Difference between revisions of "Scaevola"

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'''''Scaevola''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the ''[[Goodenia]]'' [[family (biology)|family]], [[Goodeniaceae]]. It consists of more than 130 tropical species, with the center of diversity being [[Australia]] and [[Polynesia]], including [[Hawaii]].
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Common names for ''Scaevola'' species include '''scaevolas''', '''fan-flowers''', '''half-flowers''', and '''naupaka''', the plant's [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] name. The [[flower]]s are shaped as if they have been horizontally cut in half. Consequently, the generic name means "[[left-handed]]" in [[Latin]]. Many [[legend]]s have been told to explain the formation of the naupaka's unique half flowers. In one version a woman tears the flower in half after a quarrel with her lover. The Gods, angered, turn all naupaka flowers into half flowers and the two lovers remained separated while the man is destined to search in vain for another whole flower.<ref>Hammer, Roger. 1998. ''Postcards from Paradise: Separated Lovers and the Beach Naupaka''. [http://www.se-eppc.org/wildlandweeds/pdf/SP98-Hammer-p_7-8.pdf>PDF]</ref>
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[[File:Scaevola sericea W2 IMG_3107.jpg|thumb|190px|left|''[[Scaevola sericea]]'' in [[Rangareddy district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].]]
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''Scaevola'' is the only [[Goodeniaceae]] genus that is widespread outside of [[Australia]]. In at least six separate dispersals, about 40 species have spread throughout the [[Pacific Basin]], with a few reaching the tropical coasts of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s.
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The [[Hawaiian Islands]] are home to ten ''Scaevola'' species, nine of which are [[Endemism|endemic]].<ref>Offshore Islet Restoration Committee. Undated. ''Species - Plants > Selected Plants Found on Hawaii's Offshore Islets''. [http://www.hawaiioirc.org/OIRC-SPECIES-PLANTS.htm]</ref> Eight of the [[Indigenous (ecology)| indigenous]] species are the result of a single [[colonization]] event. ''[[Scaevola glabra]]'' and ''[[Scaevola taccada]]'' arrived separately to produce a total of three colonizations of Hawaii by ''Scaevola''. Some of the endemic species are of [[Hybrid (biology)| hybrid]] origin. <ref name="howarth2005"> Dianella G. Howarth and David A. Baum. 2005. "Genealogical evidence of homoploid hybrid speciation in an adaptive radiation of ''Scaevola'' (Goodeniaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands". ''Evolution'' '''59'''(5):948-961. </ref>
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Beach Naupaka (''[[Scaevola taccada]]'' synonym ''S. sericea'') occurs throughout the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s and is an [[invasive species]] in Florida, USA, and in some islands of the [[Caribbean]] including the [[Cayman Islands]]<ref>DaCosta-Cottam, M., Olynik, J., Blumenthal, J., Godbeer, K.D., Gibb, J., Bothwell, J., Burton, F.J., Bradley, P.E., Band, A., Austin, T., Bush, P., Johnson, B.J., Hurlston, L., Bishop, L., McCoy, C., Parsons, G., Kirkconnell, J., Halford, S. and Ebanks-Petrie, G. 2009. ''Cayman Islands National Biodiversity Action Plan 2009''. Cayman Islands Government. Department of Environment.[http://www.seaturtle.org/mtrg/projects/cayman/Cayman_NBAP.pdf]</ref> and [[the Bahamas]]. Beachberry or Inkberry (''[[Scaevola plumieri]]'') is widespread in the tropical Americas and [[Tropical Africa|Africa]]; however, it is becoming rarer in areas where ''S. taccada'' is displacing [[native]] coastal plants.
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Most Australian ''Scaevola'' have dry [[fruit]]s and sprawling, [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] to [[shrub]]by habits. By contrast, nearly all species outside Australia have shrub habits with fleshy fruit making dispersal by [[frugivore]]s easy.
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Scaevola (Latin, a diminutive of scaeva, the left-handed, probably alluding to the form of the corolla). Goodeniaceae. Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs suitable for greenhouse culture: lvs. alternate: fls. solitary between 2 bracteoles, sessile or pedunculate, axillary or the peduncles dichotomously branched with a fl. in each fork; calyx-tube adnate, limb usually very short; corolla oblique, the tube slit open to the base, lobes nearly equal; ovary wholly inferior or rarely the summit free, 2-celled with 1 erect ovule in each cell, or 1-celled with 1 or 2 erect ovules: fr. indehiscent, more or less succulent. — About 83 species, mostly Australian, but also the Pacific islands, Asia, and one each in Afr. and the W. Indies. A few of the species which have been cult. are: S. attenuata, R. Br., with broadly lanceolate lvs. and blue fls. in terminal leafy spikes. Austral. B.M. 4196. S. cuneiformis, Labill., with obovate lower and oblong-cuneate upper lvs. and blue fls. in a long interrupted spike. Austral. S. suaveolens, R. Br., a prostrate. or decumbent hardy perennial or subshrub with petiolate lvs. obovate to oblong-spatulate, and blue fls. in interrupted terminal hirsute spikes. Aug. Austral.
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Scaevola (Latin, a diminutive of scaeva, the left-handed, probably alluding to the form of the corolla). Goodeniaceae. Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs suitable for greenhouse culture: lvs. alternate: fls. solitary between 2 bracteoles, sessile or pedunculate, axillary or the peduncles dichotomously branched with a fl. in each fork; calyx-tube adnate, limb usually very short; corolla oblique, the tube slit open to the base, lobes nearly equal; ovary wholly inferior or rarely the summit free, 2-celled with 1 erect ovule in each cell, or 1-celled with 1 or 2 erect ovules: fr. indehiscent, more or less succulent. — About 83 species, mostly Australian, but also the Pacific islands, Asia, and one each in Afr. and the W. Indies. A few of the species which have been cult. are: S. attenuata, R. Br., with broadly lanceolate lvs. and blue fls. in terminal leafy spikes. Austral. B.M. 4196. S. cuneiformis, Labill., with obovate lower and oblong-cuneate upper lvs. and blue fls. in a long interrupted spike. Austral. S. suaveolens, R. Br., a prostrate. or decumbent hardy perennial or subshrub with petiolate lvs. obovate to oblong-spatulate, and blue fls. in interrupted terminal hirsute spikes. Aug. Austral. For a recent treatment of this genus, see Krause in Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft. 54 (IV. 277 and 277a), 1912.
 
