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LICHENES (Lichens) ...onents independently in their respective groups. Except as soil-producers, lichens are of little economic importance: Cetraria islandica furnishes Iceland mos

...he group. Formerly the Thallophyta were divided into the Algae, Fungi, and Lichens; but this, though a good classification on physiological grounds, does not *CLASS XV. [[Lichenes|LICHENES]] (Lichens)

...fungi]] to form [[lichen]]s. In general the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in ...beit.pdf#search=%22%22stefan%20wic%22%22/ Green algae and cyanobacteria in lichens]

...howing a "natural resistance;" also the syntropism of certain lichens with lichens. (2) Antagonistic symbiosis (true parasitism), when the host is partly or c

...rworts all contribute many examples; and in the lower groups of plants the lichens are in some regions dominantly epiphytic. ...ern is also found on trees. Going northward, the total number of epiphytic lichens may decrease, but several of the larger forms seem to become more abundant

...t that grows on a leaf. It is a kind of epiphyte. The epiphylls are algae, lichens, liverworts, and mosses. The name is applied to those species or kinds that

...nown to contain yellow-green algae or, in one case, a [[brown alga]]. Some lichens contain both green algae and cyanobacteria as photobionts; in these cases, The body (thallus) of most lichens is quite different from that of either the fungus or alga growing separatel

...are also destitute of a green color. This is the explanation of the fungi, lichens, bacteria, and some flowering plants (e.g., dodder, Indian pipe, beech drop

...ssible to eradicate. In some lawns, [[lichens]], especially very damp lawn lichens such as [[Peltigera]] lactucfolia and P. membranacea, can become difficult

...be exposed, but rather such faces as are already covered with a growth of lichens for sunny places and with mosses for shady spots. To take full advantage of ...soon cover the rock surface or furnish so dense a shade that only mosses, lichens, and ferns will thrive.

...of Botany (Smith, 1975 p.4).<ref name="Smith 75">'''Smith, A.L.''' 1975. ''Lichens''. The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. England </ref> Ray "influenced both the ...four orders: [[Filices]], Musci ([[mosses]]), [[Algae]] - which included [[lichens]] and [[liverworts]] and [[fungi]]. (Smith, 1955 p.1)<ref name="Smith 55"/>

...However, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi, lichens, bacteria and [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] protists are usually covere *[[Lichens]], which are sensitive to atmospheric conditions, have been extensively use

...ossoming season are nearly covered with flowers, and thin films of mosses, lichens, and algae on the rock and earth surface. The subtropical plants of each of ...e crowning touch of loveliness by encouraging mosses on the shady side and lichens on the sunny. This type of garden is not common in America because it is ve