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:Turnips are sown from the beginning to the end of June, but the second and third weeks of the month are, by judicious farmers, accounted the most proper time. Some people have sown as early as May, and with advantage, but these early fields are apt to run to seed before winter, especially if the autumn be favorable to vegetation. As a general rule it may be laid down that the earliest sowings should be on the latest soils; plants on such soils are often long before they make any great progress, and, in the end, may be far behind those in other situations, which were much later sown. The turnip plant, indeed, does not thrive rapidly till its roots reach the dung, and the previous nourishment afforded them is often so scanty as to stunt them altogether before they get so far.  
 
:Turnips are sown from the beginning to the end of June, but the second and third weeks of the month are, by judicious farmers, accounted the most proper time. Some people have sown as early as May, and with advantage, but these early fields are apt to run to seed before winter, especially if the autumn be favorable to vegetation. As a general rule it may be laid down that the earliest sowings should be on the latest soils; plants on such soils are often long before they make any great progress, and, in the end, may be far behind those in other situations, which were much later sown. The turnip plant, indeed, does not thrive rapidly till its roots reach the dung, and the previous nourishment afforded them is often so scanty as to stunt them altogether before they get so far.  
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:The first thing to be done in this process is to run a horse-hoe, called a scraper, along the intervals, keeping at such a distance from the young plants that they shall not be injured; this operation destroys all the annual weeds which have sprung up, and leaves the plants standing in regular stripes or rows. The hand hoeing then commences, by which the turnips are all singled out at a distance of from eight to twelve inches, and the redundant ones drawn into the spaces between the rows. The singling out of the young plants is an operation of great importance, for an error committed in this process can hardly be afterwards rectified. Boys and girls are always employed as hoers; but a steady and trusty man-servant is usually set over them to see that the work is properly executed.
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:The first thing to be done in this process is to run a horse-hoe, called a scraper, along the intervals, keeping at such a distance from the young plants that they shall not be injured; this operation destroys all the annual weeds which have sprung up, and leaves the plants standing in regular stripes or rows. The hand hoeing then commences, by which the turnips are all singled out at a distance of from eight to twelve inches, and the redundant ones drawn into the spaces between the rows. The singling out of the young plants is an operation of great impor
 
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:In eight or ten days, or such a length of time as circumstances may require, a horse-hoe of a different construction from the scraper is used. This, in fact, is generally a small plough, of the same kind with that commonly wrought, but of smaller dimensions. By this implement, the earth is pared away from the sides of the drills, and a sort of new ridge formed in the middle of the former interval. The hand-hoers are again set to work, and every weed and superfluous turnip is cut up; afterwards the horse-hoe is employed to separate the earth, which it formerly threw into the furrows, and lay it back to the sides of the drills. On dry lands this is done by the scraper, but where the least tendency to moisture prevails, the small plough is used, in order that the furrows may be perfectly cleaned out. This latter mode, indeed, is very generally practiced.
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== Human use ==
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{{Expand-section|date=January 2007}}
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[[Image:2005carrot and turnip.PNG|thumb|right|[[Carrot]] and Turnip output in 2005]]
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[[Pliny the Elder]] writes that he considered the turnip one of the most important vegetables of his day, rating it "directly after cereals or at all events after the [[bean]], since its utility surpasses that of any other plant." Pliny praises it as a source of [[fodder]] for farm animals, and this vegetable is not particular about the type of soil it grows in and it can be left in the ground until the next harvest, it "prevents the effects of famine" for humans (''[[Natural History (Pliny)|N.H.]]'' 18.34).
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In [[Turkey]], particularly in the area near [[Adana]], turnips are used to flavor [[şalgam]], a juice made from purple carrots and spices served ice cold.
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[[Image:westportturnip.jpg|thumb|upright|Macomber turnip historic marker]] The Macomber turnip is featured in one of the very few historic markers for a vegetable, on Main Road in [[Westport, Massachusetts]].
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Turnip lanterns are an old tradition, see [[Jack o' Lantern]] for their association with Halloween.  [[Laurie Lee]], in "The Edge of Day", an autobiography of a childhood in the Cotswolds, mentions the Parochial Church Tea and Annual Entertainment, which took place around Twelfth night. "We...saw his red face lit like a turnip lamp as he crouched to stoke up the flames."
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==Heraldry==
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The turnip is an old vegetable charge in heraldry.
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== Notes ==
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<references/>
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== See also ==
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*[[Rutabaga]] or yellow turnip
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*[[Radish]]
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*[[Daikon]]
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*[[Turnip Prize]]
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== External links ==
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* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Brassica_rapa.html#rapa Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne]
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* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/turnip.html Alternative Field Crop Manual: Turnip]
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{{Cookbook|Turnip}}
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{{Commons|Brassica rapa}}
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[[Category:root vegetables]]
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[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
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[[Category:Brassica]]
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[[Category:Underutilized crops]]
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[[Category:Halloween food]]
 
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