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| | {{SPlantbox | | {{SPlantbox |
| | + | |familia=Asteraceae |
| | |genus=Artemisia | | |genus=Artemisia |
| | + | |taxo_author=L. |
| | |Temp Metric=°F | | |Temp Metric=°F |
| | |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks! | | |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks! |
| − | |image=Upload.png | + | |image=Wormwood shoots.jpg |
| | |image_width=240 | | |image_width=240 |
| | + | |image_caption=Artemisia absinthum |
| | }} | | }} |
| | + | '''''Artemisia''''' is a large, diverse [[genus]] of plants with between 200-400 species belonging to the daisy family [[Asteraceae]]. It comprises hardy [[herb]]s and [[shrub]]s known for their volatile [[oil]]s. They grow in temperate climates of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and [[Southern Hemisphere]], usually in dry or semi-dry habitats. The fern-like [[Leaf|leaves]] of many species are covered with white hairs. Some botanists split the genus into several genera, but DNA analysis (Watson ''et al''. 2002) does not support the maintenance of the genera ''Crossostephium'', ''Filifolium'', ''Neopallasia'', ''Seriphidium'', and ''Sphaeromeria''; three other [[segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] genera ''[[Stilnolepis]]'', ''[[Elachanthemum]]'', and ''[[Kaschgaria]]'' are maintained by this evidence. |
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| | + | Common names used for several species include [[wormwood]], [[mugwort]], [[sagebrush]] and [[sagewort]], while a few species have unique names, notably [[Tarragon]] ''A. dracunculus'' and [[Southernwood]] ''A. abrotanum''. Occasionally some of the species are called sages, causing confusion with the ''Salvia'' [[Salvia|sage]]s in the family [[Lamiaceae]]. |
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| | {{Inc| | | {{Inc| |
| | Artemisia (Artemisia, wife of Mausolus). Compositae. Wormwood. A large genus of aromatic and bitter herbs and small shrubs, mostly in the northern hemisphere, and most abundant in arid regions. | | Artemisia (Artemisia, wife of Mausolus). Compositae. Wormwood. A large genus of aromatic and bitter herbs and small shrubs, mostly in the northern hemisphere, and most abundant in arid regions. |
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| | In the West, many of the species, particularly A. tridentata, are known as sage brush. Grown for their medicinal properties or for foliage effects. The drug product of the artemisias is large. A. Absinthium is the chief source of absinthe; A. Barrelieri, Bess., of Spain, is said to be used in the preparation of Algerian absinthe; A. Cina, Berger, of the Orient, is the source of santonica. The garden kinds are perennials and thrive in the most ordinary conditions, even in poor and dry soil. Propagation is mostly by division. | | In the West, many of the species, particularly A. tridentata, are known as sage brush. Grown for their medicinal properties or for foliage effects. The drug product of the artemisias is large. A. Absinthium is the chief source of absinthe; A. Barrelieri, Bess., of Spain, is said to be used in the preparation of Algerian absinthe; A. Cina, Berger, of the Orient, is the source of santonica. The garden kinds are perennials and thrive in the most ordinary conditions, even in poor and dry soil. Propagation is mostly by division. |
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| | + | ==Cultivation== |
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| | + | ===Propagation=== |
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| | + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
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| − | {{Taxobox
| + | ==Species== |
| − | | color = lightgreen
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| − | | name = ''Artemisia''
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| − | | image = Estragon2_1511.jpg
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| − | | image_width = 240px
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| − | | image_caption = ''[[Artemisia dracunculus]]''
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| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| − | | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| − | | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| − | | ordo = [[Asterales]]
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| − | | familia = [[Asteraceae]]
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| − | | genus = '''''Artemisia'''''
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| − | | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]], [[1753]]
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| − | | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
