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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Chaenomeles''
| image = Quince8317.JPG
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Chaenomeles'' in flower, probably a cultivar of ''C. × superba''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Maloideae]]
| genus = '''''Chaenomeles'''''
| genus_authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Chaenomeles cathayensis]]''<br/>
''[[Chaenomeles japonica]]''<br/>
''[[Chaenomeles speciosa]]''
}}
'''''Chaenomeles''''' is a [[genus]] of three species of [[deciduous]] spiny [[shrub]]s, usually 1–3 m tall, in the family [[Rosaceae]]. They are native to eastern [[Asia]] in [[Japan]], [[China]] and [[Korea]]. These plants are related to the [[Quince]] (''Cydonia oblonga'') and the [[Chinese Quince]] (''Pseudocydonia sinensis''), differing in the serrated [[Leaf|leaves]], and in the [[flower]]s having deciduous [[sepal]]s and styles that are connate at the base.
The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, and have a serrated margin. The flowers are 3–4.5 cm diameter, with five [[petal]]s, and are usually bright orange-red, but can be white or pink; flowering is in late winter or early spring. The [[fruit]] is a [[pome]] with five carpels; it ripens in late autumn.
''Chaenomeles'' is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Brown-tail]] and the leaf-miner ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix pomifoliella]]''.
==Common names==
Gardeners in the [[Western world|West]] often refer to these species as "flowering quince" (although all quince have flowers). In the 19th and 20th centuries the name "japonica" was widely used (although, since ''japonica'' is a [[Binary name|specific epithet]] which is shared by many other plants, this common name is particularly unhelpful). Originally used to refer to ''C. japonica'', the latter common name was (and still is) often loosely applied to ''Chaenomeles'', regardless of their species. The most commonly cultivated chaenomeles referred to as "japonica" are actually the hybrid ''C. × superba'' and ''C. speciosa'', not ''C. japonica''.
==Species and hybrids==
''C. cathayensis'' is native to western China and has the largest fruit of the genus, [[pear]]-shaped, 10–15 cm long and 6–9 cm wide. The flowers are usually white or pink. The leaves are 7–14 cm long.
[[Image:Chaenomeles_japonica1.jpg|left|thumb|''Chaenomeles japonica'']]
''C. japonica'' (Maule's Quince or Japanese Quince) is native to Japan, and has small fruit, [[apple]]-shaped, 3–4 cm diameter. The flowers are usually red, but can be white or pink. The leaves are 3–5 cm long.
''C. speciosa'' (Chinese Flowering Quince; [[Synonymy|syn.]]: ''Chaenomeles laganaria'', ''Cydonia lagenaria'', ''Cydonia speciosa'', ''Pyrus japonica'') is native to China and Korea, and has apple-shaped fruit 5–6 cm diameter. The flowers are red. The leaves are 4–7 cm long.
Four named [[hybrid]]s have been bred in gardens. The commonest is ''C. × superba'' (hybrid ''C. speciosa'' × ''C. japonica''), while ''C. × vilmoriniana'' is a hybrid ''C. speciosa'' × ''C. cathayensis'', and ''C. × clarkiana'' is a hybrid ''C. japonica'' × ''C. cathayensis''. The hybrid ''C. × californica'' is a tri-species hybrid (''C. × superba'' × ''C. cathayensis''). Numerous named [[cultivar]]s of all of these hybrids are available in the [[horticulture|horticultural]] trade.
===Uses===
[[Image:ChaenomelesFruit02floweringquince02.jpg|left|thumb|''Chaenomeles'' sp. bisected fruit, probably ''C. speciosa'' or cultivar]]
The species have become a popular [[ornamental plant|ornamental shrubs]] in parts of [[Europe]] and [[North America]], grown in [[garden]]s for their bright flowers. Some [[cultivar]]s grow up to 2 m tall, but others are much smaller and creeping.
They are also suitable for cultivation as a [[bonsai]].
The fruit are very hard and astringent and very unpleasant to eat raw, though they do soften and become less astringent after [[frost]] (when they are said to be "[[Bletting|bletted]]"). They are, however, suitable for making [[liqueur]]s, as well as [[marmalade]] and preserves, as they contain more [[pectin]] than [[apple]]s and true [[quince]]s. The fruit also contain more [[vitamin C]] than [[lemon]]s (up to 150 mg/100 g).
