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{{Taxobox +| color = lightgreen +| name = ''Black haw''
−| regnum = [[Plantae]]
−| phylum = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
−| classis = [[Dicot|Magnoliopsida]]
−| ordo = [[Dipsacales]]
−| familia = [[Adoxaceae]]
−| genus = ''[[Viburnum]]''
−| species = '''''V. prunifolium'''''
−| binomial = ''Viburnum prunifolium''
−| binomial_authority = [[L.]]
−}}
−
−'''Black haw''', also spelled '''blackhaw''' (''Viburnum prunifolium''), is a small [[tree]] native to southern [[North America]]. It has both value in the pleasure garden, providing good fall color and early winter provender for birds, and medicinal properties.
−
−Black haw has the scientific name ''Viburnum prunifolium''. It was originally classified in the family [[Caprifoliaceae]]. After genetic testing by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], the genus [[Viburnum]] was moved to the family [[Adoxaceae]].
−
−Black haw is a small [[deciduous]] [[tree]] or [[shrub]].<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite book|pages=279|title=The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A practical reference guide to more than 550 key medicinal plants and their uses|author=Andrew Chevallier|year=1996|publisher=Reader's Digest|id=ISBN 0-88850-546-9}}</ref> Like many species of ''[[Prunus]]'', it has oval [[leaf|leaves]] with serrated edges—<ref name=encyclopedia/> thus "''prunifolium''"— showy pale-colored [[flower]]s,<ref name=Castleman>{{cite book|title=The Healing Herbs|author=Michael Castleman|pages=79-81|publisher=Rodale Press|year=1991|id=ISBN 0-87858-934-6}}</ref> and dark blue-black [[berry|berries]]<ref name=encyclopedia/> that are eaten by birds. The [[bark]] is reddish-brown in color.<ref name=Castleman/> In the northern parts of its range, ''V. prunifolium'' is a shrub, becoming a small tree in the southern parts of its [[range (biology)|range]]. Wherever it lives, black haw prefers sunny [[woodland]] with well-drained soil and adequate water.<ref name=Castleman/> The tree is [[deciduous]]; its leaves turn red in fall.<ref name=Castleman/>
−For centuries, black haw has been used for medical purposes, mainly for [[gynecology|gynecological]] conditions. The bark is the part of the plant used in treatments.<ref name=encyclopedia/>+The active components include [[scopoletin]], [[aesculetin]], [[salicin]], [[1-methyl-2,3 clibutyl hemimellitate]], and [[viburnin]]. [[Tannin]] is another chemical component of black haw.<ref name=encyclopedia/>+Black haw's primary use was to prevent [[miscarriage]]s.<ref name=encyclopedia/> [[Slavery in the United States|American slaveholders]] also used the plant to prevent [[abortion]]s. [[Slave]]s were a valuable asset, and their owner also owned their offspring, so ensuring that female slaves gave birth was of paramount importance. In defiance, some slave women would attempt to use [[cotton]] seeds to cause a miscarriage. The slaveowners would therefore force pregnant slaves to drink an infusion of black haw to prevent that.<ref name=Castleman/>+The primary use of black haw today is to prevent menstrual cramps. The salicin in black haw may also be of use in pain relief.<ref name=Castleman/>+ +===Safety issues===+As black haw contains [[salicin]], a chemical relative of [[aspirin]], people who are [[allergy|allergic]] to that substance should not use black haw.<ref name=encyclopedia/> In addition, due to the connection between aspirin and [[Reye's syndrome]], young people or people afflicted with a [[virus (biology)|viral disease]] should not use black haw.+ +The chemicals in black haw do relax the uterus and therefore probably pr+event miscarriage; however, the salicin may be [[teratogenic]]. Consequently, pregnant women should not use black haw.<ref name=Castleman/> Furthermore, anyone using herbs for medical reasons should only use them under the supervision of a qualified medical professional.
