Difference between revisions of "Tulip"
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− | + | {{SPlantbox | |
− | | | + | |familia=Liliaceae |
− | | | + | |genus=Tulipa |
− | | | + | |common_name=Tulip |
− | | | + | |name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia |
− | | | + | |habit=bulbous |
− | | origin = S Europe & N Africa to NE China | + | |habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia |
− | + | |origin=S Europe & N Africa to NE China | |
− | | lifespan = perennial | + | |lifespan=perennial |
− | | exposure = | + | |exposure=sun |
− | | water = | + | |sun_ref=Sunset National Garden Book |
− | | features = flowers | + | |water=moderate, less when dormant |
− | | | + | |water_ref=Sunset National Garden Book |
− | | | + | |features=flowers |
− | | | + | |flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring |
− | | sunset_zones = 1-24, 28-45, needs | + | |flower_ref=Sunset National Garden Book |
− | + | |Temp Metric=°F | |
− | | image = Lily flowered tulip.jpg | + | |sunset_zones=1-24, 28-45, needs chill |
− | | image_width = | + | |image=Lily flowered tulip.jpg |
− | | image_caption = Lily flowered tulip | + | |image_width=240 |
− | + | |image_caption=Lily flowered tulip | |
− | |||
− | |||
}} | }} | ||
+ | A '''tulip''' is a bulbous [[plant]] in the [[genus]] '''''Tulipa''''', comprising 109 species<ref name="WCSP">{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/|title=WCSP |work= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|accessdate=2010}}</ref> with showy [[flower]]s, in the family [[Liliaceae]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133974 |title=Tulipa in Flora of North America @ |publisher=Efloras.org |date= |accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref> The species native range includes southern [[Europe]], North [[Africa]], and [[Asia]] from [[Anatolia]] and [[Iran]] in the west to northeast of [[China]]. The centre of diversity of the genus is in the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] and [[Hindu Kush]] mountains and the [[steppe]]s of [[Kazakhstan]]. A number of species and many [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] [[cultivar]]s are grown in gardens, used as pot plants or as fresh cut flowers. Most cultivars of tulip are derived from ''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]''. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The species are [[perennial plant|perennial]]s from [[bulb]]s, the tunicate bulbs often produced on the ends of [[stolon]]s and covered with hairless to variously hairy papery coverings. The species include short low-growing plants to tall upright plants, growing from 10 to 70 centimeters (4–27 [[inch|in]]) tall. They can even grow in the cold and snowy winter. Plants typically have 2 to 6 leaves, with some species having up to 12 leaves. The [[cauline]] foliage is strap-shaped, waxy-coated, usually light to medium green and alternately arranged. The blades are somewhat fleshy and linear to oblong in shape. The large [[flower]]s are produced on [[scape]]s or subscapose stems normally lacking [[bract]]s. The stems have no leaves to a few leaves, with large species having some leaves and smaller species have none. Typically species have one flower per stem but a few species have up to four flowers. The colourful and attractive cup shaped flowers typically have three [[petal]]s and three [[sepals]], which are most often termed [[tepal]]s because they are nearly identical. The six petaloid tepals are often marked near the bases with darker markings. The flowers have six basifixed, distinct [[stamen]]s with filaments shorter than the tepals and the stigmas are districtly 3-lobed. The ovaries are superior with three chambers. The 3 angled [[fruit]]s are leathery textured [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]]s, ellipsoid to subglobose in shape, containing numerous flat disc-shaped [[seed]]s in two rows per locule.<ref>Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2002. Flora of North America. north of Mexico Vol. 26, orchidales.'' New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195152085 26 Page 199</ref> The flat, light to dark brown seeds are arranged in two rows per chamber and have very thin seed coats and endosperm that does not normally fill the entire seed coat.<ref name="tulips: taxonomy,">{{Cite book | last1 = Botschantzeva | first1 = Z. P. | title = Tulips: taxonomy, morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=1S8aoPCftE0C&pg=PA120& | date = 1982 | publisher = CRC Press| location = | isbn = 9061910293 | page = 120 }}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
{{Inc| | {{Inc| | ||
[[File:Tulip 00126-27.jpg|thumb|]] | [[File:Tulip 00126-27.jpg|thumb|]] | ||
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==Cultivation== | ==Cultivation== | ||
− | + | Tulips are indigenous to [[mountainous]] areas with [[temperate climate]]s and need a period of cool dormancy. They do best in climates with long cool springs and early summers, but are often grown as spring blooming annual plantings in warmer areas of the world. The bulbs are typically planted in late summer and fall, normally from 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in.) deep, depending on the type planted, in well-drained soils. In parts of the world that do not have long cool springs and early summers, the bulbs are often planted up to 12 inches deep; this provides some protection from the heat of summer and tends to force the plants to regenerate one large bulb each year instead of many smaller non-blooming ones. This can extend the usefulness of the plants in warmer areas a few years but not stave off the degradation in bulb size and eventual death of the plants. | |
===Propagation=== | ===Propagation=== | ||
− | {{ | + | Tulips can be propagated through [[offsets]], [[seed]]s or [[micropropagation]].<ref>Nishiuchi, Y. 1986. ''MULTIPLICATION OF TULIP BULB BY TISSUE CULTURE IN VITRO.'' Acta Hort. (ISHS) 177:279-284 |