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| − | | subdivision = See text
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| − | }}
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| | [[Image:Artemisia abrotanum0.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Artemisia abrotanum]]'' (Southernwood)]] | | [[Image:Artemisia abrotanum0.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Artemisia abrotanum]]'' (Southernwood)]] |
| | [[Image:Wormwood.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Artemisia absinthium]]'' (Absinth Wormwood)]] | | [[Image:Wormwood.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Artemisia absinthium]]'' (Absinth Wormwood)]] |
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| | [[Image:wormwood.png|thumb|right|''[[Artemisia absinthium]]'' (Absinth Wormwood)]] | | [[Image:wormwood.png|thumb|right|''[[Artemisia absinthium]]'' (Absinth Wormwood)]] |
| | [[Image:Koeh-165.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Artemisia cina]]'' (Levant Wormseed)]] | | [[Image:Koeh-165.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Artemisia cina]]'' (Levant Wormseed)]] |
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| − | '''''Artemisia''''' is a large, diverse [[genus]] of plants with between 200-400 species belonging to the daisy family [[Asteraceae]]. It comprises hardy [[herb]]s and [[shrub]]s known for their volatile [[oil]]s. They grow in temperate climates of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and [[Southern Hemisphere]], usually in dry or semi-dry habitats. The fern-like [[Leaf|leaves]] of many species are covered with white hairs. Some botanists split the genus into several genera, but DNA analysis (Watson ''et al''. 2002) does not support the maintenance of the genera ''Crossostephium'', ''Filifolium'', ''Neopallasia'', ''Seriphidium'', and ''Sphaeromeria''; three other [[segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] genera ''[[Stilnolepis]]'', ''[[Elachanthemum]]'', and ''[[Kaschgaria]]'' are maintained by this evidence.
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| − | Common names used for several species include [[wormwood]], [[mugwort]], [[sagebrush]] and [[sagewort]], while a few species have unique names, notably [[Tarragon]] ''A. dracunculus'' and [[Southernwood]] ''A. abrotanum''. Occasionally some of the species are called sages, causing confusion with the ''Salvia'' [[Salvia|sage]]s in the family [[Lamiaceae]].
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| − | ''Artemisia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of a number of [[Lepidoptera]] species. See [[List of Lepidoptera that feed on Artemisia]].
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| − | ==Selected species==
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| | * ''[[Artemisia abrotanum]]'' L. – Southernwood, Southern Wormwood, Abrotanum, Lemon Plant | | * ''[[Artemisia abrotanum]]'' L. – Southernwood, Southern Wormwood, Abrotanum, Lemon Plant |
| | * ''[[Artemisia absinthium]]'' L. – Wormwood, Grand Wormwood, Absinth Wormwood, Absinthium | | * ''[[Artemisia absinthium]]'' L. – Wormwood, Grand Wormwood, Absinth Wormwood, Absinthium |
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| | * ''[[Artemisia vulgaris]]'' L. – Mugwort | | * ''[[Artemisia vulgaris]]'' L. – Mugwort |
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| | + | ==Gallery== |
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| − | == Cultivation and uses == | + | <gallery perrow=5> |
| − | The aromatic leaves of many species of ''Artemisia'' are medicinal, and some are used for flavouring. Most species have an extremely bitter taste. ''A. dracunculus'' ([[Tarragon]]) is widely used as a herb, particularly important in [[French cuisine]].
| + | Image:Upload.png| photo 1 |
| − | | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 |
| − | ''[[Artemisia absinthium]]'' (Absinth Wormwood) was used to repel [[flea]]s and [[moth]]s, and in [[brewing]] (wormwood beer, wormwood wine). The aperitif ''[[vermouth]]'' (derived from the [[German language|German]] word ''Wermut'', "wormwood") is a wine flavored with aromatic herbs, but originally with wormwood. The highly poten
| + | Image:Upload.png| photo 3 |
| − | t spirit [[absinthe]], also contains wormwood. Wormwood has been used medicinally as a [[tonic]], [[stomachic]], [[antipyretic|febrifuge]] and [[anthelmintic]].
| + | </gallery> |
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| − | ''Artemisia arborescens'' (Tree Wormwood, or ''Sheeba'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]) is a very bitter herb indigenous to the [[Middle East]] that is used in tea, usually with [[mint]]. It may have some hallucinogenic properties.