−
−Black haw is not on the [[FDA]]'s "generally recognized as safe list".<ref name=FDA>{{cite web|title=SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|work=Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21, Volume 6|date=2006-04-01|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=582&showFR=1|accessdate=2007-03-08}}</ref>
[[Category:Dipsacales]]+[[Category:Trees of North America]]+[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
{{SPlantbox
{{SPlantbox
+|familia=Adoxaceae
+|genus=Viburnum
+|species=prunifolium
+|common_name=Black haw, Blackhaw
|Min ht metric=cm
|Min ht metric=cm
|Temp Metric=°F
|Temp Metric=°F
−|image=Upload.png
+|image=Viburnum prunifolium USDA2.jpg
|image_width=240
|image_width=240
+|image_caption=Flowers
}}
}}
+'''''Viburnum prunifolium''''' ('''Blackhaw''', also spelled '''Black haw''', '''Blackhaw Viburnum''', or '''Stag Bush'''), is a species of ''[[Viburnum]]'' native to southeastern [[North America]], from [[Connecticut]] west to eastern [[Kansas]], and south to [[Alabama]] and [[Texas]].<ref name=grin>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?41408 ''Viburnum prunifolium'']</ref>
+
+It is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing to 2–9 m tall with a short crooked trunk and stout spreading branches; in the northern parts of its range, it is a shrub, becoming a small tree in the southern parts of its range. The [[bark]] is reddish-brown, very rough on old stems. The branchlets are red at first, then green, finally dark brown tinged with red. The winter [[bud]]s are coated with [[rusty]] [[tomentum]]. The flower buds ovate, 1 cm long, much larger than the axillary buds. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, up to 9 cm long and 6 cm broad, oval, ovate or orbicular, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, serrate, acute, with serrated edges with a grooved and slightly winged red petiole 1.5 cm long; they turn red in fall. The leaves are superficially similar to some species of ''[[Prunus]]'' (thus "''prunifolium''"); they come out of the bud involute, shining, green, tinged with red, sometimes smooth, or clothed with rusty tomentum; when full grown dark green and smooth above, pale, smooth or tomentose beneath.<ref name=missouriplants>Missouriplants: [http://www.missouriplants.com/Whiteopp/Viburnum_prunifolium_page.html ''Viburnum prunifolium'']</ref><ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite book|pages=279|title=The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A practical reference guide to more than 550 key medicinal plants and their uses|author=Andrew Chevallier|year=1996|publisher=Reader's Digest|id=ISBN 0-88850-546-9}}</ref><ref name=Keeler>{{cite book | last =Keeler | first =H. L. | title =Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them | publisher =Charles Scriber's Sons | date =1900 | location =New York | pages =184 }}</ref><ref name=Castleman>{{cite book|title=The Healing Herbs|author=Michael Castleman|pages=79-81|publisher=Rodale Press|year=1991|id=ISBN 0-87858-934-6}}</ref>
+
+The [[flower]]s are creamy white, 9 mm diameter; the calyx is urn-shaped, five-toothed, persistent; the [[corolla (flower)|corolla]] is five-lobed, with rounded lobes, imbricate in bud; the five stamens alternate with the corolla lobes, the filaments slender, the anthers pale yellow, oblong, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; the ovary is inferior, one-celled, with a thick, pale green style and a flat stigma and a single ovule. The flowers are borne in flat-topped cymes 10 cm in diameter in mid to late spring. The [[fruit]] is a [[drupe]] 1 cm long, dark blue-black with glaucous bloom, hangs until winter, becomes edible after being frosted, then eaten by birds; the stone is flat and even, broadly oval. Wherever it lives, black haw prefers sunny [[woodland]] with well-drained soil and adequate water.<ref name=missouriplants/><ref name=encyclopedia/><ref name=Keeler/><ref name=Castleman/>
+
{{Inc|
{{Inc|
Viburnum prunifolium, Linn. (V. pyrifolium, Poir.). Black Haw. Stag-bush. Shrub or small tree, attaining 15 ft., with spreading, rather stout branches: winter buds short-pointed, glabrous or reddish, pubescent: lvs. broadly oval to ovate, acute, or obtuse, glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long; petioles often with narrow margin, glabrous: fls. pure white: cymes sessile, 2-4 in. broad: fr. oval to subglobose, bluish black and glaucous, little over 1/3 in. long. April-June. Conn. to Fla., west to Mich. and Texas. A.F. 12:1100. Gng. 5:310. M.D.G. 1901:628. F.E. 17:701.
Viburnum prunifolium, Linn. (V. pyrifolium, Poir.). Black Haw. Stag-bush. Shrub or small tree, attaining 15 ft., with spreading, rather stout branches: winter buds short-pointed, glabrous or reddish, pubescent: lvs. broadly oval to ovate, acute, or obtuse, glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long; petioles often with narrow margin, glabrous: fls. pure white: cymes sessile, 2-4 in. broad: fr. oval to subglobose, bluish black and glaucous, little over 1/3 in. long. April-June. Conn. to Fla., west to Mich. and Texas. A.F. 12:1100. Gng. 5:310. M.D.G. 1901:628. F.E. 17:701.
}}
}}
−==Cultivation==
−<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
−==Biology and taxonomy==
−==Herbalism==
+===Propagation===
−<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
−===Pharmacology===
+===Pests and diseases===
−<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
−===Medicinal uses===
+==Species==
−[[Native Americans]] used a [[decoction]] of black haw to treat gynecological conditions, including menstrual cramps, aiding recovery after [[childbirth]], and in treating the effects of menopause.<ref name=Castleman/> As a folk remedy, black haw has been used to treat menstrual pain, and [[morning sickness]]. Due to its antispasmodic properties, the plant may also be of use in treating cramps of the digestive tract or the bile ducts.<ref name=encyclopedia/>
+It has [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with ''[[Viburnum lentago]]'' in cultivation, to give the garden hybrid ''[[Viburnum × jackii]]''.
−==Gallery==
+{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
−<gallery>
−Image:Viburnum prunifolium USDA1.jpg|
−Image:Upload.png| photo 1
−Image:Upload.png| photo 2
−Image:Upload.png| photo 3
−</gallery>
−==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
+*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
+<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
+<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
+<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
+
+==External links==
+*{{wplink}}
−{{stub}}
−__NOTOC__
−
