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Pin oak (view source)

Revision as of 00:25, 12 December 2009

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{{SPlantbox
 
{{SPlantbox
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|familia=Fagaceae
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|genus=Quercus
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|species=palustris
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|common_name=Pin oak, Swamp Spanish oak
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|habit=tree
 
|Min ht metric=cm
 
|Min ht metric=cm
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|lifespan=perennial
 
|Temp Metric=°F
 
|Temp Metric=°F
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|image=Upload.png
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|image=Pin oak quercus palustris.jpg
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|image_width=240
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|image_width=180
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}}
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{{Inc|
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Quercus palustris, Linn. Pin Oak. Fig. 3307. Tree, to 80, occasionally 120 ft., with rather short spreading branches, forming a symmetrical pyramidal head, becoming irregular and oblong in older trees: lvs. deeply pinnatifid, sometimes almost to the midrib; lobes 5-7, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, toothed, separated by wide sinuses, bright green above, light green oblong -lanceolate toothed separated by wide sinuses bright green above light green beneath, with axillary tufts of hairs, 3-5 in. long: fr. short-stalked; acorn subglobose or ovoid, 1/3—1/2in. long, embraced about one-third or more by the cup. Mass., to Del., west to Wis.and Ark. S.S. 8:422, 423. Em. 1:167. A.G. 17:213. Gng. 3:129. Mn. 2:155; 6:27. F.E. 28:223. G.W. 5, p. 13.—Handsome trees, especially when young; often used for avenues; grows rapidly and prefers somewhat moist soil; foliage bright red in autumn. The tree is fibrous-rooted and transplants well. Hybrids of this with the preceding species and with Q. Phellos have been observed in cult.
   