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| − | Within such religious practicies as [[Wicca]], both [[Artemisia absinthium|Wormwood]] and [[Artemisia vulgaris|Mugwort]] are believed to have multiple effects on the psychic abilities of the practitioner. Because of the power believed to be inherent in certain herbs of the genus ''Artemisia'', many believers cultivate the plants in a "moon garden".
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| − | The beliefs surrounding this genus are founded upon the strong association between the herbs of the genus ''Artemisia'' and the moon goddess [[Artemis]], who is believed to hold these powers. She is known also by [[Diana]], [[Selene]], and [[Pheobe]]. In [[Hellenistic culture]], [[Artemis]] was a goddess of the hunt, and protector of the forest and children.
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| − | A few species are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, the fine-textured ones used for clipped bordering. All grow best in free-draining sandy soil, unfertilized, and in full sun.
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| − | == Associations in human culture ==
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| − | The bitterness of the plant led to its use by [[wet-nurse]]s for [[weaning]] infants from the breast, as in this speech by [[Shakespeare]] from ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' Act I, Scene 3:
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| − | :Nurse: ...
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| − | ::And she [Juliet] was wean'd, – I never shall forget it, –
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| − | ::Of all the days of the year, upon that day:
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| − | ::For I had then laid wormwood to my dug,
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| − | ::...
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| − | Shakespeare also refers to wormwood in [[Hamlet]].
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| − | "As bitter as wormwood" is also a common expression.
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| − | Wormwood (''Apsinthos'' in the Greek text) is the "name of the star" in the [[Book of Revelation]] (8:11) (''kai to onoma tou asteros legetai ho Apsinthos'') that [[John the Evangelist]] envisions as cast by the angel and falling into the waters, making them undrinkably bitter. Outside the Book of Revelation, there are up to eight further references in the [[Bible]] showing that wormwood was a common herb of the area and its awful taste was known, as a drinkable preparation applied for specific reasons.
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| − | The word [[Chernobyl]] properly refers to ''Artemisia vulgaris'' (Mugwort). Some authors claim the Chernobyl Disaster relates to the above sense of "Apsinthos", which is probably ''A. absinthum'' (Absinth Wormwood; see [[Chernobyl#Name origin|Chernobyl: Name origin]]).
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| − | ''Wormwood'' is a junior devil in ''[[The Screwtape Letters]]'', a novel by [[C. S. Lewis]] on human temptation. ''Miss Wormwood'' is the name of Calvin's teacher in ''[[Calvin and Hobbes]]'', a former daily comic strip by [[Bill Watterson]]. This character is [[fictional crossover|named after]] the ''Screwtape Letters'' character.
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| − | In Russian culture, the fact that Artemisia species are commonly used in medicine, and their bitter taste is associated with medicinal effects, has caused wormwood to be seen as a symbol for a "bitter truth" that must be accepted by a deluded (often self-deluded) person. This symbol has acquired a particular poignancy in modern Russian poetry, which often deals with the loss of illusory beliefs in various ideologies.
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| − | Artemisinin (from Chinese wormwood) is the active ingredient in the anti-malarial combination therapy 'Coartem', produced by Novartis and the WHO.
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| − | ==References and external links== | + | ==References== |
| | + | <references/> |
| | + | *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
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| − | *{{cite journal | quotes=no|author=Watson, L. E. et al.|year=2002|title= Molecular phylogeny of subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae), including Artemisia and its allied and segregate genera|journal= BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology|volume= 2|issue= 17}} Available [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/2/17 online].
| + | ==External links== |
| − | *[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?997 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Artemisia'']
| + | *{{wplink}} |
| − | *[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Artemisia&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=species Flora E
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| − | uropaea: ''Artemisia'']
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| − | *Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=3&start_taxon_id=102682 ''Artemisia'' species list] and [http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=3&start_taxon_id=130166 ''Seriphidium'' species list]
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| − | *Flora of Pakistan: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=102682 ''Artemisia''] and [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=130166 ''Seriphidium'' species list]
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| − | *Pagan Path: [http://www.paganpath.com/artmoongarden.html]
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| − | [[Category:Artemisia| ]]
| + | {{stub}} |
| − | [[Category:Abortifacients]]
| + | __NOTOC__ |
| − | [[Category:Absinthe]]
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