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Hedera helix, Linn. lyr. English Ivy. Fig. 1789. High climbing or creeping: lvs. usually 3-5-lobed, dark green above, pale or yellowish green beneath, — those of the flowering branches entire, generally ovate: calyx with minute teeth; calyx, pedicels and tips of young branches covered with grayish stellate hairs with 5 or 6 rays: fr. black, sometimes yellow. Eu., Canaries, N. Afr., Asia. — A very variable species, of which more than 60 varieties are cult, in European gardens. The first 3 varieties enumerated below are geographical varieties found growing wild, while the others are merely horticultural forms of garden origin. Var. hibernica, Kirchn. (var. scotica, Hort.. var. irlandica, Hort.). Lvs. larger and broader, of lighter color and thinner texture, with short and broad lobes, often subcprdate at the base: umbels and frs. larger; stellate hairs more often with 8 or occasionally 12 rays. Ireland. Var. chrysocarpa, Tenore (H. poetarum, Bertol. H. chrysocarpa, Walsh). Lvs. less deeply lobed, bright or yellowish green, often undulate, those of the flowering branches narrower: fr. yellow. Turkey, Greece, Asia Minor. Var. taurica, Rehd. (H. poetarum var. taurica, Tobler. H. taurica, Hort.). Lvs. narrower, usually undulate, bright green, those of the sterile shoots usually sagittate, with elon

Hedera helix, Linn. lyr. English Ivy. Fig. 1789. High climbing or creeping: lvs. usually 3-5-lobed, dark green above, pale or yellowish green beneath, — those of the flowering branches entire, generally ovate: calyx with minute teeth; calyx, pedicels and tips of young branches covered with grayish stellate hairs with 5 or 6 rays: fr. black, sometimes yellow. Eu., Canaries, N. Afr., Asia. — A very variable species, of which more than 60 varieties are cult, in European gardens. The first 3 varieties enumerated below are geographical varieties found growing wild, while the others are merely horticultural forms of garden origin. Var. hibernica, Kirchn. (var. scotica, Hort.. var. irlandica, Hort.). Lvs. larger and broader, of lighter color and thinner texture, with short and broad lobes, often subcprdate at the base: umbels and frs. larger; stellate hairs more often with 8 or occasionally 12 rays. Ireland. Var. chrysocarpa, Tenore (H. poetarum, Bertol. H. chrysocarpa, Walsh). Lvs. less deeply lobed, bright or yellowish green, often undulate, those of the flowering branches narrower: fr. yellow. Turkey, Greece, Asia Minor. Var. taurica, Rehd. (H. poetarum var. taurica, Tobler. H. taurica, Hort.). Lvs. narrower, usually undulate, bright green, those of the sterile shoots usually sagittate, with elongated middle lobe and 1 or 2 short spreading lobes on each side at the base: rather more pubescent, stellate hairs with about 8 rays. Crimea. Possibly hybrid of H. helix and H. colchica.—The following are some of the most remarkable of the horticultural forms: Var. arborescens, Loud. (H. arborea, Hort.). Not climbing, forming an erect, low shrub: lvs. ovate to elliptic, entire. This variety is gained by using flowering branches for prop. There are also some variegated forms, as Silver Queen, with silvery variegated lvs. Var. baltica,. Hort. A small-leaved form hardly differing from the type; the hardiest or one of the hardiest of the forms in cult. Var. cavendishii, Koch (var. marginata minor, Hort.). Slow-growing, with rather small dull green Ivs., edged creamy white, striped red or pink in fall. Var. conglomerate, Nichols. Slow- growing: lvs. crowded, small, entire or 3-lobed, undulate. R.H. 1890, p. 163. Var. crenata, Hibberd (H. vitifolia and H. digitata nova, Hort.). Similar to var. digitata, but lobes shorter and broader, crenate at the margin, light green. Var. deltoidea, Hibberd (var. hastata, Hort.). Lys. rather small, bluntly deltoid, almost entire, blackish green, changing to dull purplish bronze in fall. Var. digitata, Loud. Lvs. rather large and broad, digitately lobed with 5 triangular-oblong lobes, sometimes with 2 small additional basal lobes, truncate at the base, dark green. Var. gracilis, Hibberd. Lvs. rather small, with broad, short lobes, dull green, bronzy in fall. Var. lobata major, Hibberd. Similar to var. hibernica. but lvs. somewhat smaller, more deeply lobed and lobes narrower. Var. lucid a, Hibberd. A form of var. chrysocarpa, with large deltoid lvs. not lobed or partly or slightly 3-5-lobed, glossy above: a vigorous grower. Var. lusitanica, Hesse. Similar to var. palmata. Lvs. large, to 5 in. across, light green, palmately 5-lobed with triangular lobes. Var. maculata, Hort. (H. latifolia maculata, Hort.). Similar to var. hibernica: lvs. spotted and striped yellowish white. Var. marginata, Hort. Lvs. broadly triangular- ovate, irregularly bordered yellowish white, striped red or pink in fall: of somewhat slow growth. Var. marmorata, Hort. Similar to var. hibernica, but lvs. irregularly blotched yellowish white. Var. minima, Hibberd (var. donerailensis, Hort.). Lvs. small, 3-lobed or pedately 5-lobed, with short and spreading basal lobes, dull purplish brown in winter. Var. palmata, Hort. Similar to var. digitata, but lvs. 3-5-lobed with broader distinctly triangular lobes, the lateral ones more spreading, dull green. Var. pedata, Hibberd. Lvs. pedately 5-lobed, the middle lobe long and narrow, the lateral lobes much shorter, dark green with whitish veins. Var. sagittifolia, Koch. Lvs. rather small, with triangular middle lobe and short, broad and obtusish lateral lobes, deeply cordate at the base, dull dark green. Var. tesselata, Nichols. Lvs. 3-lobed with short and broad lobes, with a distinct reticulate variegation. Var. tortuosa, Hibberd. Lvs. ovate or rhombic, entire or obscurely 3-lobed, more or less curled and twisted, the curling increasing during cold weather. Var. tricolor, Hibberd (var. marginata rubra, Hort., var. elegantissima, Hort., var. cullisii, Hort.). Like var. marginata, but edges of lvs. becoming red in fall.

