7,617
edits
Changes
From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to searchno edit summary
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Jackfruit
| image = Artocarpus heterophyllus fruits at tree.jpg
| image_width = 225px
| image_caption = Jackfruit tree with fruit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Moraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Artocarpus]]''
| species = '''''A. heterophyllus'''''
| binomial = ''Artocarpus heterophyllus''
| binomial_authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]
}}
The '''Jackfruit''' ('''''Artocarpus heterophyllus''''') is a species of [[tree]] of the mulberry family ([[Moraceae]]) and its [[fruit]], native to southwestern [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Philippines]] and [[Sri Lanka]], and possibly also east to the [[Malay Peninsula]], though more likely an early human introduction there. It is well suited to tropical lowlands.
==Description==
[[Image:Jackfruit1.JPG|left|thumb|Young jackfruit]]
[[Image:JackfruitLift.JPG|left|thumb|Illustration of the size of jackfruit.]]
The [[fruit]] is huge, seldom less than about 25 cm in diameter. Even a relatively thin tree (circa 10 cm) can have huge fruits hanging on it. The fruits can reach 36 kg in weight and up to 90 cm long and 50 cm in diameter. The jackfruit is the largest tree borne fruit in the world.
The sweet yellow sheaths around the seeds are about 3-5 mm thick and have a taste similar to [[pineapple]] but milder and less juicy.
The English name ''jackfruit'' derives from Portuguese ''jaca'', which is derived from [[Malayalam]] ''chakka''. See below for other names of the fruit worldwide.
==Cultivation and uses==
Jackfruit is widely grown in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It is also grown in parts of central and eastern [[Africa]], [[Brazil]], [[Suriname]], and in islands of the West Indies such as [[Jamaica]]. It is the national fruit of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Indonesia]].
The jackfruit has played a significant role in the Indian agriculture (and culture) from time immemorial. Archeological findings in India have revealed that jackfruit was cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago. Findings also indicate that Indian Emperor [[Ashoka the Great]] (274 - 237 BC) encouraged arbori-horticulture of various fruits including jackfruit. [[Varahamihira]], the famous Indian astronomer, mathemetician, and astrologer wrote a chapter on the treatment of trees in his Brhat Samhita. One of the highlights of his treatise is a specific reference on grafting to be done on trees such as jackfruit. A method of grafting described was what is known today as 'wedge grafting'. <ref> ''Science in India with Special Reference to Agriculture'' P.M. Tamboli and Y.L. Nene </ref>
One of the earliest descriptions of the jackfruit is to be found in the 16th century memoirs of the [[Mughal]] Emperor [[Babur|Babar]], who was not much enamored of it:
:"The jackfruit is unbelievably ugly and bad tasting. It looks exactly like [[sheep]] [[intestines]] turned inside out like stuffed [[tripe]]. It has a cloyingly sweet taste. Inside it has seeds like [[hazelnut]]s that mostly resemble [[date (fruit)|date]]s, but these seeds are round, not long. The flesh of these [[seed]]s, which is what is eaten, is softer than dates. It is sticky, and for that reason some people grease their hands and mouths before eating it. The fruit is said to grow on the branches, the trunk, and the roots of the tree and looks like stuffed tripe hung all over the tree". <ref> ''The Baburnama'' Trans. & Ed. Wheeler M. Thackston (New York) 2002 p345 </ref>
The jackfruit is something of an acquired taste, but it is very popular in many parts of the world. An unopened ripe fruit can have a unpleasant smell, like rotting [[onion]]s. The light brown to black seeds with white innards are indeed about the size of dates. People often oil their hands with coconut oil, [[kerosene]], or paraffin before preparing jackfruit, as the rest of the fruit is a loose white mass that bleeds a milky, sticky sap often used as glue.
===Commercial availability===
[[Image:Kutiyapi.jpg|thumb|right|A [[kutiyapi]], made of jackfruit wood]]
The jackfruit bears fruit three years after planting.
In the [[United States]] and [[Europe]], the fruit is available in shops that sell exotic products, usually sold canned with a sugar syrup or frozen. It is also obtained fresh from Asian food markets. Sweet jackfruit chips are also often available.
The [[wood]] is used for the production of musical instruments in [[Indonesia]] as part of the [[gamelan]] and in the [[Philippines]], where its soft wood can be made into the hull of a [[kutiyapi]], a type of [[Philippine]] boat [[lute]]. It is also used to make the body of the Indian drums ''[[mridangam]]'' and ''[[kanjira]]''. It is also widely used for manufacture of [[furniture]].
