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{{SPlantbox
{{SPlantbox
|familia=Orchidaceae
|genus=Bulbophyllum
|genus=Bulbophyllum
|taxo_author=houars
|habit=orchid
|Temp Metric=°F
|Temp Metric=°F
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|image_caption=Bulbophyllum echinolabium
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'''''Bulbophyllum''''' is the largest genus in the orchid family [[Orchidaceae]]. With 1803 species, it is also one of the largest [[genus|genera]] in the entire [[plant]] kingdom, exceeded only by ''[[Senecio]]'' and ''[[Euphorbia]]''. This genus is abbreviated in the trade journals as '''''Bulb'''''.
This genus was first described by [[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars]] (botanical abbreviation '''Thouars''') in his book "Histoire particulière des plantes orchidées recueillies sur les trois Iles Australes d’Afrique, de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar", describing 17 Bulbophyllum species. There are now more than 2,800 records (accepted names and synonyms) for this genus. This large number and the great variety of its forms make this genus a real nightmare for a taxonomist: 120 sections and subgenera have been listed. Some of these may deserve a generic status. Several species have as many as ten synonyms. Up to now a general review of this genus is lacking. But as [[Carlyle A. Luer]] of [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] disentangled the similar chaos in the [[Pleurothallidinae]], so we may expect that a [[phylogenetic]] study of this genus will gain us a better insight in this large genus.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}
The scientific name has been derived from the Latin word ''bulbus'' (bulb-like) and the Greek word ''phyllon'' (leaf), referring to the [[pseudobulb]]s on top of which the leaf is growing.
Two small Australian species, the previous B. globuliforme and B. minutissimum, were placed in 1961, in a new genus, [[Oncophyllum]], of which they are the only members, and are now named [[Oncophyllum globuliforme]] and [[Oncophyllum minutissimum]].<ref>D.L.Jones et M.A.Clements, ''Orchadian'' 13(9): 421 (2001).</ref>
The center of diversity of this genus is in the montage forests of [[Papua New Guinea]] (more than 600 species) which seems to be the [[evolution]]ary{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} homeland, though the genus is pantropical and widespread occurring in [[Australia]], [[Southeast Asia]] with over 200 species in [[Borneo]]), [[Africa]] [[Madagascar]] (with 135 species, some endemic) and in tropical central and [[South America]].
The general characteristics for this genus are : single-noded pseudobulbs, the basal inflorescence and the mobile lip.
This genus covers an incredible range of vegetative forms, from tall plants with cane-like stems, to root climbers that wind or creep their way up tree trunks. Other members are pendulous [[epiphyte]]s (growing on other plants), and quite a number that have developed succulent foliage to a greater or lesser degree. Some species are [[lithophyte|lithophytic]]. One species has almost become leafless and uses its [[pseudobulb]]s as the organs of [[photosynthesis]].
These orchids with a [[sympodial]] growth have [[rhizome|rhizomatous]] stems with often angled [[pseudobulb]]s. The thin to leathery leaves are folded lengthwise.
Many ''Bulbophyllum'' species have the typical odor of [[Decomposition|rotting]] [[Carrion|carcasses]], and the [[Fly|flies]] they attract assist in their reproduction through [[pollination]].
The erect to pendent [[inflorescence]] arises laterally from the base of the pseudobulb. The flower form has a basic structural blueprint that serves to identify this genus. But this form can be very diverse : compound or single, with few to many flowers, with the [[resupination|resupinate]] flowers arranged spirally or in two vertical ranks. The [[sepal]]s and the [[petal]]s can also be very varied : straight or turned down, without footstalk or with a long claw at the base. They are often hairy of callous. There are two to four hard and waxy [[pollinia]] with [[stipe (botany)|stipes]] present or absent. The fruits are beakless capsules.
{{Inc|
{{Inc|
Bulbophyllum (Greek, bulb-leaf). Orchidaceae. Epiphytic plants, creeping upon rocks or trees; cult, in the warmhouse.
