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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Boraginaceae
| image = Changing Forget-me-not 600.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[Forget-me-not]] (''Myosotis discolor'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| familia = '''Boraginaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
''many, see text''
}}
'''Boraginaceae''' Juss. 1789, the [[Borage]] or [[Forget-me-not]] family, includes a variety of [[shrub]]s, [[tree]]s, and [[herb]]s, totaling about 2,000 species in 100 [[genus|genera]] found worldwide. A number of familiar plants belong to this family.
The Boraginaceae belong, according to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]], among the euasterid I group including the orders [[Gentianales]], [[Lamiales]], and [[Solanales]], but whether they should be assigned to one of these orders or to their own ([[Boraginales]]) is still uncertain. Under the older [[Cronquist system]] they were included in the Lamiales, but it is now clear that they are no more similar to the other families in this order than they are to families in several other asterid orders. The Boraginaceae are [[paraphyletic]] with respect to [[Hydrophyllaceae]] and the latter is included in the former in [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]] system. In some recent classifications the Boraginaceae are broken up into several families: Boraginaceae s.s., [[Cordiaceae]], [[Ehretiaceae]], [[Heliotropiaceae]], Hydrophyllaceae, and [[Lennoaceae]].
Most though not all members of this family have hairy leaves. The coarse character of the hairs is due to [[Silicon dioxide]] and [[Calcium carbonate]]. In some species, [[Anthocyanin]]s cause the flowers to change their color from red to blue when aging. This is likely used as a signal to [[pollinators]] that these old flowers are depleted of pollen and nectar (Hess, 2005).
Well-known members include:
* [[Alkanet]] ''Anchusa tinctoria''
* [[Borage]] ''Borago'' spp.
* [[Comfrey]] ''Symphytum''
* [[Fiddleneck]] ''Amsinckia'' spp.
* [[Forget-me-not]] ''Myosotis'' spp.
* [[Geiger Tree]] ''Cordia''
* [[Green alkanet]] ''Pentaglottis senpervirens''
* [[Heliotropium|Heliotrope]] ''Heliotropium''
* [[Hound's Tongue]] ''Cynoglossum''
* [[Lungwort]] ''Pulmonaria''
* Oyster Plant ''[[Mertensia]] maritima''
* [[Patterson's Curse]] ''Echium plantaginuem''
* [[Viper's Bugloss]] ''Echium vulgare''
== Genera ==
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Actinocarya]]''
*''[[Adelocaryum]]''
*''[[Afrotysonia]]''
*''[[Alkanna]]''
*''[[Amblynotus]]''
*''[[Amphibologyne]]''
*''[[Amsinckia]]''
*''[[Anchusa]]''
*''[[Ancistrocarya]]''
*''[[Anoplocaryum]]''
*''[[Antiotrema]]''
*''[[Antiphytum]]''
*''[[Arnebia]]''
*''[[Asperugo]]''
*''[[Auxemma]]''
*''[[Borago]]''
*''[[Bothriospermum]]''
*''[[Bourreria]]'' (Strongbark)