===Dishes and preparations===
Jackfruit is commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisines. It can be eaten unripe (young) or ripe, and cooked or uncooked. The seeds can also be used in certain recipes.
Unripe (young) jackfruit can also eaten whole. Young jackfruit has a mild flavour and distinctive texture. The cuisines of [[cuisine of India|India]], [[cuisine of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[cuisine of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[cuisine of Indonesia|Indonesia]], and [[cuisine of Vietnam|Vietnam]] use cooked young jackfruit. In many cultures, jackfruit is boiled and used in curries as a food staple.
[[Image:Jackfruit chips.jpg|thumb|Jackfruit chips]]
* ''[[Kathal Subzee]]'': Spicy vegetable with raw jackfruit from [[Uttar Pradesh]] or [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]].
* ''[[Chakka Pradaman]]'': Jackfruit pudding from [[Kerala]], [[India]].
* ''Enchorer Torkari'': Curry made from unripe jackfruit from [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
* ''Guzo Suke'': Dry spicy dish of raw jackfruit from [[Mangalore]], [[India]].
* ''Ghariyo'': Jackfruit sweet dish from [[Mangalore]], [[India]].
* ''Jackfuit Pappad'': Jackfruit Pappad as a snack from [[Mangalore]], [[India]].
* ''Chakka Varatti'': Jackfruit Jam from [[Kerala]], [[India]].
* ''Chakka Vattal'': [[Jackfruit Chips]] from [[Kerala]], [[India]].
* ''[[Panasa Koora/Panasa Pottu Koora]]'': Traditional Jackfruit Curry from coastal [[Andhra]], [[India]].[http://sjrecipes.angelcities.com/foods_from_india_2.htm#PANASA%20POTTU%20PLAIN%20KOORA]
* ''[[Gudeg]]'': traditional dish from [[Yogyakarta]], [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]].
* ''Lodeh'': traditional Indonesian vegetable dish with [[coconut milk]].
* ''Gule Nangka'': traditional Indonesia spicy curry [[Indonesia]].
* ''Humba Nangka'':curry made from unripe jackfruit and coconut milk [[Bohol]], [[Philippines]].
*Gatti or Gidde in [[Tulu]] where ripe jackfruit is ground with [[rava]] to form thick paste which is put on a teak wood leaf and then cooked in steam.The gidde is ready.
* An optional ingredient in ''Sayur asam'' (Indonesian clear soup; the name means ''tamarind vegetables'')
* Also ingredient in Indonesian traditional [[Minangkabau]] cuisine.
* Jackfruit salad: [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese dish]] with boiled young jackfruit.
* [[Rice and curry]] in Sri Lanka
* ''Fanas Poli'': Sun dried Jackfruit pulp with sugar from [[Konkan]].
The [[seed]]s can also be eaten cooked or baked like beans. They taste similar to [[chestnut]]s.
===Other preparations:===
* Jackfruit chips
* Asian ice desserts (including Indonesian & Filipino)
* ''[[Turon]]'', a Filipino dessert made of banana and jackfruit wrapped in an [[eggroll]] wrapper
* Sometimes an added ingredient for [[cassava cake]]
* An optional ingredient in [[kolak]] (an Indonesian mung bean and coconut based dessert).
* It is thought that jackfruit is the basis for the flavour of [[Juicy Fruit]] [[chewing gum]].