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[[Image:988TerraceBoulevardFall (Quercus palustris).jpg|thumb|left|60-70 year old Pin Oak displaying fall coloration]]
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It is a medium-sized [[deciduous]] tree growing to 18-22 m (60-70 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 1 m (3 ft) diameter. It has an 8-14 m (25-45 ft) spread. A 10-year-old tree will be about 8 m (25 ft) tall. The crown is broad conic when young, with numerous small branches radiating out from a central leader. When older, some upper branches become quite large and the central leader is lost, while the lower branches gradually droop downwards.
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The [[leaf|leaves]] are 5-16 cm long and 5-12 cm broad, lobed, with five or seven lobes. Each lobe has 5-7 bristle-tipped teeth. The sinuses are typically u-shaped and extremely deep cut. In fact, there is approximately the same amount of sinus area as actual leaf area. The leaf is mostly hairless, except for a very characteristic tuft of pale orange-brown down on the lower surface where each lobe vein joins the central vein. The [[acorn]]s, borne in a shallow, thin cap, are hemispherical, 10-16 mm long and 9-15 mm broad, green maturing pale brown about 18 months after [[pollination]]. The acorn is unpalatable because the kernel is very bitter.
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It is not a long-lived tree, usually living only 90 to 120 years. It is naturally a [[wetland]] tree, and develops a shallow, fibrous [[root]] system, unlike many [[oak]]s, which have a strong, deep taproot when young. It is confined to [[acid]]ic soils, and does not tolerate [[limestone]], and grows at low altitudes from sea level up to 350 m. The specific name ''palustris'' means "of [[swamp]]s".
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A feature of Pin oak (shared by a few other oak species, and also some [[beech]]es and [[hornbeam]]s) is the retention of leaves through the winter on juvenile tissue. Young trees under 6 m (20 ft) will often be covered with leaves year-round, though the leaves die in the fall, remaining attached to the shoots until the new leaves appear in the spring. As with many other [[oak]] species, dead Pin oak branches will stay on the tree for many years.
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Key Characteristics:
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The acorns are small with a thin, shallow cap.
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The pin oak is in the red oak subgenus: pointed lobes.
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:''There is also the community of [[Pin Oak, West Virginia]], USA.''
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The sinuses are very deeply cut and u-shaped.
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{{Taxobox
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = Pin oak
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| status = {{StatusSecure}}
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| image =
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| image_width = 240px
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| image_caption = Pin oak foliage and acorns
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| classis = [[eudicotyledon|Rosopsida]]
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| ordo = [[Fagales]]
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| familia = [[Fagaceae]]
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| genus = ''[[Oak|Quercus]]''
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| species = '''''Q. palustris'''''
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| binomial = ''Quercus palustris''
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| binomial_authority = [[Otto von Münchhausen|Muenchh.]]
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}}
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The '''Pin oak''' or '''Swamp Spanish oak''' (''Quercus palustris'') is an [[oak]] in the [[List of Quercus species#Section Lobatae|red oak]] section ''Quercus'' sect. ''Lobatae''. It is native to eastern [[North America]], mainly in the [[Eastern United States|eastern]] [[United States]] from [[Connecticut]] west to eastern [[Kansas]], and south to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] across to eastern [[Oklahoma]]; it is also native in the extreme south of [[Ontario]], [[Canada]].  
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The amount of sinus area is approximately equivalent to the amount of actual leaf area.
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[[Image:988TerraceBoulevardFall.jpg|thumb|left|60-70 year old Pin Oak displaying fall coloration]]
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The upper branches point upwards, the middle branches are perpendicular to trunk, and the lower branches angle down.
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It is a medium-sized [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to 25-30 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter. The crown is broad conic when young, with numerous small branches radiating out from a central leader. When older, some upper branches become quite large and the central leader is lost, while the lower branches gradually droop downwards.
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The [[leaf|leaves]] are 5-16 cm long and 5-12 cm broad, lobed, with five or seven lobes, and deep sinuses between the lobes. Each lobe has 5-7 bristle-tipped teeth. The leaf is mostly hairless, except for a very characteristic tuft of pale orange-brown down on the lower surface where each lobe vein joins the central vein. The [[acorn]]s, borne in a shallow cup, are hemispherical, 10-16 mm long and 9-15 mm broad, green maturing pale brown about 18 months after [[pollination]]; the kernel is very bitter.
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Pin oak is monoecious; flowers appear at about the time the leaves develop in the spring. Staminate flowers are borne on aments that develop from buds formed in the leaf axils of the previous year, and pistillate flowers are borne on short stalks from the axils of current-year leaves. Pollination is by wind. Fruit is an acorn (nut) that matures at the end of the second growing season after flowering. Acorns are dispersed from September to early December.
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It is not a long-lived tree, usually living only 90 to 120 years. It is naturally a [[wetland]] tree, and develops a shallow, fibrous [[root]] system, unlike many [[oak]]s, which have a strong, deep taproot when young. It is confined to [[acid]]ic soils, and does not tolerate [[limestone]], and grows at low altitudes from sea level up to 350 m. The specific name ''palustris'' means "of [[swamp]]s".
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{{Inc|
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Quercus palustris, Linn. Pin Oak. Tree, to 80, occasionally 120 ft., with rather short spreading branches, forming a symmetrical pyramidal head, becoming irregular and oblong in older trees: lvs. deeply pinnatifid, sometimes almost to the midrib; lobes 5-7, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, toothed, separated by wide sinuses, bright green above, light green oblong -lanceolate toothed separated by wide sinuses bright green above light green beneath, with axillary tufts of hairs, 3-5 in. long: fr. short-stalked; acorn subglobose or ovoid, 1/3—1/2in. long, embraced about one-third or more by the cup. Mass., to Del., west to Wis.and Ark.—Handsome trees, especially when young; often used for avenues; grows rapidly and prefers somewhat moist soil; foliage bright red in autumn. The tree is fibrous-rooted and transplants well. Hybrids of this with the preceding species and with Q. Phellos have been observed in cult.
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}}
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A feature of Pin oak (shared by a few other oak species, and also some [[beech]]es and [[hornbeam]]s) is the retention of leaves through the winter on juvenile tissue. Young trees under 6 m (20 feet) will often be covered with leaves year-round, though the leaves die in the fall, remaining attached to the shoots until the new leaves appear in the spring. As with many other [[oak]] species, dead Pin oak branches will stay on the tree for many years.
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==Cultivation==
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Pin oak grows primarily on level or nearly level, poorly drained alluvial floodplain and river bottom soils with high clay content. Pin oak is usually found on sites that flood intermittently during the dormant season but do not ordinarily flood during the growing season. It does not grow on the lowest, most poorly drained sites that may be covered with standing water through much of the growing season. However, it does grow extensively on poorly drained upland "pin oak flats" on the glacial till plains of southwestern Ohio, southern Illinois and Indiana, and northern Missouri. The level topography and presence of a claypan in the soil of these areas cause these sites to be excessively wet in winter and spring.
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===Uses===
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Pin oak is classed as intolerant of shade.
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The bark was used by some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes to make a drink for treatment of intestinal pain.
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Pin oak is one of the most popular [[ornamental tree]]s in the United States. The fibrous root system makes it easy to transplant, and thereby cheap to propagate, compared to most other oaks. However, because the tree is adapted for wet, acid soils, it may suffer a condition called ''iron chlorosis'', in which the foliage yellows, when planted in drier, alkaline, and [[iron]]-poor soils. The drooping lower branches can also be a problem, interfering with access for traffic and pedestrians.
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===Propagation===
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The [[wood]] is generally marketed as [[red oak]], but is of significantly inferior quality, being somewhat weaker, often with many small knots.
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===Pests and diseases===
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The name "pin oak" is possibly due to the many small, slender twigs, but may also be from the historical use of the hard wood for pins in wooden building construction (Harlow 1942).
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==Species==
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<!--  This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
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==References and external links==
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==Gallery==
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{{commons|Quercus palustris}}
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=210001860 Flora of North America: ''Quercus palustris'']
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*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/qupa2.htm ''Quercus palustris'' images at bioimages.
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vanderbilt.edu]
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*Harlow, W. M. (1942). ''Trees of the Eastern and Central United States and Canada''.
      
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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Image:Bark pin oak 8752.jpg|Detail of mature bark
 
Image:Bark pin oak 8752.jpg|Detail of mature bark
 
Image:Quepal07.jpg|Section through trunk, showing knots
 
Image:Quepal07.jpg|Section through trunk, showing knots
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Image:Pin oak leaves.jpg|Pin oak leaves
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Image:Pin oak range.jpg|Natural range of the pin oak
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Image:Pin oak tree 2.jpg|Pin oak with drooping lower branches, parallel middle brances, and ascending upper branches
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Image:Pin-oak tree 1.jpg
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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[[Category:Fagaceae|Oak, Pin]]
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==References==
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[[Category:Trees of Eastern United States|Oak, Pin]]
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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==External links==
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*{{wplink}}
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{{stub}}
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