 
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==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
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===Propagation===
 
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===Pests and diseases===
 
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==Species==
 
==Species==
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Selected species:
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{{main|List of Scaevola species}}
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[[Image:Scaevola Coriacea - Lili'uokalani Botanical Garden, Honolulu, HI.JPG|thumb|right| ''[[Scaevola coriacea]]'' (Dwarf Naupaka) at [[Liliʻuokalani Botanical Garden]], [[Honolulu]]]]
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[[Image:Scaevola taccada flowers.JPG|thumb|right|Flowers of ''[[Scaevola taccada]]'' (Beach Naupaka)]]
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[[Image:Scaevola plumieri with ripe and unripe drupes Dunedin Florida.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Scaevola plumieri]]'' with ripe and unripe drupes  at [[Honeymoon Island State Park]], [[Dunedin, Florida]]]]
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* ''[[Scaevola aemula]]''<small> R.Br.</small> &ndash; Fairy Fan-flower or Common Fan-flower (Southern [[Australia]])
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* ''[[Scaevola amblyanthera]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
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* ''[[Scaevola brookeana]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
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* ''[[Scaevola chamissoniana]]'' <small>Gaudich.</small> ''Naupaka kuahiwi'' ([[Hawaii]])
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* ''[[Scaevola chanii]]'' <small>K.M.Wong</small> ([[Malaysia]])
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* ''[[Scaevola collaris]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
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* ''[[Scaevola coriacea]]'' <small>[[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]</small> &ndash; Dwarf Naupaka (Hawaii)
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* ''[[Scaevola crassifolia]]'' <small>[[Labill.]]</small> &ndash; Thick-leaved Fan-flower (Australia)
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* ''[[Scaevola enantophylla]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
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* ''[[Scaevola floribunda]]'' <small>[[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small> ([[Fiji]])
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* ''[[Scaevola gaudichaudiana]]'' <small>Cham.</small> &ndash; Mountain Naupaka, ''Naupaka kuahiwi'' (Hawaii)
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* ''[[Scaevola gaudichaudii]]'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small> &ndash; Ridgetop Naupaka ([[Hawaii]])
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* ''[[Scaevola hookeri]]'' <small>(de Vriese) F.Muell. ex Hook.f.</small> &ndash; Creeping Fan-flower or Alpine Fan-flower
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* ''[[Scaevola kilaueae]]'' <small>O.Deg.</small> &ndash; ''Huahekili uka'' ([[Hawaii (island)|island of Hawai{{okina}}i]])
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* ''[[Scaevola muluensis]]'' <small>K.M.Wong</small> (Malaysia)
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* ''[[Scaevola macrophylla]]''
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* ''[[Scaevola oldfieldii]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
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* ''[[Scaevola oxyclona]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
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* ''[[Scaevola parvifolia]]'' <small>F.Muell. ex [[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small>
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* ''[[Scaevola phlebopetala]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
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* ''[[Scaevola plumieri]]'' <small>(L.) Vahl</small> &ndash; Beachberry, Waxy Bush, "inkberry" (Pantropical)
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* ''[[Scaevola porocarya]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
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* ''[[Scaevola procera]]'' <small>[[William Hillebrand|Hillebr.]]</small> &ndash; Forest Naupaka, ''Naupaka kuahiwi'' ([[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]] and Kaua{{okina}}i in Hawaii)
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* ''[[Scaevola ramosissima]]''
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* ''[[Scaevola socotraensis]]'' <small>H.St.John</small> ([[Yemen]])
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* ''[[Scaevola taccada]]'' <small>(Gaertn.) Roxb.</small> &ndash; Beach Naupaka, ''Naupaka kahakai'' (Hawaiian); ''ngahu'' ([[Tongan language|Tongan]]) (Pantropical)<!-- Micronesica40:169. --><!-- Scaevola sericea is a synonym for  Scaevola taccada-->
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* ''[[Scaevola verticillata]]'' <small>Leenh.</small> (Malaysia)
  
 
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==References==
 
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
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Latest revision as of 00:43, 21 May 2010


Scaevola chamissoniana


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Goodeniaceae >

Scaevola >

L. >


If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!