* Jackfruit candy
* [[Vitamin Water]] sells a jackfruit - guava (b+ [[theanine]]) beverage
* Jackfruit smoothies or milkshakes
==Names==
The fruit is called a variety of names around the world:
;[[South Asia]]n names
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: কাঁঠাল ''Cãţtal'' (National fruit of [[Bangladesh]]), ''Enchor'' (the unripe fruit, used in curries)
*[[Bhojpuri]]: ''Katahar''
*[[Kannada language|Kannada]]: ''Halasina hannu''
*[[Konkani]]:"Ponos"
*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ''Phannasa''
*[[Hindi language|Hindi]]: ''Katahal''
*[[Nepali language|Nepali]]: ''Rukh kut-a-herr''
*[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''Chakka''
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]]: फणस ''Phanas''
*[[Oriya language|Oriya]]: ''Panasa''
*[[Maldivian]], ''sakkeyo'' (only the ripe fruitpulp is used)
*[[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]]: ''Kos.'' ''Varaka / Vela'' (in its ripe state)
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''Palaa'' / ''Varukkai (old Tamil)''
*[[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ''Panasa''
*[[Sanskrit]]: ''Panasam''
*[[Tulu]]: ''Gujje'' or ''Kujje''. Also called ''Palaakay''
;[[Southeast Asia]]n names
*[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]: ''Nangka''
*[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Nangka''
*[[Lao language|Lao]]: ''Mak mii''
*[[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Nangka''
*[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]: ''Yangka''
*[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]: ''Langka''
*[[Thai language|Thai]]: ขนุน ''Kanoon''
*[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Mít''
;[[East Asia]]n names
*[[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 波羅蜜 ''Bōluómì''
*[[Korean language|Korean]]: 바라밀 ''Baramil''
;[[West Asia]]n name
*[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''Derakhte Nan''
;[[Africa]]n names
*[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]: ''Finésy''
*[[Swahili language|Swahili]]: ''Fenesi''
*[[Luganda language|Luganda]]: ''Fene''
;[[Europe]]an (and Latin American) names
*[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''Saðningaraldin''
*[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Jaca''
*[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Jaka''; ''Fruta de Jack''
==See also==
{{Commons|Jackfruit}}
* [[Breadfruit]] (''Artocarpus altilis'')
* [[Marang]] (''Artocarpus odoratissimus'')
* [[Fig]] (''[[Ficus]] carica'')
* [[List of fruits]]
==References and external links==
<references/>
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?70095 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Artocarpus heterophyllus'']
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html Fruits of Warm Climates: Jackfruit and Related Species]
* [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jackfruit.html California Rare Fruit Growers: Jackfruit Fruit Facts]
* [http://www.proscitech.com.au/trop/j.htm Know and Enjoy Tropical Fruit: Jackfruit, Breadfruit & Relatives]
* [http://waynesword.palomar.edu/jackfr1.htm#jackfruit Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)] on Wayne's Word
* [http://www.thailex.info/THAILEX/THAILEXENG/lexicon/kanoen%20(vruchtvlees).htm Jackfruit, flesh of fruit]
*[http://www.agri-history.org/Science%20in%20India%20with%20Special%20Reference%20to%20Agriculture.pdf Science in India with Special Reference to Agriculture]
[[Category:Artocarpus]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vietnamese cuisine]]
[[Category:Flora of the Maldives]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = Jackfruit
| image = Artocarpus heterophyllus fruits at tree.jpg
| image_width = 225px
| image_caption = Jackfruit tree with fruit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Moraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Artocarpus]]''
| species = '''''A. heterophyllus'''''
| binomial = ''Artocarpus heterophyllus''
| binomial_authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]
}}
The '''Jackfruit''' ('''''Artocarpus heterophyllus''''') is a species of [[tree]] of the mulberry family ([[Moraceae]]) and its [[fruit]], native to southwestern [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Philippines]] and [[Sri Lanka]], and possibly also east to the [[Malay Peninsula]], though more likely an early human introduction there. It is well suited to tropical lowlands.
==Description==
[[Image:Jackfruit1.JPG|left|thumb|Young jackfruit]]
[[Image:JackfruitLift.JPG|left|thumb|Illustration of the size of jackfruit.]]
The [[fruit]] is huge, seldom less than about 25 cm in diameter. Even a relatively thin tree (circa 10 cm) can have huge fruits hanging on it. The fruits can reach 36 kg in weight and up to 90 cm long and 50 cm in diameter. The jackfruit is the largest tree borne fruit in the world.
The sweet yellow sheaths around the seeds are about 3-5 mm thick and have a taste similar to [[pineapple]] but milder and less juicy.
The English name ''jackfruit'' derives from Portuguese ''jaca'', which is derived from [[Malayalam]] ''chakka''. See below for other names of the fruit worldwide.
==Cultivation and uses==
Jackfruit is widely grown in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It is also grown in parts of central and eastern [[Africa]], [[Brazil]], [[Suriname]], and in islands of the West Indies such as [[Jamaica]]. It is the national fruit of [[Bangladesh]] and [[Indonesia]].