Bulbophyllum (Greek, bulb-leaf). Orchidaceae. Epiphytic plants, creeping upon rocks or trees; cult, in the warmhouse.
Pseudobulbs 1-2-lvd in the axils of the sheaths, and with the infl. arising from the base of the pseudobulb: fls. small and numerous in a raceme, or larger and few or solitary; dorsal sepal erect or spreading, free, equaling or shorter than the lateral, which are obliquely broadened at the base and adnate to the foot of the column; petals shorter than or nearly equaling the sepals; lip articulated to the foot of the column, incumbent upon the column; pollinia 4.—A genus of about 125 species, mostly natives of Trop. Asia and Afr.— Bulbophyllum needs a moist atmosphere and should not become dry. Grown on pieces of wood or tree-fern stems.
Pseudobulbs 1-2-lvd in the axils of the sheaths, and with the infl. arising from the base of the pseudobulb: fls. small and numerous in a raceme, or larger and few or solitary; dorsal sepal erect or spreading, free, equaling or shorter than the lateral, which are obliquely broadened at the base and adnate to the foot of the column; petals shorter than or nearly equaling the sepals; lip articulated to the foot of the column, incumbent upon the column; pollinia 4.—A genus of about 125 species, mostly natives of Trop. Asia and Afr.— Bulbophyllum needs a moist atmosphere and should not become dry. Grown on pieces of wood or tree-fern stems.
B. aurmimum. Lindl. Burma. B.M. 7938.—B. barbigerum.Lindl. Lip long, narrow, with a tuft of long purple hairs at the apex. Trop. Afr. Gt. 46, p. 491. B.R, 1942. B.M. 5288. R.B. 30:253.—B. Binnendijkii, J._J. Smith. Java. B.M. 8187. G.C... III. 47:84.—B. birmtnte. Schlecht. Fls. orange-yellow, very small. Burma. 0.1910:107, desc.—B. Billneridnum, Schlecht. Fls. golden yellow: bracts leafy, greenish white, rose-dotted. Siam. 0.1910:108, desc.—B. calabaricum, Rolfe. Fls. small, light yellowish green, with a dull reddish purple lip. W. Trop. Afr.—B. campanulatum, Rolfe. Sumatra. B.M. 8281.—B. capilullflorum, Rolfe. Fls. very small; sepals and petals whitish green; lip deep purple. W. Trop. Àfr.—B.chrytocephalum. Sohlecht. Dwarf plant: fls. yellow. S. E. Asia.—B. comuium. C. and M. Burma. B.M. 7283.—B. crenutatum, Rolfe. Madagascar. B.M. 8000.—B. cylindraceum, Lindl. Himalayas. G.C.III. 49:3.—B. Dayanum. Reichb. Burma. F.S. 21:2238. G.C. 111.45:194.—B. dichramum, Rolfe. Annam. B.M. 8160.—B. Dixonii, Rolfe. Fls. small, greenish yellow with numerous dark brown spots: petals with bristle-like tails at the apex. Siam.—B. Ericasonii, Kranzl. Fls. umbellate, the sepals and petals green, spotted with purple-brown, the lip triangular, broadly cordate at base, acute, marked with red-brown. Malay Archipelago. B.M. 8088. G.C. III. 21:61:32:383. O.R. 15:233.—B. ezatatum, Lindl.. Sepals light green, dotted with brown; lip blackish purple, much fringed. Brazil, British Guiana.—B. fascinator, Rolfe. Annam. B.M. 8199.