+ | http://www.actahort.org/books/177/177_40.htm</ref> Offsets and Tissue Culture methods are means of [[asexual reproduction|asexual]] propagation, they are used to produce [[gene]]tic [[cloning|clone]]s of the parent plant, which maintains cultivar integrity. Seed raised plants show greater variation, and seeds are most often used to propagate species and subspecies or are used for the creation of new hybrids. Many tulip species can cross pollinate with each other; when wild tulip populations overlap with other species or subspecies, they often hybridize and have populations of mixed plants. Most tulip cultivars are complex hybrids and sterile; those plants that do produce seeds most often have offspring dissimilar to the parents. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Tulip growers using offsets to produce salable plants need a year or more of growth before plants are large enough to flower; tulips grown from seeds often need five to eight years of growth before plants are flowering size. Commercial growers harvest the bulbs in late summer and grade them into sizes; bulbs large enough to flower are sorted and sold, while smaller bulbs are sorted into sizes and replanted. Holland is the main producer of commercially sold plants, producing as many as 3 billion bulbs annually. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/T/tulip_spp.cfm |title=Tulipa spp |publisher=Floridata |date= |accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref> | ||
===Pests and diseases=== | ===Pests and diseases=== | ||
− | + | ''Botrytis tulipae'' is a major fungal disease affecting tulips, causing cell death leading to rotten plants.<ref>A. Leon Reyes, T.P. Prins, J.-P. van Empel, J.M. van Tuyl ISHS Acta Horticulturae 673: IX International Symposium on Flower Bulbs. | |
+ | ''DIFFERENCES IN EPICUTICULAR WAX LAYER IN TULIP CAN INFLUENCE RESISTANCE TO BOTRYTIS TULIPAE''</ref> Other pathogens include Anthracnose, bacterial soft rot, blight caused by ''[[Sclerotium rolfsii]]'', bulb [[nematode]]s, other [[rot]]s including blue [[mold]]s, black molds and mushy rot.<ref>Westcott, Cynthia, and R. Kenneth Horst. 1979. ''Westcott's Plant disease handbook''. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0442235437 page 709.</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Historically variegated varieties admired during the Dutch [[tulipomania]] gained their delicately feathered patterns from an infection with [[Tulip Breaking potyvirus]], the mosaic virus that was carried by the green peach aphids, ''Myzus persicae''. Persicae were common in European gardens of the seventeenth century. While the virus produces fantastically colourful flowers, it also caused weakened plants that died slowly. Today the virus is almost eradicated from tulip growers' fields. Those Tulips affected by mosaic virus are called "Broken tulips"; they will occasionally revert to a plain or solid colouring, but still remain infected with the virus. | ||
− | == | + | ==Varieties== |
− | < | + | In horticulture, tulips are divided up into fifteen groups (Divisions) mostly based on flower morphology and plant size.<ref>Brickell, Christopher, and Judith D. Zuk. 1997. ''The American Horticultural Society A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants''. New York, N.Y.: DK Pub. ISBN 0789419432 page 1028.</ref> |
+ | <ref>[http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/TulipIntro.html The Plant Expert: Tulips]</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | * '''Div. 1: Single early''' - with cup-shaped single flowers, no larger than 8cm across (3 inches). They bloom early to mid season. Growing 15 to 45cm tall. | ||
+ | * '''Div. 2: Double early''' - with fully double flowers, bowl shaped to 8cm across. Plants typically grow from 30-40cm tall. | ||
+ | * '''Div. 3: Triumph''' - single, cup shaped flowers up to 6cm wide. Plants grow 35-60cm tall and bloom mid to late season. | ||
+ | * '''Div. 4: Darwin hybrid''' - single flowers are ovoid in shape and up to 8cm wide. Plants grow 50-70cm tall and bloom mid to late season. This group should not be confused with older Darwin tulips, which belong in the Single Late Group below. | ||
+ | * '''Div. 5: Single late''' - cup or goblet-shaded flowers up to 8cm wide, some plants produce multi-flowering stems. Plants grow 45-75cm tall and bloom late season. | ||
+ | * '''Div. 6: Lilly-flowered''' | ||
+ | * '''Div. 7: Fringed (Crispa)''' | ||
+ | * '''Div. 8: Viridiflora''' | ||
+ | * '''Div. 9: Rembrandt''' | ||
+ | * '''Div. 10: Parrot''' | ||
+ | * '''Div. 11: Double late''' | ||
+ | * '''Div. 12: Kaufmanniana''' | ||
+ | * '''Div. 13: Fosteriana (Emperor)''' | ||
+ | * '''Div. 14: Griegii''' | ||
+ | * '''Div. 15: Species (Botanical)''' | ||
+ | * '''Div. 16: Multiflowering''' - not an official division, these tulips belong in the first 15 divisions but are often listed separately because they have multiple blooms per bulb. | ||
+ | |||
+ | They may also be classified by their flowering season: | ||
+ | <ref>[http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1998/9-4-1998/tulipclasses.html Iowa State University: Tulip Classes]</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Early flowering: Single Early Tulips, Double Early Tulips, Greigii Tulips, Kaufmanniana Tulips, Fosteriana Tulips, [[Species Tulips]] | ||
+ | *Mid-season flowering: Darwin Hybrid Tulips, Triumph Tulips, Parrot Tulips | ||
+ | *Late season flowering: Single Late Tulips, Double Late Tulips, Viridiflora Tulips, Lily-flowering Tulips, Fringed Tulips, Rembrandt Tulips | ||
+ | |||