*''[[Brachybotrys]]''
*''[[Brunnera]]''
*''[[Buglossoides]]''
*''[[Caccinia]]''
|
*''[[Scorpionbush|Carmona]]''
*''[[Cerinthe]]''
*''[[Chionocharis]]''
*''[[Choriantha]]''
*''[[Cordia]]''
*''[[Craniospermum]]''
*''[[Cryptantha]]''
*''[[Cynoglossopsis]]''
*''[[Cynoglossum]]''
*''[[Cynoglottis]]''
*''[[Cysostemon]]''
*''[[Dasynotus]]''
*''[[Decalepidanthus]]''
*''[[Echiochilon]]''
*''[[Echiostachys]]''
*''[[Echium]]''
*''[[Ehretia]]''
*''[[Elizaldia]]''
*''[[Embadium]]''
*''[[Eritrichium]]''
*''[[Gastrocotyle]]''
*''[[Gyrocaryum]]''
|
*''[[Hackelia]]''
*''[[Halacsya]]''
*''[[Halgania]]''
*''[[Heliocarya]]''
*''[[Heliotropium]]''
*''[[Heterocaryum]]''
*''[[Huynhia]]''
*''[[Ivanjohnstonia]]''
*''[[Ixorhea]]''
*''[[Lacaitaea]]''
*''[[Lappula]]''
*''[[Lasiarrhenum]]''
*''[[Lasiocaryum]]''
*''[[Lepechiniella]]''
*''[[Lepidocordia]]''
*''[[Lindelophia]]''
*''[[Lithodora]]''
*''[[Lithospermum]]''
*''[[Lobostemon]]''
*''[[Macromeria]]''
*''[[Maharanga]]''
*''[[Mairetis]]''
|
*''[[Mattiastrum]]''
*''[[Mertensia]]''
*''[[Metaeritrichium]]''
*''[[Microcaryum]]''
*''[[Microula]]''
*''[[Mimophytum]]''
*''[[Moltkia]]''
*''[[Moltkiopsis]]''
*''[[Moritzia]]''
*''[[Myosotidium]]''
*''[[Myosotis]]''
*''[[Neatostema]]''
*''[[Nesocaryum]]''
*''[[Nogalia]]''
*''[[Nomosa]]''
*''[[Nonea]]''
*''[[Ogastemma]]''
*''[[Omphalodes]]''
*''[[Omphalolappula]]''
*''[[Omphalotrigonotis]]''
*''[[Onosma]]''
*''[[Onosmodium]]''
|
*''[[Oxyosmyles]]''
*''[[Paracaryum]]''
*''[[Pardoglossum]]''
*''[[Patagonula]]''
*''[[Pectocarya]]''
*''[[Pentaglottis]]''
*''[[Perittostema]]''
*''[[Phacelia]]''
*''[[Plagiobothrys]]''
*''[[Pseudomertensia]]''
*''[[Psilolaemus]]''
*''[[Pteleocarpa]]''
*''[[Pulmonaria]]''
*''[[Rindera]]''
*''[[Rochefortia]]''
*''[[Rochelia]]''
*''[[Rotula]]''
*''[[Saccellium]]''
*''[[Scapicephalus]]''
*''[[Selkirkia]]''
*''[[Sericostoma]]''
*''[[Sinojohnstonia]]''
|
*''[[Solenanthus]]''
*''[[Stenosolenium]]''
*''[[Stephanocaryum]]''
*''[[Suchtelenia]]''
*''[[Symphytum]]''
*''[[Thaumatocaryum]]''
*''[[Thyrocarpus]]''
*''[[Tianschaniella]]''
*''[[Tiquilia]]''
*''[[Tournefortia]]''
*''[[Trachelanthus]]''
*''[[Trachystemon]]''
*''[[Trichodesma]]''
*''[[Trigonocaryum]]''
*''[[Trigonotis]]''
*''[[Ulugbekia]]''
*''[[Valentiniella]]''
|}
[[Image:Boraginaceae00.jpg|left|thumb|Boraginaceae]]
== References ==
*Diane, N., H. Förther, and H. H. Hilger. 2002. A systematic analysis of ''Heliotropium'', ''Tournefortia'', and allied taxa of the Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on ITS1 sequences and morphological data. ''American Journal of Botany'' 89: 287-295 (online abstract [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/2/287 here]).
* Gottschling, M., H. H. Hilger 1, M. Wolf 2, N. Diane. 2001. Secondary Structure of the ITS1 Transcript and its Application in a Reconstruction of the Phylogeny of Boraginales. ''Plant Biology (Stuttgart)'' 3: 629-636.