—B. futcopurpureum, Wight. Fls. dull reddish brown, about 1 in. across, S. India.—B. galbinum, Riddell. Malay Penin. B.M. 8216. G.C. III. 42:42.— Rolfe. Scape 1-2 ft. long, bearing a densely fld. spike; fls. scarcely long; sepals and petals straw-colored and purple. Trop. Afr. G.C. III. 36:266, desc.—B. glutinosum, Cogn. Vis. arranged in 2 rows in short spikes; sepals greenish, spotted inside with red; petals minute, white: lip red. Brazil. 0. 1910:108, desc.—B. inunctum,J. J. Smith. Fls. larger than in B. Lobbii; sepals densely dotted with purple; petals long and drooping. Borneo.—B. Kerrii, Rolfe. Lvs. oblong, deciduous: fls. dull yellow, pubescent. Siam.—B. Kindtianum. Wildem. Similar to B. barbigeram, but the hairs on the lip are not club-shaped. Congo Free State.— B. lemniscatca, Rolfe. Java(T). G.C. III. 45:68.—B.ItmnitcMum. Pax. Burma. F.S.23:2476. Gn.35,p.610.—B. llpidum, J. J. Smith -Curhopetalum.—B. ilacinum, Ridley. Fls. in dense racemes or epikea, lilac spotted with purple. Siam.—B. longitipalum, Rolfe. New Guinea. G.C. III. 42:211.—B. macrdnthum. Lindl. Burma and Malay Archipelago. B.M. 7208.—B. mandibula™, Reichb. f. Borneo. — B. Medusx, Reichb. f. Malay. — B. micropitalum Rodrig. A small plant with spikes of tiny transparent green fls. with prominent blackish purple stripes. Brazil.—B. minidlum, Rolfe. Resembles B. barbigerum but has a broader labellum with white feather-like processes Congo Free State.—fl. minim. J. J. Smith. Remarkable for its curious fls.; lateral sepals united; petals consisting of a email round disk with motor filaments. Malaya. — B. morpholofàrum, Hort. Fls. curious in having a small triangular plate between the dorsal and lateral sepals, Siam.—B. iliurixctiui, Rolfe. Sepals yellow dotted with blackbh purple; petals and lip blackish purple. Siam.—fl. nuditcapum, Rolfe. Allied to B. barbigerum. Congo.—B. orthogtottum, Kranz. Malaya. G.C. III. 43: 406.—B. Pahúdii. Reichb. f. Malaya. F.S. 22:2268.—B. papillatum, Finet. Raceme twice as long as Lvs.; rachis and bracts green; lip dark purple. French Congo.—B. Pechci, Bull. Burma. B.M. 7286.—B. olublfpharon, Schlecht. Fls. solitary, dark purple. New Guinea.—B. propfncuum, Hort. Fls. green with dense purple reticulation. Siam. — B. quadrlfArium, Rolfe. Fls. inconspicuous. Madagascar.—B. radialum. Lindl. Fls. yellowish white, with narrow lanceolate petals and sepals: Lf. linear. India.—B. trfmulum, Wight. E. Indies. G.C. III. 49:291. O.R. 9:361.—B. Indmtatum, Rolfe. Allied to B. mandibulare. British New Guinea.— Rolfe. Fla. arranged like the bracts in 3 rows, dull, lurid purple, with numerous darker spots on the sepals. Madagascar.— Thouara. Fls. umbellate; sepals and petals 4-5 in. long, palogreen, the veins and nervea brown; lip rather fleshy, about kin. long, cordate-ovate, pale green, purple at the base. Java. B.M. 8327. G.C. III. 40:260.—Reichb. f. Brazil. B.M. 7958. G.C. III. 36:382.