Scaevola is a genus of flowering plants in the Goodenia family, Goodeniaceae. It consists of more than 130 tropical species, with the center of diversity being Australia and Polynesia, including Hawaii.

Common names for Scaevola species include scaevolas, fan-flowers, half-flowers, and naupaka, the plant's Hawaiian name. The flowers are shaped as if they have been horizontally cut in half. Consequently, the generic name means "left-handed" in Latin. Many legends have been told to explain the formation of the naupaka's unique half flowers. In one version a woman tears the flower in half after a quarrel with her lover. The Gods, angered, turn all naupaka flowers into half flowers and the two lovers remained separated while the man is destined to search in vain for another whole flower.[1]

Scaevola sericea in Rangareddy district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Scaevola is the only Goodeniaceae genus that is widespread outside of Australia. In at least six separate dispersals, about 40 species have spread throughout the Pacific Basin, with a few reaching the tropical coasts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

The Hawaiian Islands are home to ten Scaevola species, nine of which are endemic.[2] Eight of the indigenous species are the result of a single colonization event. Scaevola glabra and Scaevola taccada arrived separately to produce a total of three colonizations of Hawaii by Scaevola. Some of the endemic species are of hybrid origin. [3]

Beach Naupaka (Scaevola taccada synonym S. sericea) occurs throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans and is an invasive species in Florida, USA, and in some islands of the Caribbean including the Cayman Islands[4] and the Bahamas. Beachberry or Inkberry (Scaevola plumieri) is widespread in the tropical Americas and Africa; however, it is becoming rarer in areas where S. taccada is displacing native coastal plants.

Most Australian Scaevola have dry fruits and sprawling, herbaceous to shrubby habits. By contrast, nearly all species outside Australia have shrub habits with fleshy fruit making dispersal by frugivores easy.


Read about Scaevola in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Scaevola (Latin, a diminutive of scaeva, the left-handed, probably alluding to the form of the corolla). Goodeniaceae. Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs suitable for greenhouse culture: lvs. alternate: fls. solitary between 2 bracteoles, sessile or pedunculate, axillary or the peduncles dichotomously branched with a fl. in each fork; calyx-tube adnate, limb usually very short; corolla oblique, the tube slit open to the base, lobes nearly equal; ovary wholly inferior or rarely the summit free, 2-celled with 1 erect ovule in each cell, or 1-celled with 1 or 2 erect ovules: fr. indehiscent, more or less succulent. — About 83 species, mostly Australian, but also the Pacific islands, Asia, and one each in Afr. and the W. Indies. A few of the species which have been cult. are: S. attenuata, R. Br., with broadly lanceolate lvs. and blue fls. in terminal leafy spikes. Austral. B.M. 4196. S. cuneiformis, Labill., with obovate lower and oblong-cuneate upper lvs. and blue fls. in a long interrupted spike. Austral. S. suaveolens, R. Br., a prostrate. or decumbent hardy perennial or subshrub with petiolate lvs. obovate to oblong-spatulate, and blue fls. in interrupted terminal hirsute spikes. Aug. Austral. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Species

Selected species:

Main article: List of Scaevola species
Scaevola coriacea (Dwarf Naupaka) at Liliʻuokalani Botanical Garden, Honolulu
Flowers of Scaevola taccada (Beach Naupaka)
Scaevola plumieri with ripe and unripe drupes at Honeymoon Island State Park, Dunedin, Florida

Gallery

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

  1. ↑ Hammer, Roger. 1998. Postcards from Paradise: Separated Lovers and the Beach Naupaka. >PDF
  2. ↑ Offshore Islet Restoration Committee. Undated. Species - Plants > Selected Plants Found on Hawaii's Offshore Islets. [1]
  3. ↑ Dianella G. Howarth and David A. Baum. 2005. "Genealogical evidence of homoploid hybrid speciation in an adaptive radiation of Scaevola (Goodeniaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands". Evolution 59(5):948-961.
  4. ↑ DaCosta-Cottam, M., Olynik, J., Blumenthal, J., Godbeer, K.D., Gibb, J., Bothwell, J., Burton, F.J., Bradley, P.E., Band, A., Austin, T., Bush, P., Johnson, B.J., Hurlston, L., Bishop, L., McCoy, C., Parsons, G., Kirkconnell, J., Halford, S. and Ebanks-Petrie, G. 2009. Cayman Islands National Biodiversity Action Plan 2009. Cayman Islands Government. Department of Environment.[2]

External links


Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Scaevola&oldid=128508"