+ | Selected Species{{wp}}: | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | |- valign=top | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa acuminata]]'' (Horned Tulip) | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa agenensis]]'' (Eyed Tulip) | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa albertii]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa aleppensis]]'' (Aleppo Tulip) | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa armena]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa aucheriana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa batalinii]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa bakeri]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa biflora]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa borszczowii]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa butkovii]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa carinata]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa celsiana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa clusiana]]'' (Lady Tulip) | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa cretica]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa cypria]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa Darwin hybrid group]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa dasystemon]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa didieri]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa dubia]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa edulis]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa ferganica]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa fosteriana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa goulimyi]]'' | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa greigii]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa grengiolensis]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa heterophylla]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa hoogiana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa humilis]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa hungarica]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa iliensis]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa ingens]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa julia]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa kaufmanniana]]'' (Waterlily Tulip) | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa kolpakowskiana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa korolkowii]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa kurdica]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa kuschkensis]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa lanata]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa latifolia]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa lehmanniana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa linifolia]]'' (Bokhara Tulip) | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa marjolettii]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa mauritania]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa micheliana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa montana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa orphanidea]]'' (Orange Wild Tulip) | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa ostrowskiana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa platystigma]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa polychroma]]'' | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa praecox]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa praestans]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa primulina]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa pulchella]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa retroflexa]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa rhodopea]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa saxatilis]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa sharonensis]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa splendens]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa sprengeri]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa stapfii]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa subpraestans]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa sylvestris]]'' (Wild Tulip) | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa systola]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa taihangshanica]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa tarda]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa tetraphylla]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa tschimganica]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa tubergeniana]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa turkestanica]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa undulatifolia]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa urumiensis]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa urumoffii]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa violacea]]'' | ||
+ | *''[[Tulipa whittalli]]'' | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | *[[Tulipa Hybrid Cultivars]] | ||
==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
− | + | <gallery perrow=5> | |
− | + | File:Tulipfarm.jpg | |
− | |||
Image:Upload.png| photo 1 | Image:Upload.png| photo 1 | ||
Image:Upload.png| photo 2 | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 | ||
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{{stub}} | {{stub}} | ||
− | + | __NOTOC__ | |
− | |||
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Latest revision as of 20:22, 4 May 2010
Habit | bulbous
| |
---|---|---|
Lifespan: | ⌛ | perennial |
Origin: | ✈ | S Europe & N Africa to NE China |
Bloom: | ❀ | early spring, mid spring, late spring |
Exposure: | ☼ | sun |
---|---|---|
Water: | ◍ | moderate, less when dormant |
Features: | ✓ | flowers |
Sunset Zones: | 1-24, 28-45, needs chill |
Tulipa > |
A tulip is a bulbous plant in the genus Tulipa, comprising 109 species[1] with showy flowers, in the family Liliaceae.[2] The species native range includes southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia from Anatolia and Iran in the west to northeast of China. The centre of diversity of the genus is in the Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains and the steppes of Kazakhstan. A number of species and many hybrid cultivars are grown in gardens, used as pot plants or as fresh cut flowers. Most cultivars of tulip are derived from Tulipa gesneriana.