The jackfruit has played a significant role in the Indian agriculture (and culture) from time immemorial. Archeological findings in India have revealed that jackfruit was cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago. Findings also indicate that Indian Emperor [[Ashoka the Great]] (274 - 237 BC) encouraged arbori-horticulture of various fruits including jackfruit. [[Varahamihira]], the famous Indian astronomer, mathemetician, and astrologer wrote a chapter on the treatment of trees in his Brhat Samhita. One of the highlights of his treatise is a specific reference on grafting to be done on trees such as jackfruit. A method of grafting described was what is known today as 'wedge grafting'. <ref> ''Science in India with Special Reference to Agriculture'' P.M. Tamboli and Y.L. Nene </ref>
One of the earliest descriptions of the jackfruit is to be found in the 16th century memoirs of the [[Mughal]] Emperor [[Babur|Babar]], who was not much enamored of it:
:"The jackfruit is unbelievably ugly and bad tasting. It looks exactly like [[sheep]] [[intestines]] turned inside out like stuffed [[tripe]]. It has a cloyingly sweet taste. Inside it has seeds like [[hazelnut]]s that mostly resemble [[date (fruit)|date]]s, but these seeds are round, not long. The flesh of these [[seed]]s, which is what is eaten, is softer than dates. It is sticky, and for that reason some people grease their hands and mouths before eating it. The fruit is said to grow on the branches, the trunk, and the roots of the tree and looks like stuffed tripe hung all over the tree". <ref> ''The Baburnama'' Trans. & Ed. Wheeler M. Thackston (New York) 2002 p345 </ref>
The jackfruit is something of an acquired taste, but it is very popular in many parts of the world. An unopened ripe fruit can have a unpleasant smell, like rotting [[onion]]s. The light brown to black seeds with white innards are indeed about the size of dates. People often oil their hands with coconut oil, [[kerosene]], or paraffin before preparing jackfruit, as the rest of the fruit is a loose white mass that bleeds a milky, sticky sap often used as glue.
===Commercial availability===
[[Image:Kutiyapi.jpg|thumb|right|A [[kutiyapi]], made of jackfruit wood]]
The jackfruit bears fruit three years after planting.
In the [[United States]] and [[Europe]], the fruit is available in shops that sell exotic products, usually sold canned with a sugar syrup or frozen. It is also obtained fresh from Asian food markets. Sweet jackfruit chips are also often available.
The [[wood]] is used for the production of musical instruments in [[Indonesia]] as part of the [[gamelan]] and in the [[Philippines]], where its soft wood can be made into the hull of a [[kutiyapi]], a type of [[Philippine]] boat [[lute]]. It is also used to make the body of the Indian drums ''[[mridangam]]'' and ''[[kanjira]]''. It is also widely used for manufacture of [[furniture]].
===Dishes and preparations===
Jackfruit is commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisines. It can be eaten unripe (young) or ripe, and cooked or uncooked. The seeds can also be used in certain recipes.
Unripe (young) jackfruit can also eaten whole. Young jackfruit has a mild flavour and distinctive texture. The cuisines of [[cuisine of India|India]], [[cuisine of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[cuisine of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[cuisine of Indonesia|Indonesia]], and [[cuisine of Vietnam|Vietnam]] use cooked young jackfruit. In many cultures, jackfruit is boiled and used in curries as a food staple.
[[Image:Jackfruit chips.jpg|thumb|Jackfruit chips]]
* ''[[Kathal Subzee]]'': Spicy vegetable with raw jackfruit from [[Uttar Pradesh]] or [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]].
* ''[[Chakka Pradaman]]'': Jackfruit pudding from [[Kerala]], [[India]].
* ''Enchorer Torkari'': Curry made from unripe jackfruit from [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
* ''Guzo Suke'': Dry spicy dish of raw jackfruit from [[Mangalore]], [[India]].
* ''Ghariyo'': Jackfruit sweet dish from [[Mangalore]], [[India]].
* ''Jackfuit Pappad'': Jackfruit Pappad as a snack from [[Mangalore]], [[India]].
* ''Chakka Varatti'': Jackfruit Jam from [[Kerala]], [[India]].
* ''Chakka Vattal'': [[Jackfruit Chips]] from [[Kerala]], [[India]].
* ''[[Panasa Koora/Panasa Pottu Koora]]'': Traditional Jackfruit Curry from coastal [[Andhra]], [[India]].[http://sjrecipes.angelcities.com/foods_from_india_2.htm#PANASA%20POTTU%20PLAIN%20KOORA]
* ''[[Gudeg]]'': traditional dish from [[Yogyakarta]], [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]].
* ''Lodeh'': traditional Indonesian vegetable dish with [[coconut milk]].
* ''Gule Nangka'': traditional Indonesia spicy curry [[Indonesia]].
* ''Humba Nangka'':curry made from unripe jackfruit and coconut milk [[Bohol]], [[Philippines]].