gated middle lobe and 1 or 2 short spreading lobes on each side at the base: rather more pubescent, stellate hairs with about 8 rays. Crimea. Possibly hybrid of H. helix and H. colchica.—The following are some of the most remarkable of the horticultural forms: Var. arborescens, Loud. (H. arborea, Hort.). Not climbing, forming an erect, low shrub: lvs. ovate to elliptic, entire. This variety is gained by using flowering branches for prop. There are also some variegated forms, as Silver Queen, with silvery variegated lvs. Var. baltica,. Hort. A small-leaved form hardly differing from the type; the hardiest or one of the hardiest of the forms in cult. Var. cavendishii, Koch (var. marginata minor, Hort.). Slow-growing, with rather small dull green Ivs., edged creamy white, striped red or pink in fall. Var. conglomerate, Nichols. Slow- growing: lvs. crowded, small, entire or 3-lobed, undulate. R.H. 1890, p. 163. Var. crenata, Hibberd (H. vitifolia and H. digitata nova, Hort.). Similar to var. digitata, but lobes shorter and broader, crenate at the margin, light green. Var. deltoidea, Hibberd (var. hastata, Hort.). Lys. rather small, bluntly deltoid, almost entire, blackish green, changing to dull purplish bronze in fall. Gn. 25, p. 141; 34, p. 493 (as A. hastata). Var. digitata, Loud. Lvs. rather large and broad, digitately lobed with 5 triangular-oblong lobes, sometimes with 2 small additional basal lobes, truncate at the base, dark green. Gn. 25, p. 141; 34, p. 493. Var. gracilis, Hibberd. Lvs. rather small, with broad, short lobes, dull green, bronzy in fall. Gn. 59, p. 154. Var. lobata major, Hibberd. Similar to var. hibernica. but lvs. somewhat smaller, more deeply lobed and lobes narrower. Var. lucid a, Hibberd. A form of var. chrysocarpa, with large deltoid lvs. not lobed or partly or slightly 3-5-lobed, glossy above: a vigorous grower. Gn. 25, p. 141; 34, p. 492. Var. lusitanica, Hesse. Similar to var. palmata. Lvs. large, to 5 in. across, light green, palmately 5-lobed with triangular lobes. Var. maculata, Hort. (H. latifolia maculata, Hort.). Similar to var. hibernica: lvs. spotted and striped yellowish white. Var. marginata, Hort. Lvs. broadly triangular- ovate, irregularly bordered yellowish white, striped red or pink in fall: of somewhat slow growth. F.E. 31:318. Var. marmorata, Hort. Similar to var. hibernica, but lvs. irregularly blotched yellowish white. Var. minima, Hibberd (var. donerailensis, Hort.). Lvs. small, 3-lobed or pedately 5-lobed, with short and spreading basal lobes, dull purplish brown in winter. Gn. 59, p. 154. M.D.G. 1897:229 and S.H. 2:237 (as var. digitata). Var. palmata, Hort. Similar to var. digitata, but lvs. 3-5-lobed with broader distinctly triangular lobes, the lateral ones more spreading, dull green. Var. pedata, Hibberd. Lvs. pedately 5-lobed, the middle lobe long and narrow, the lateral lobes much shorter, dark green with whitish veins. Gn. 25, p. 141; 34, p. 493; 59, p. 154. Var. sagittifolia, Koch. Lvs. rather small, with triangular middle lobe and short, broad and obtusish lateral lobes, deeply cordate at the base, dull dark green. Var. tesselata, Nichols. Lvs. 3-lobed with short and broad lobes, with a distinct reticulate variegation. J.H. III. 28:209; 45:99. Var. tortuosa, Hibberd. Lvs. ovate or rhombic, entire or obscurely 3-lobed, more or less curled and twisted, the curling increasing during cold weather. Gn. 55, p. 336. Var. tricolor, Hibberd (var. marginata rubra, Hort., var. elegantissima, Hort., var. cullisii, Hort.). Like var. marginata, but edges of lvs. becoming red in fall.

