Cornell University: Elm hybrids] (pdf file)
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| − | *Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). ''The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland''. Vol. VII. pp 1848-1929. Private publication [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/7tgbi/]
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| − | *Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of China'', Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf]
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| − | *Girard, S. (2007). Dossier: L'orme: nouveaux espoirs? ''Forêt entreprise'' No. 175, Juillet 2007, Institut pour le developpement forestier, Paris.
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| − | *Heybroek, H. M. (1983). Resistant Elms for Europe. In Burdekin, D. A. (Ed.) Research on Dutch elm disease in Europe. ''For. Comm. Bull.'' 60. pp 108 - 113.
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| − | *Heybroek, H. M. (1993). The Dutch Elm Breeding Program. In Sticklen & Sherald (Eds.) (1993). ''Dutch Elm Disease Research'', Chapter 3. Springer Verlag, New York, USA
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| − | *Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. ''Lutèce®, a resistant variety brings elms back to Paris.'' [http://www.international.inra.fr/research/some_examples/lutece_r_a_resistant_variety_brings_elms_back_to_paris], Paris, France.
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| − | *Martín-Benito D., Concepción García-Vallejo M., Pajares J. A., López D. 2005. Triterpenes in elms in Spain. ''Can. J. For. Res.'' 35: 199–205 (2005). [http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/rp/rppdf/x04-158.pdf]
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| − | *Melville, R. & Heybroek, H. (1971). Elms of the Himalaya. ''Kew Bulletin, Vol. 26 (1)''. Kew, London.
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| − | *Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004) The history of elm breeding. ''Investigacion agraria: Sistemas y recursos forestales'' 13(1): 161-177 (2004).
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| − | *Pajares, J. A., García, S., Díez, J. J., Martín, D. & García-Vallejo, M. C. 2004. Feeding responses by Scolytus scolystus to twig bark extracts from elms. ''Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For.'' 13: 217-225. [http://www.revicien.net/abstract.php?ID=1712&Revista=7&PHPSESSID=63aad7e1b38034d0dcce46090b63a5c3]
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| − | *Richens, R. H. (1983). ''Elm''. Cambridge University Press.
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| − | *Santamour, J., Frank, S. & Bentz, S. (1995). Updated checklist of elm (Ulmus) cultivars for use in North America. ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 21:3 (May 1995), 121-131. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA.
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| − | *Santini, A., Fagnani, A., Ferrini, F. & Mittempergher, L. (2002). 'San Zanobi' & 'Plinio' Elm Trees. ''HortScience'', Vol. 37 (7) : 1139-1141. Dec. 2002.
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| − | *Santini A., Fagnani A., Ferrini F., Mittempergher L., Brunetti M., Crivellaro A., Macchioni N., Elm breeding for DED resistance, the Italian clones and their wood properties. ''Invest Agrar: Sist. Recur. For'' (2004) 13 (1), 179-184. 2004. [http://www.inia.es/gcontrec/pub/179-184-(15)-Elm_breeding_1161943564468.pdf]
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| − | *Smalley, E. B. & Guries, R. P. (1993). Breeding Elms for Resistance to Dutch Elm Disease. ''Annual Review of Phytopathology'' Vol. 31 : 325-354. Palo Alto, California.
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| − | *Solla, A., Bohnens, J., Collin, E., Diamandis, S., Franke, A., Gil, L., Burón, M., Santini, A., Mittempergher, L., Pinon, J., and Vanden Broeck, A. (2005). Screening European Elms for Resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. ''Forest Science'' 51(2) 2005. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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| − | *Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. ''Journal of Arboriculture'', (Nov. 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA. [http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria8/m87.pdf].
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| − | <references/>
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.for.nau.edu/cms/content/view/512/706/]. Northern Arizona University: Elm trials.
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| − | [[Category:Ulmaceae]]
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