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Yam. The name yam properly belongs to the members of the genus Dioscorea, although unfortunately it has been applied for many years in the United States to the large varieties of the sweet potato, Ipomoea Batatas. The name as applied to the sweet potato is thought by some to be a corruption of an African word pronounced "nyam," brought by the negroes who were transported to America in the early days. This word was used for the true yam or other large roots or tubers used for food in Africa and was bestowed by the negroes on the large sweet potatoes in America.

Yam. The name yam properly belongs to the members of the genus Dioscorea, although unfortunately it has been applied for many years in the United States to the large varieties of the sweet potato, Ipomoea Batatas. The name as applied to the sweet potato is thought by some to be a corruption of an African word pronounced "nyam," brought by the negroes who were transported to America in the early days. This word was used for the true yam or other large roots or tubers used for food in Africa and was bestowed by the negroes on the large sweet potatoes in America.

The botany of the cultivated yams has not been cleared up. Many varieties are of mediocre quality, while some are excellent, being superior in flavor and mealiness to almost any other starchy vegetable. Single roots or tubers of some varieties, particularly of D. alata, attain great size, occasionally even reaching 100 pounds or more in weight, and several feet in length. The best varieties, however, are of small size, often less than a pound in weight. Among the best known of these are the yampis of Jamaica and the Isthmus of Panama, and other varieties of similar quality, such as the cush-cush of the Island of Trinidad. The Chinese yam or cinnamon vine, D. Batatas, is of excellent flavor, but on account of its deep-growing habit is very difficult to dig. Several kinds of yam are grown scatteringly in Florida. For further discussion, see Dioscorea.

The botany of the cultivated yams has not been cleared up. Many varieties are of mediocre quality, while some are excellent, being superior in flavor and mealiness to almost any other starchy vegetable. Single roots or tubers of some varieties, particularly of D. alata, attain great size, occasionally even reaching 100 pounds or more in weight, and several feet in length. The best varieties, however, are of small size, often less than a pound in weight. Among the best known of these are the yampis of Jamaica and the Isthmus of Panama, and other varieties of similar quality, such as the cush-cush of the Island of Trinidad. The Chinese yam or cinnamon vine, D. Batatas, is of excellent flavor, but on account of its deep-growing habit is very difficult to dig. Several kinds of yam are grown scatteringly in Florida. For further discussion, see Dioscorea.

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==Cultivation==

==Cultivation==

==Species==

==Species==

<!--  This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->

''[[Dioscorea rotunda]]'', the "white yam", and ''[[Dioscorea cayenensis]]'', the "yellow yam", are native to Africa. They are the most important cultivated yams. In the past they were considered two separate species but most taxonomists now regard them as the same species. There are over 200 cultivated varieties between them. The [[Kokoro (vegetable)|Kokoro]] variety is important in making dried yam chips.<ref>{{cite web

|title=DOMESTICATION OF YAMS (D. cayenensis-D. rotundata) WITHIN THE BARIBA ETHNIC GROUP IN BENIN

|date=February 24-28, 1997

  |accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref>

 

They are large plants; the vines can be as long as 10 to 12 meters (35 to 40 feet). The tubers most often weigh about 2.5 to 5&nbsp;kg (6 to 12 lbs) each but can weigh as much as 25&nbsp;kg (60 lbs). After 7 to 12 months growth the tubers are harvested. In Africa most are pounded into a paste to make the traditional dish of "pounded yam" (Kay 1987).

 

 

 

In the [[Philippines]] it is known as ''ube'' (or ''ubi'') and is used as an ingredient in many sweet desserts. In [[Vietnam]], it is called ''khoai mỡ'' and is used mainly as an ingredient for soup. In [[India]], it is known as ''ratalu'' or ''violet yam''. In [[Hawaii]] it is known as ''uhi''.

 

''Uhi'' was brought to Hawaii by the early Polynesian settlers and became a major crop in the 1800s when the tubers were sold to visiting ships as an easily stored food supply for their voyages (White 2003).

 

[[Image:Dioscorea opposita (batatas).jpg|thumb|225px|Segment of a ''Dioscorea opposita'' tuber]]

 

''[[Dioscorea opposita]]'', "Chinese yam", is native to China. The Chinese yam plant is somewhat smaller than the African, with the vines about 3 meters (10 feet) long. It is tolerant to frost and can be grown in much cooler conditions than other yams. It is now grown in China, Korea, and Japan.

 

 

The tubers are harvested after about 6 months of growth. Some are eaten right after harvesting and some are used as ingredients for other dishes, including noodles, and for traditional medicines (Kay 1987).

 

''[[Dioscorea bulbifera]]'', the "air potato", is found in both Africa and Asia, with slight differences between those found in each place. It is a large vine, 6 meters (20 ft) or more in length. It produces tubers; however the [[bulb]]ils which grow at the base of its leaves are the more important food product. They are about the size of potatoes (hence the name "air potato"), weighing from 0.5 to 2&nbsp;kg (1 to 5 lbs).

 

Some varieties can be eaten raw while some require soaking or boiling for detoxification before eating. It is not grown much commercially since the flavor of other yams is preferred by most people. However it is popular in home vegetable gardens because it produces a crop after only four months of growth and continues producing for the life of the vine, as long as two years. Also the bulbils are easy to harvest and cook (Kay 1987).

 

In 1905 the air potato was introduced to Florida and has since become an [[invasive species]] in much of the state. Its rapid growth crowds out native vegetation and is very difficult to remove since it can grow back from the tubers, and new vines can grow from the bulbils even after being cut down or burned (Schultz 1993).

 

''[[Dioscorea esculenta]]'', the "lesser yam", was one of the first yam species cultivated. It is native to Southeast Asia and is the third most commonly cultivated species there, although it is cultivated very little in other parts of the world. Its vines seldom reach more than 3 meters (10 feet) in length and the tubers are fairly small in most varieties.

 

 

''[[Dioscorea trifida]]'', the "cush-cush yam", is native to the [[Guyana]] region of [[South America]] and is the most important cultivated [[New World]] yam. Since they originated in tropical [[Rainforest|rain forest]] conditions their growth cycle is less related to seasonal changes than other yams. Because of their relative ease of cultivation and their good flavor they are considered to have a great potential for increased production (Kay 1987).

 

 

==Gallery==

==Gallery==