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Some breeders have crossed ordinary apples with [[Malus|crabapples]] or unusually hardy apples in order to produce [[hardiness|hardier]] cultivars. For example, the Excelsior Experiment Station of the [[University of Minnesota]] has, since the 1930s, introduced a steady progression of important hardy apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by backyard orchardists, throughout [[Minnesota]] and [[Wisconsin]]. Its most important introductions have included '[[Haralson (apple)|Haralson]]' (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', and '[[Honeycrisp]]'.

Some breeders have crossed ordinary apples with [[Malus|crabapples]] or unusually hardy apples in order to produce [[hardiness|hardier]] cultivars. For example, the Excelsior Experiment Station of the [[University of Minnesota]] has, since the 1930s, introduced a steady progression of important hardy apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by backyard orchardists, throughout [[Minnesota]] and [[Wisconsin]]. Its most important introductions have included '[[Haralson (apple)|Haralson]]' (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', and '[[Honeycrisp]]'.

===Starting an orchard===

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Apple orchards are established by planting trees two to four year old. These small trees are usually purchased from a [[Nursery (horticulture)|nursery]] where they are produced by [[Fruit tree propagation|grafting or budding]]. First, a [[rootstock]] is produced either as a seedling or cloned using tissue culture or layering. This is allowed to grow for a year. Then, a small section of branch called a [[scion]] is obtained from a mature apple tree of the desired cultivar. The upper stem and branches of the rootstock are cut away and replaced with the scion. In time, the two sections grow together and produce a healthy [[tree]].

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Rootstocks affect the ultimate size of the tree. While many rootstocks are available to commercial growers, those sold to homeowners who want just a few trees are usually one of two cultivars; a standard seedling rootstock that gives a full-size tree, or a semi-dwarf rootstock that produces a somewhat smaller tree. [[Dwarf]] rootstocks are generally more susceptible to damage from wind and cold. Full dwarf trees are often supported of posts or trellises and planted in high density orchards which are much simpler to culture and greatly increase productivity per unit of land.

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There has been limited research into growing apples on their own roots (i.e. without a [[rootstock]])in [[England]] this was initiated by Hugh Ermen at Brogdale, Kent and has been carried on by [http://www.cooltemperate.co.uk/own_root.shtml Phil Corbett] in Nottinghamshire. Some of the supposed benefits are greater disease resistance and better flavour.

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[[Image:Apple orchard.jpg|right|thumb|Apple orchard]]

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[[Image:Orchard3.jpg|thumb|right|A community apple orchard originally planted for productive use during the 1920s, in [[Westcliff on Sea]] ([[Essex]], [[England]])]]

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After the small tree is planted in the orchard, it must grow for 3-5 years (semi-dwarf) or 4-10 years (standard trees) before it will bear sizeable amounts of [[fruit]]. Good training of limbs and careful nipping of buds growing in the wrong places, are extremely important during this time, to build a good scaffold that will later support a fruit load.

===Location===

===Location===