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Ivy is a very easily grown plant that dislikes waterlogged, very dry or very acid soils but otherwise succeeds in all soil types{{pfaf1}} {{pfaf17}} {{pfaf238}}. It grows well in heavy clay soils. Prefers some lime in the soil. Tolerates very dense shade{{pfaf24}} {{pfaf31}}, though it may not flower in such a position{{pfafK}}. The plant is very hardy and tolerant of atmospheric pollution{{pfaf4}}. Established plants are drought tolerant{{pfaf190}}. A very ornamental and hardy plant{{pfaf190}}, it tolerates temperatures down to about -25°c{{pfaf184}}. There are many named varieties{{pfaf190}}, the variegated forms are less hardy than the species and also require more light{{pfaf238}}. Ivy is a rampant climbing plant, clinging by means of aerial roots and often trailing on the ground in woods and hedges{{pfaf186}}. It is of benefit rather than harm when growing on a wall because it keeps the wall dry and acts as an insulation{{pfaf11}} {{pfaf24}}. It does not damage the structure of a wall. Similarly, it does not harm large trees when climbing into them, though it can shade out smaller and ailing trees{{pfaf200}}. It is not a parasitic plant, but instead obtains all its nutrient from the sun and the soil{{pfaf186}}. A very good plant for wild-life, it provides dense shelter for birds, spiders etc, an abundant late supply of nectar for insects and a supply of seeds for winter food{{pfaf4}} {{pfaf24}} {{pfaf186}}. It is a food plant for the larvae of many species of butterfly{{pfaf24}} {{pfaf30}}. A very variable plant, there are many named varieties. This species is notably resistant to honey fungus{{pfaf200}}.

===Propagation===

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Seed - remove the flesh, which inhibits germination, and sow the seed in spring in a cold frame{{pfaf113}}. Four weeks cold stratification will improve germination{{pfaf113}}. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the cold frame for their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Cuttings of half-ripe wood, July/August in a shady position in a frame. Good percentage{{pfaf78}}. Cuttings of mature wood, 12cm long, November in a cold frame{{pfaf78}}. Layering. Plants often do this naturally.

| name = ''Hedera helix''

| image = Hedera_helix.jpg

| image_width = 240px

| image_caption =  

| regnum = [[Plant]]ae

| species = '''''H. helix'''''

| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]

}}

'''''Hedera helix''''' (species name from [[Ancient Greek]] "twist, turn"), also called '''Ivy''', '''Common Ivy''', or '''English Ivy''' is a species of [[ivy]] native to most of [[Europe]] and southwest [[Asia]]. It is an [[evergreen]] climbing plant, growing to 20-30 m high where suitable surfaces ([[tree]]s, [[cliff]]s, [[wall]]s) are available, and also growing as ground cover where there are no vertical surfaces. It holds on to tree bark and rock by means of short adhesive rootlets. The ''helix'' part of the name refers to where there are spirals in the leaves.