*Gatti or Gidde in [[Tulu]] where ripe jackfruit is ground with [[rava]] to form thick paste which is put on a teak wood leaf and then cooked in steam.The gidde is ready.
* An optional ingredient in ''Sayur asam'' (Indonesian clear soup; the name means ''tamarind vegetables'')
* Also ingredient in Indonesian traditional [[Minangkabau]] cuisine.
* Jackfruit salad: [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese dish]] with boiled young jackfruit.
* [[Rice and curry]] in Sri Lanka
* ''Fanas Poli'': Sun dried Jackfruit pulp with sugar from [[Konkan]].
The [[seed]]s can also be eaten cooked or baked like beans. They taste similar to [[chestnut]]s.
===Other preparations:===
* Jackfruit chips
* Asian ice desserts (including Indonesian & Filipino)
* ''[[Turon]]'', a Filipino dessert made of banana and jackfruit wrapped in an [[eggroll]] wrapper
* Sometimes an added ingredient for [[cassava cake]]
* An optional ingredient in [[kolak]] (an Indonesian mung bean and coconut based dessert).
* It is thought that jackfruit is the basis for the flavour of [[Juicy Fruit]] [[chewing gum]].
* Jackfruit candy
* [[Vitamin Water]] sells a jackfruit - guava (b+ [[theanine]]) beverage
* Jackfruit smoothies or milkshakes
==Names==
The fruit is called a variety of names around the world:
;[[South Asia]]n names
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: কাঁঠাল ''Cãţtal'' (National fruit of [[Bangladesh]]), ''Enchor'' (the unripe fruit, used in curries)
*[[Bhojpuri]]: ''Katahar''
*[[Kannada language|Kannada]]: ''Halasina hannu''
*[[Konkani]]:"Ponos"
*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ''Phannasa''
*[[Hindi language|Hindi]]: ''Katahal''
*[[Nepali language|Nepali]]: ''Rukh kut-a-herr''
*[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''Chakka''
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]]: फणस ''Phanas''
*[[Oriya language|Oriya]]: ''Panasa''
*[[Maldivian]], ''sakkeyo'' (only the ripe fruitpulp is used)
*[[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]]: ''Kos.'' ''Varaka / Vela'' (in its ripe state)
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''Palaa'' / ''Varukkai (old Tamil)''
*[[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ''Panasa''
*[[Sanskrit]]: ''Panasam''
*[[Tulu]]: ''Gujje'' or ''Kujje''. Also called ''Palaakay''
;[[Southeast Asia]]n names
*[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]: ''Nangka''
*[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Nangka''
*[[Lao language|Lao]]: ''Mak mii''
*[[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Nangka''
*[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]: ''Yangka''
*[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]: ''Langka''
*[[Thai language|Thai]]: ขนุน ''Kanoon''
*[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Mít''
;[[East Asia]]n names
*[[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 波羅蜜 ''Bōluómì''
*[[Korean language|Korean]]: 바라밀 ''Baramil''
;[[West Asia]]n name
*[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''Derakhte Nan''
;[[Africa]]n names
*[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]: ''Finésy''
*[[Swahili language|Swahili]]: ''Fenesi''
*[[Luganda language|Luganda]]: ''Fene''
;[[Europe]]an (and Latin American) names
*[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''Saðningaraldin''
*[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Jaca''
*[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Jaka''; ''Fruta de Jack''
==See also==
{{Commons|Jackfruit}}
* [[Breadfruit]] (''Artocarpus altilis'')
* [[Marang]] (''Artocarpus odoratissimus'')
* [[Fig]] (''[[Ficus]] carica'')
* [[List of fruits]]
==References and external links==
<references/>
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?70095 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Artocarpus heterophyllus'']
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/jackfruit_ars.html Fruits of Warm Climates: Jackfruit and Related Species]
* [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jackfruit.html California Rare Fruit Growers: Jackfruit Fruit Facts]
* [http://www.proscitech.com.au/trop/j.htm Know and Enjoy Tropical Fruit: Jackfruit, Breadfruit & Relatives]
* [http://waynesword.palomar.edu/jackfr1.htm#jackfruit Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)] on Wayne's Word
* [http://www.thailex.info/THAILEX/THAILEXENG/lexicon/kanoen%20(vruchtvlees).htm Jackfruit, flesh of fruit]
*[http://www.agri-history.org/Science%20in%20India%20with%20Special%20Reference%20to%20Agriculture.pdf Science in India with Special Reference to Agriculture]
[[Category:Artocarpus]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vietnamese cuisine]]
[[Category:Flora of the Maldives]]