The species are perennials from bulbs, the tunicate bulbs often produced on the ends of stolons and covered with hairless to variously hairy papery coverings. The species include short low-growing plants to tall upright plants, growing from 10 to 70 centimeters (4–27 in) tall. They can even grow in the cold and snowy winter. Plants typically have 2 to 6 leaves, with some species having up to 12 leaves. The cauline foliage is strap-shaped, waxy-coated, usually light to medium green and alternately arranged. The blades are somewhat fleshy and linear to oblong in shape. The large flowers are produced on scapes or subscapose stems normally lacking bracts. The stems have no leaves to a few leaves, with large species having some leaves and smaller species have none. Typically species have one flower per stem but a few species have up to four flowers. The colourful and attractive cup shaped flowers typically have three petals and three sepals, which are most often termed tepals because they are nearly identical. The six petaloid tepals are often marked near the bases with darker markings. The flowers have six basifixed, distinct stamens with filaments shorter than the tepals and the stigmas are districtly 3-lobed. The ovaries are superior with three chambers. The 3 angled fruits are leathery textured capsules, ellipsoid to subglobose in shape, containing numerous flat disc-shaped seeds in two rows per locule.[3] The flat, light to dark brown seeds are arranged in two rows per chamber and have very thin seed coats and endosperm that does not normally fill the entire seed coat.[4]
ExpandRead about Tulip in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
|
---|
Cultivation
Tulips are indigenous to mountainous areas with temperate climates and need a period of cool dormancy. They do best in climates with long cool springs and early summers, but are often grown as spring blooming annual plantings in warmer areas of the world. The bulbs are typically planted in late summer and fall, normally from 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in.) deep, depending on the type planted, in well-drained soils. In parts of the world that do not have long cool springs and early summers, the bulbs are often planted up to 12 inches deep; this provides some protection from the heat of summer and tends to force the plants to regenerate one large bulb each year instead of many smaller non-blooming ones. This can extend the usefulness of the plants in warmer areas a few years but not stave off the degradation in bulb size and eventual death of the plants.
Propagation
Tulips can be propagated through offsets, seeds or micropropagation.[5] Offsets and Tissue Culture methods are means of asexual propagation, they are used to produce genetic clones of the parent plant, which maintains cultivar integrity. Seed raised plants show greater variation, and seeds are most often used to propagate species and subspecies or are used for the creation of new hybrids. Many tulip species can cross pollinate with each other; when wild tulip populations overlap with other species or subspecies, they often hybridize and have populations of mixed plants. Most tulip cultivars are complex hybrids and sterile; those plants that do produce seeds most often have offspring dissimilar to the parents.
Tulip growers using offsets to produce salable plants need a year or more of growth before plants are large enough to flower; tulips grown from seeds often need five to eight years of growth before plants are flowering size. Commercial growers harvest the bulbs in late summer and grade them into sizes; bulbs large enough to flower are sorted and sold, while smaller bulbs are sorted into sizes and replanted. Holland is the main producer of commercially sold plants, producing as many as 3 billion bulbs annually. [6]
Pests and diseases
Botrytis tulipae is a major fungal disease affecting tulips, causing cell death leading to rotten plants.[7] Other pathogens include Anthracnose, bacterial soft rot, blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, bulb nematodes, other rots including blue molds, black molds and mushy rot.[8]
Historically variegated varieties admired during the Dutch tulipomania gained their delicately feathered patterns from an infection with Tulip Breaking potyvirus, the mosaic virus that was carried by the green peach aphids, Myzus persicae. Persicae were common in European gardens of the seventeenth century. While the virus produces fantastically colourful flowers, it also caused weakened plants that died slowly. Today the virus is almost eradicated from tulip growers' fields. Those Tulips affected by mosaic virus are called "Broken tulips"; they will occasionally revert to a plain or solid colouring, but still remain infected with the virus.