B. aurmimum. Lindl. Burma.—B. barbigerum.Lindl. Lip long, narrow, with a tuft of long purple hairs at the apex. Trop. Afr.—B. Binnendijkii, J._J. Smith. Java.—B. birmtnte. Schlecht. Fls. orange-yellow, very small. Burma.—B. Billneridnum, Schlecht. Fls. golden yellow: bracts leafy, greenish white, rose-dotted. Siam.—B. calabaricum, Rolfe. Fls. small, light yellowish green, with a dull reddish purple lip. W. Trop. Afr.—B. campanulatum, Rolfe. Sumatra.—B. capilullflorum, Rolfe. Fls. very small; sepals and petals whitish green; lip deep purple. W. Trop. Afr.—B.chrytocephalum. Sohlecht. Dwarf plant: fls. yellow. S. E. Asia.—B. comuium. C. and M. Burma.—B. crenutatum, Rolfe. Madagascar.—B. cylindraceum, Lindl. Himalayas.—B. Dayanum. Reichb. Burma.—B. dichramum, Rolfe. Annam.—B. Dixonii, Rolfe. Fls. small, greenish yellow with numerous dark brown spots: petals with bristle-like tails at the apex. Siam.—B. Ericasonii, Kranzl. Fls. umbellate, the sepals and petals green, spotted with purple-brown, the lip triangular, broadly cordate at base, acute, marked with red-brown. Malay Archipelago.—B. ezatatum, Lindl.. Sepals light green, dotted with brown; lip blackish purple, much fringed. Brazil, British Guiana.—B. fascinator, Rolfe. Annam. B.M. 8199.—B. futcopurpureum, Wight. Fls. dull reddish brown, about 1 in. across, S. India.—B. galbinum, Riddell. Malay Penin.— Rolfe. Scape 1-2 ft. long, bearing a densely fld. spike; fls. scarcely long; sepals and petals straw-colored and purple. Trop. Afr.—B. glutinosum, Cogn. Vis. arranged in 2 rows in short spikes; sepals greenish, spotted inside with red; petals minute, white: lip red. Brazil.—B. inunctum,J. J. Smith. Fls. larger than in B. Lobbii; sepals densely dotted with purple; petals long and drooping. Borneo.—B. Kerrii, Rolfe. Lvs. oblong, deciduous: fls. dull yellow, pubescent. Siam.—B. Kindtianum. Wildem. Similar to B. barbigeram, but the hairs on the lip are not club-shaped. Congo Free State.— B. lemniscatca, Rolfe. Java(T).—B.ItmnitcMum. Pax. Burma.—B. llpidum, J. J. Smith -Curhopetalum.—B. ilacinum, Ridley. Fls. in dense racemes or epikea, lilac spotted with purple. Siam.—B. longitipalum, Rolfe. New Guinea.—B. macrdnthum. Lindl. Burma and Malay Archipelago.—B. mandibula, Reichb. f. Borneo. — B. Medusx, Reichb. f. Malay. — B. micropitalum Rodrig. A small plant with spikes of tiny transparent green fls. with prominent blackish purple stripes. Brazil.—B. minidlum, Rolfe. Resembles B. barbigerum but has a broader labellum with white feather-like processes Congo Free State.—fl. minim. J. J. Smith. Remarkable for its curious fls.; lateral sepals united; petals consisting of a email round disk with motor filaments. Malaya. — B. morpholofarum, Hort. Fls. curious in having a small triangular plate between the dorsal and lateral sepals, Siam.—B. iliurixctiui, Rolfe. Sepals yellow dotted with blackbh purple; petals and lip blackish purple. Siam.—fl. nuditcapum, Rolfe. Allied to B. barbigerum. Congo.—B. orthogtottum, Kranz. Malaya.—B. Pahúdii. Reichb. f. Malaya.—B. papillatum, Finet. Raceme twice as long as Lvs.; rachis and bracts green; lip dark purple. French Congo.—B. Pechci, Bull. Burma. —B. olublfpharon, Schlecht. Fls. solitary, dark purple. New Guinea.—B. propfncuum, Hort. Fls. green with dense purple reticulation. Siam. — B. quadrlfArium, Rolfe. Fls. inconspicuous. Madagascar.—B. radialum. Lindl. Fls. yellowish white, with narrow lanceolate petals and sepals: Lf. linear. India.—B. trfmulum, Wight. E. Indies. —B. Indmtatum, Rolfe. Allied to B. mandibulare. British New Guinea.— Rolfe. Fla. arranged like the bracts in 3 rows, dull, lurid purple, with numerous darker spots on the sepals. Madagascar.— Thouara. Fls. umbellate; sepals and petals 4-5 in. long, palogreen, the veins and nervea brown; lip rather fleshy, about kin. long, cordate-ovate, pale green, purple at the base. Java.—Reichb. f. Brazil.