==References and external links==
*[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Chaenomeles+speciosa ''Chaenomeles speciosa'']
*[http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/japonica.htm University of Arkansas: Flowering Quince or Japonica]
[[Category:Maloideae]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Chaenomeles''
| image = Quince8317.JPG
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Chaenomeles'' in flower, probably a cultivar of ''C. × superba''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Maloideae]]
| genus = '''''Chaenomeles'''''
| genus_authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Chaenomeles cathayensis]]''<br/>
''[[Chaenomeles japonica]]''<br/>
''[[Chaenomeles speciosa]]''
}}
'''''Chaenomeles''''' is a [[genus]] of three species of [[deciduous]] spiny [[shrub]]s, usually 1–3 m tall, in the family [[Rosaceae]]. They are native to eastern [[Asia]] in [[Japan]], [[China]] and [[Korea]]. These plants are related to the [[Quince]] (''Cydonia oblonga'') and the [[Chinese Quince]] (''Pseudocydonia sinensis''), differing in the serrated [[Leaf|leaves]], and in the [[flower]]s having deciduous [[sepal]]s and styles that are connate at the base.
The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, and have a serrated margin. The flowers are 3–4.5 cm diameter, with five [[petal]]s, and are usually bright orange-red, but can be white or pink; flowering is in late winter or early spring. The [[fruit]] is a [[pome]] with five carpels; it ripens in late autumn.
''Chaenomeles'' is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Brown-tail]] and the leaf-miner ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix pomifoliella]]''.
==Common names==
Gardeners in the [[Western world|West]] often refer to these species as "flowering quince" (although all quince have flowers). In the 19th and 20th centuries the name "japonica" was widely used (although, since ''japonica'' is a [[Binary name|specific epithet]] which is shared by many other plants, this common name is particularly unhelpful). Originally used to refer to ''C. japonica'', the latter common name was (and still is) often loosely applied to ''Chaenomeles'', regardless of their species. The most commonly cultivated chaenomeles referred to as "japonica" are actually the hybrid ''C. × superba'' and ''C. speciosa'', not ''C. japonica''.
==Species and hybrids==
''C. cathayensis'' is native to western China and has the largest fruit of the genus, [[pear]]-shaped, 10–15 cm long and 6–9 cm wide. The flowers are usually white or pink. The leaves are 7–14 cm long.
[[Image:Chaenomeles_japonica1.jpg|left|thumb|''Chaenomeles japonica'']]
''C. japonica'' (Maule's Quince or Japanese Quince) is native to Japan, and has small fruit, [[apple]]-shaped, 3–4 cm diameter. The flowers are usually red, but can be white or pink. The leaves are 3–5 cm long.
''C. speciosa'' (Chinese Flowering Quince; [[Synonymy|syn.]]: ''Chaenomeles laganaria'', ''Cydonia lagenaria'', ''Cydonia speciosa'', ''Pyrus japonica'') is native to China and Korea, and has apple-shaped fruit 5–6 cm diameter. The flowers are red. The leaves are 4–7 cm long.
Four named [[hybrid]]s have been bred in gardens. The commonest is ''C. × superba'' (hybrid ''C. speciosa'' × ''C. japonica''), while ''C. × vilmoriniana'' is a hybrid ''C. speciosa'' × ''C. cathayensis'', and ''C. × clarkiana'' is a hybrid ''C. japonica'' × ''C. cathayensis''. The hybrid ''C. × californica'' is a tri-species hybrid (''C. × superba'' × ''C. cathayensis''). Numerous named [[cultivar]]s of all of these hybrids are available in the [[horticulture|horticultural]] trade.
===Uses===
[[Image:ChaenomelesFruit02floweringquince02.jpg|left|thumb|''Chaenomeles'' sp. bisected fruit, probably ''C. speciosa'' or cultivar]]
The species have become a popular [[ornamental plant|ornamental shrubs]] in parts of [[Europe]] and [[North America]], grown in [[garden]]s for their bright flowers. Some [[cultivar]]s grow up to 2 m tall, but others are much smaller and creeping.
They are also suitable for cultivation as a [[bonsai]].
The fruit are very hard and astringent and very unpleasant to eat raw, though they do soften and become less astringent after [[frost]] (when they are said to be "[[Bletting|bletted]]"). They are, however, suitable for making [[liqueur]]s, as well as [[marmalade]] and preserves, as they contain more [[pectin]] than [[apple]]s and true [[quince]]s. The fruit also contain more [[vitamin C]] than [[lemon]]s (up to 150 mg/100 g).
==References and external links==
*[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Chaenomeles+speciosa ''Chaenomeles speciosa'']
*[http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/japonica.htm University of Arkansas: Flowering Quince or Japonica]
[[Category:Maloideae]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