* Hess, Dieter. 2005. Systematische Botanik. ISBN 3-8252-2673-5
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Boraginaceae}}
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/boragina.htm Boraginaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com
* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=31633 ITIS entry for Boraginaceae]
[[Category:Plant families]]
[[Category:Boraginaceae]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = Boraginaceae
| image = Changing Forget-me-not 600.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = [[Forget-me-not]] (''Myosotis discolor'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| familia = '''Boraginaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
''many, see text''
}}
'''Boraginaceae''' Juss. 1789, the [[Borage]] or [[Forget-me-not]] family, includes a variety of [[shrub]]s, [[tree]]s, and [[herb]]s, totaling about 2,000 species in 100 [[genus|genera]] found worldwide. A number of familiar plants belong to this family.
The Boraginaceae belong, according to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]], among the euasterid I group including the orders [[Gentianales]], [[Lamiales]], and [[Solanales]], but whether they should be assigned to one of these orders or to their own ([[Boraginales]]) is still uncertain. Under the older [[Cronquist system]] they were included in the Lamiales, but it is now clear that they are no more similar to the other families in this order than they are to families in several other asterid orders. The Boraginaceae are [[paraphyletic]] with respect to [[Hydrophyllaceae]] and the latter is included in the former in [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]] system. In some recent classifications the Boraginaceae are broken up into several families: Boraginaceae s.s., [[Cordiaceae]], [[Ehretiaceae]], [[Heliotropiaceae]], Hydrophyllaceae, and [[Lennoaceae]].
Most though not all members of this family have hairy leaves. The coarse character of the hairs is due to [[Silicon dioxide]] and [[Calcium carbonate]]. In some species, [[Anthocyanin]]s cause the flowers to change their color from red to blue when aging. This is likely used as a signal to [[pollinators]] that these old flowers are depleted of pollen and nectar (Hess, 2005).
Well-known members include:
* [[Alkanet]] ''Anchusa tinctoria''
* [[Borage]] ''Borago'' spp.
* [[Comfrey]] ''Symphytum''
* [[Fiddleneck]] ''Amsinckia'' spp.
* [[Forget-me-not]] ''Myosotis'' spp.
* [[Geiger Tree]] ''Cordia''
* [[Green alkanet]] ''Pentaglottis senpervirens''
* [[Heliotropium|Heliotrope]] ''Heliotropium''
* [[Hound's Tongue]] ''Cynoglossum''
* [[Lungwort]] ''Pulmonaria''
* Oyster Plant ''[[Mertensia]] maritima''
* [[Patterson's Curse]] ''Echium plantaginuem''
* [[Viper's Bugloss]] ''Echium vulgare''
== Genera ==
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Actinocarya]]''
*''[[Adelocaryum]]''
*''[[Afrotysonia]]''
*''[[Alkanna]]''
*''[[Amblynotus]]''
*''[[Amphibologyne]]''
*''[[Amsinckia]]''
*''[[Anchusa]]''
*''[[Ancistrocarya]]''
*''[[Anoplocaryum]]''
*''[[Antiotrema]]''
*''[[Antiphytum]]''
*''[[Arnebia]]''
*''[[Asperugo]]''
*''[[Auxemma]]''
*''[[Borago]]''
*''[[Bothriospermum]]''
*''[[Bourreria]]'' (Strongbark)
*''[[Brachybotrys]]''