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==Cultivation==
===Propagation===
===Pests and diseases===
==Species==
[[List of Bulbophyllum species]]
[[List of Bulbophyllum species]]<br />
1805 species, including:<br />
1805 species, including:<br />
''Bulb. barbigerum'' ([[Bearded Bulbophylllum]])<br />
''Bulb. barbigerum'' ([[Bearded Bulbophylllum]])<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum medusae|Bulb. medusae]]''<br />
''[[Bulbophyllum medusae|Bulb. medusae]]''<br />
''Bulb. pachyrhachis'' ([[Rattail orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. pachyrhachis'' ([[Rattail orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. purpurea'' ([[Lizard orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. purpurea'' ([[Lizard Orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. retusiusculum'' ([[Yellow comb orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. retusiusculum'' ([[Yellow comb orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. transarisanense'' ([[Lily orchid]])<br />
''Bulb. transarisanense'' ([[Lily Orchid|Lily orchid]])<br />
Some species are known for their extremes of vegetive and floral form:
Some species are known for their extremes of vegetive and floral form:
*''[[Bulbophyllum barbigerum]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum barbigerum]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum falcatum]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum falcatum]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum macphersonii]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum macphersonii]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum medusae]]''
*''[[Bulbophyllum medusae]]''
There is one intergeneric hybrid : ''Triasphyllum'' (abbr.: Tphm.) (''Bulbophyllum'' x ''Trias'')
There is one intergeneric hybrid : ''Triasphyllum'' (abbr.: Tphm.) (''Bulbophyllum'' x ''Trias'')
A number of ''Bulbophyllum'' species are [[threatened species|threatened with extinction]], and are recognised as such by the [[World Conservation Union]] (IUCN):
*''[[Bulbophyllum bifarium]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum filiforme]]'', Critically endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum gravidum]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum jaapii]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum kupense]]'', Critically endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum modicum]]'', Endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum nigericum]]'', Vulnerable
*''[[Bulbophyllum pandanetorum]]'', Endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum rubrolabellum]]'', Endangered
*''[[Bulbophyllum tokioi]]'', Endangered
genus synonyms include:
*''Anisopetalum'' Hkr. 1825.
*''Anisopetalum'' Hkr. 1825.
*''Bolbophyllaria'' Rchb.f 1852.
*''Bolbophyllaria'' Rchb.f 1852.
*''Tribrachia'' Lindley 1824.
*''Tribrachia'' Lindley 1824.
*''Xiphizusa'' Rchb.f 1852.
*''Xiphizusa'' Rchb.f 1852.
*''Zygoglossum'' Reinw. 1826 [1828].
*''Zygoglossum'' Reinw. 1826 [1828].
==Conservation status==
==Gallery==
<gallery perrow=5>
Image:Bulbophyllum baileyi var alba.jpg|''Bulbophyllum baileyi var. alba''
Image:Bulbophyllum_falcatum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum falcatum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-falcatum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum falcatum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-lepidum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum lepidum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-lepidum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum lepidum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-putidum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum putidum''
Image:Bulbophyllum-putidum.jpg|''Bulbophyllum putidum''
==References==
==References==
*J.J. Vermeulen : Orchid Monographs Vol. 7 (1993) , ''A taxonomic revision of Bulbophyllum, sections Adelopetalum, Lepanthanthe, Macrouris, Pelma, Peltopus, and Uncifera (Orchidaceae''). iv + 324 pp., 25 text-figs. + 116 full-page line drawings, 6 pp. colour plates. ISBN 90-71236-17-X
<references/>
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
==External link==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Bulbophyllum}}
*{{wplink}}
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