Varieties
In horticulture, tulips are divided up into fifteen groups (Divisions) mostly based on flower morphology and plant size.[9] [10]
- Div. 1: Single early - with cup-shaped single flowers, no larger than 8cm across (3 inches). They bloom early to mid season. Growing 15 to 45cm tall.
- Div. 2: Double early - with fully double flowers, bowl shaped to 8cm across. Plants typically grow from 30-40cm tall.
- Div. 3: Triumph - single, cup shaped flowers up to 6cm wide. Plants grow 35-60cm tall and bloom mid to late season.
- Div. 4: Darwin hybrid - single flowers are ovoid in shape and up to 8cm wide. Plants grow 50-70cm tall and bloom mid to late season. This group should not be confused with older Darwin tulips, which belong in the Single Late Group below.
- Div. 5: Single late - cup or goblet-shaded flowers up to 8cm wide, some plants produce multi-flowering stems. Plants grow 45-75cm tall and bloom late season.
- Div. 6: Lilly-flowered
- Div. 7: Fringed (Crispa)
- Div. 8: Viridiflora
- Div. 9: Rembrandt
- Div. 10: Parrot
- Div. 11: Double late
- Div. 12: Kaufmanniana
- Div. 13: Fosteriana (Emperor)
- Div. 14: Griegii
- Div. 15: Species (Botanical)
- Div. 16: Multiflowering - not an official division, these tulips belong in the first 15 divisions but are often listed separately because they have multiple blooms per bulb.
They may also be classified by their flowering season: [11]
- Early flowering: Single Early Tulips, Double Early Tulips, Greigii Tulips, Kaufmanniana Tulips, Fosteriana Tulips, Species Tulips
- Mid-season flowering: Darwin Hybrid Tulips, Triumph Tulips, Parrot Tulips
- Late season flowering: Single Late Tulips, Double Late Tulips, Viridiflora Tulips, Lily-flowering Tulips, Fringed Tulips, Rembrandt Tulips
Selected Specieswp:
Gallery
References
- Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
External links
- w:Tulip. Some of the material on this page may be from Wikipedia, under the Creative Commons license.
- Tulip QR Code (Size 50, 100, 200, 500)
- ↑ "WCSP". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved on 2010.
- ↑ "Tulipa in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. Retrieved on 2009-12-07.
- ↑ Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2002. Flora of North America. north of Mexico Vol. 26, orchidales. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195152085 26 Page 199
- ↑ Botschantzeva, Z. P. (1982). Tulips: taxonomy, morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology. CRC Press. p. 120. ISBN 9061910293. http://books.google.com/books?id=1S8aoPCftE0C&pg=PA120&.
- ↑ Nishiuchi, Y. 1986. MULTIPLICATION OF TULIP BULB BY TISSUE CULTURE IN VITRO. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 177:279-284 http://www.actahort.org/books/177/177_40.htm
- ↑ "Tulipa spp". Floridata. Retrieved on 2009-12-07.
- ↑ A. Leon Reyes, T.P. Prins, J.-P. van Empel, J.M. van Tuyl ISHS Acta Horticulturae 673: IX International Symposium on Flower Bulbs. DIFFERENCES IN EPICUTICULAR WAX LAYER IN TULIP CAN INFLUENCE RESISTANCE TO BOTRYTIS TULIPAE
- ↑ Westcott, Cynthia, and R. Kenneth Horst. 1979. Westcott's Plant disease handbook. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0442235437 page 709.
- ↑ Brickell, Christopher, and Judith D. Zuk. 1997. The American Horticultural Society A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. New York, N.Y.: DK Pub. ISBN 0789419432 page 1028.
- ↑ The Plant Expert: Tulips
- ↑ Iowa State University: Tulip Classes