*''[[Brunnera]]''
*''[[Buglossoides]]''
*''[[Caccinia]]''
|
*''[[Scorpionbush|Carmona]]''
*''[[Cerinthe]]''
*''[[Chionocharis]]''
*''[[Choriantha]]''
*''[[Cordia]]''
*''[[Craniospermum]]''
*''[[Cryptantha]]''
*''[[Cynoglossopsis]]''
*''[[Cynoglossum]]''
*''[[Cynoglottis]]''
*''[[Cysostemon]]''
*''[[Dasynotus]]''
*''[[Decalepidanthus]]''
*''[[Echiochilon]]''
*''[[Echiostachys]]''
*''[[Echium]]''
*''[[Ehretia]]''
*''[[Elizaldia]]''
*''[[Embadium]]''
*''[[Eritrichium]]''
*''[[Gastrocotyle]]''
*''[[Gyrocaryum]]''
|
*''[[Hackelia]]''
*''[[Halacsya]]''
*''[[Halgania]]''
*''[[Heliocarya]]''
*''[[Heliotropium]]''
*''[[Heterocaryum]]''
*''[[Huynhia]]''
*''[[Ivanjohnstonia]]''
*''[[Ixorhea]]''
*''[[Lacaitaea]]''
*''[[Lappula]]''
*''[[Lasiarrhenum]]''
*''[[Lasiocaryum]]''
*''[[Lepechiniella]]''
*''[[Lepidocordia]]''
*''[[Lindelophia]]''
*''[[Lithodora]]''
*''[[Lithospermum]]''
*''[[Lobostemon]]''
*''[[Macromeria]]''
*''[[Maharanga]]''
*''[[Mairetis]]''
|
*''[[Mattiastrum]]''
*''[[Mertensia]]''
*''[[Metaeritrichium]]''
*''[[Microcaryum]]''
*''[[Microula]]''
*''[[Mimophytum]]''
*''[[Moltkia]]''
*''[[Moltkiopsis]]''
*''[[Moritzia]]''
*''[[Myosotidium]]''
*''[[Myosotis]]''
*''[[Neatostema]]''
*''[[Nesocaryum]]''
*''[[Nogalia]]''
*''[[Nomosa]]''
*''[[Nonea]]''
*''[[Ogastemma]]''
*''[[Omphalodes]]''
*''[[Omphalolappula]]''
*''[[Omphalotrigonotis]]''
*''[[Onosma]]''
*''[[Onosmodium]]''
|
*''[[Oxyosmyles]]''
*''[[Paracaryum]]''
*''[[Pardoglossum]]''
*''[[Patagonula]]''
*''[[Pectocarya]]''
*''[[Pentaglottis]]''
*''[[Perittostema]]''
*''[[Phacelia]]''
*''[[Plagiobothrys]]''
*''[[Pseudomertensia]]''
*''[[Psilolaemus]]''
*''[[Pteleocarpa]]''
*''[[Pulmonaria]]''
*''[[Rindera]]''
*''[[Rochefortia]]''
*''[[Rochelia]]''
*''[[Rotula]]''
*''[[Saccellium]]''
*''[[Scapicephalus]]''
*''[[Selkirkia]]''
*''[[Sericostoma]]''
*''[[Sinojohnstonia]]''
|
*''[[Solenanthus]]''
*''[[Stenosolenium]]''
*''[[Stephanocaryum]]''
*''[[Suchtelenia]]''
*''[[Symphytum]]''
*''[[Thaumatocaryum]]''
*''[[Thyrocarpus]]''
*''[[Tianschaniella]]''
*''[[Tiquilia]]''
*''[[Tournefortia]]''
*''[[Trachelanthus]]''
*''[[Trachystemon]]''
*''[[Trichodesma]]''
*''[[Trigonocaryum]]''
*''[[Trigonotis]]''
*''[[Ulugbekia]]''
*''[[Valentiniella]]''
|}
[[Image:Boraginaceae00.jpg|left|thumb|Boraginaceae]]
== References ==
*Diane, N., H. Förther, and H. H. Hilger. 2002. A systematic analysis of ''Heliotropium'', ''Tournefortia'', and allied taxa of the Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on ITS1 sequences and morphological data. ''American Journal of Botany'' 89: 287-295 (online abstract [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/2/287 here]).
* Gottschling, M., H. H. Hilger 1, M. Wolf 2, N. Diane. 2001. Secondary Structure of the ITS1 Transcript and its Application in a Reconstruction of the Phylogeny of Boraginales. ''Plant Biology (Stuttgart)'' 3: 629-636.
* Hess, Dieter. 2005. Systematische Botanik. ISBN 3-8252-2673-5
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Boraginaceae}}
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/boragina.htm Boraginaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com
* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=31633 ITIS entry for Boraginaceae]
[[Category:Plant families]]
[[Category:Boraginaceae]]