===Pests and diseases===

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[[Image:Hadera helix.jpg|left|thumb|Lobed juvenile leaves on climbing stems]]

The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, 4-8 cm long, with a 3-10 cm long petiole; they are of two types, with palmately five-lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems, and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the top of rock faces. The [[flower]]s are produced from late summer until late autumn, individually small, in 3-5 cm diameter umbels, greenish-yellow, and very rich in [[nectar]], an important late food source for [[bee]]s and other insects; the [[fruit]] are small black berries ripening in late winter, and are an important food for many [[bird]]s, though [[poison]]ous to humans. The [[seed]]s are dispersed by birds eating the fruit.  

*'Digitata' - This variety is especially useful for growing along fences to form a hedge{{pfaf200}}.

*'Hibernica' - This cultivar has been especially mentioned for its use as a ground cover plant beneath trees{{pfaf11}} {{pfaf190}}.

*'Lutzii' - This cultivar has been especially mentioned for its use as a ground cover plant{{pfaf190}}.

*'Neilsonii' - This cultivar has been especially mentioned for its use as a ground cover plant{{pfaf190}}.

Plants in southeast Europe and southwest Asia ([[Greece]], [[Turkey]]) are treated as a distinct [[subspecies]] ''Hedera helix'' subsp. ''poetarum'', differing in orange ripe fruit.

Plants in southeast Europe and southwest Asia ([[Greece]], [[Turkey]]) are treated as a distinct [[subspecies]] ''Hedera helix'' subsp. ''poetarum'', differing in orange ripe fruit.

The closely related species ''[[Hedera canariensis]]'' and ''[[Hedera hibernica]]'' are often treated as varieties or subspecies of ''H. helix'' (Flora Europaea), though they differ in [[chromosome]] number so do not [[hybrid]]ise readily (McAllister 1982). ''H. helix'' can be best distinguished by its usually smaller and slightly more deeply lobed leaves and somewhat less vigorous growth, though identification is often not easy.

The closely related species ''[[Hedera canariensis]]'' and ''[[Hedera hibernica]]'' are often treated as varieties or subspecies of ''H. helix'' (Flora Europaea), though they differ in [[chromosome]] number so do not [[hybrid]]ise readily (McAllister 1982). ''H. helix'' can be best distinguished by its usually smaller and slightly more deeply lobed leaves and somewhat less vigorous growth, though identification is often not easy.

===Cultivation and uses===

==Gallery==

{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->

It is widely cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]], with numerous [[cultivar]]s selected for such traits as yellow, [[variegation|variegated]] or deeply lobed leaves, purple stems, and slow, [[dwarfing|dwarfed]] growth.

In [[North America]] (where it is often known as English Ivy), it has become [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] and is sometimes considered an [[invasive species]], especially in the [[Pacific Northwest]] where the climate is similar to that in its native area. <br clear = left>

Image:English Ivy Hedera helix Red Brick Wall 2892px.jpg|Ivy growing on a red brick wall

</gallery>

==Ethnomedical Uses==

==References==

*Leaves and berries are taken orally as an [[expectorant]] to treat cough and [[bronchitis]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. In 1597, the British herbalist [[John Gerard]] recommended water infused with ivy leaves as a wash for sore or watering eyes.<ref>{{Citation  | last =Gerard  | first =John  | author-link = | last2 =Woodward  | first2 =Marcus (ed.) | author2-link =

*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963

  | title =Gerard's Herbal: The History of Plants  | place= | publisher =Crescent Books

<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->

  | year =1985  | location =New York  | volume =  | edition = | url =  | doi =  | ISBN = 0-517-464705 }}</ref>

<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->

<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->

==References and external links==

==External links==

{{commons|Hedera helix}}

*{{wplink}}