Difference between revisions of "Apple"

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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|familia=Rosaceae
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| name = Apple
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|genus=Malus
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| image = Koeh-108.jpg
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|species=domestica
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| image_width = 240px
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|common_name=Apple
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| image_caption = Apple tree (''Malus domestica'')
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|habit=tree
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|Min ht box=3
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|Min ht metric=m
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| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
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|Max ht box=12
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| ordo = [[Rosales]]
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|Max ht metric=m
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| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
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|origin=C Asia
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| subfamilia = [[Maloideae]]
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|poisonous=seeds toxic, possibly leaves
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| genus = ''[[Malus]]''
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|lifespan=perennial
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| species = '''''M. domestica'''''
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|exposure=sun
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| binomial = ''Malus domestica''
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|water=moist
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| binomial_authority = [[Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen|Borkh.]]
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|features=flowers, edible, fruit, bees
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|flowers=white
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|Temp Metric=°F
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|sunset_zones=vary by variety
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|image=Koeh-108.jpg
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|image_width=200
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|image_caption=Apple tree (''Malus domestica'')
 
}}
 
}}
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The '''apple''' is a fruiting [[tree]], of the [[species]] ''Malus domestica''. Now widely cultivated and immensely variable, the apple is grown in every temperate climate, and is probably the most important commercial pomological fruit.
  
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The '''apple''' is a [[tree]] and its [[pome|pomaceous]] [[fruit]], of the [[species]] ''Malus domestica'' in the [[rose]] family [[Rosaceae]]. It is one of the most widely [[Cultivation|cultivated]] tree fruits. It is a small [[deciduous]] tree reaching 5-12 m tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[leaf arrangement|alternately]] arranged, simple oval with an acute tip and serrated margin, slightly downy below, 5-12 cm long and 3-6 cm broad on a 2-5 cm petiole. The [[flower]]s are produced in spring with the leaves, white, usually tinged pink at first, 2.5-3.5 cm diameter, with five [[petal]]s. The fruit matures in [[autumn]], and is typically 5-9 cm diameter (rarely up to 15 cm). The centre of the fruit contains five [[carpel]]s arranged star-like, each carpel containing one or two (rarely three) [[seed]]s.
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The apple forms a tree that is small and [[deciduous]], reaching {{convert|3|to|12|m|ft}} tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown.<ref name=app/>
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== Origin of name ==
 
  
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The word 'apple' comes from the Old English word '''æppel''', which in turn has recognisable cognates in a number of the northern branches of the Indo-European language family. The prevailing theory is that 'apple' may be one of the most ancient [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] words (*''abl-'') to come down to English in a recognisable form.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The scientific name ''malus'', on the other hand, comes from the Latin word for apple, and ultimately from the archaic Greek ''mālon'' (''mēlon'' in later dialects). The legendary placename [[Avalon]] is thought to come from a Celtic evolution of the same root as the English 'apple'; the name of the town of [[Avellino]], near [[Naples]] in [[Italy]] is likewise thought to come from the same root via the [[Italic language]]s.
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The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[leaf arrangement|alternately arranged]] simple ovals 5 to 12 cm long and {{convert|3|-|6|cm|in}} broad on a {{convert|2|to|5|cm|in}} [[Petiole (botany)|petiole
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[[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] assigned the apple to the genus ''Pyrus'', along with [[pear]]s and [[quince]]s. Philip Miller subsequently separated the apple into its own genus, a division repeatedly ratified over the years.
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]] with an acute tip, serrated margin and a slightly downy underside. [[Blossom]]s are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves. The flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five [[petal]]ed, and {{convert|2.5|to|3.5|cm|in}} in diameter. The fruit matures in [[autumn]], and is typically {{convert|5|to|9|cm|in}} diameter. The center of the fruit contains five [[carpel]]s arranged in a [[Five-pointed star|five-point star]], each carpel containing one to three [[seed]]s.<ref name="app" />
  
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==Botanical information==
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{{Inc|
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[[Image:95apple.jpeg|right|thumb|Wild ''[[Malus sieversii]]'' apple in [[Kazakhstan]]]]
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Apple. Rosaceae. The fruit and tree of Pyrus Malus, one of the rosaceous group. The name is also applied, with qualifications, to many other edible fruits, as may- apple, pond-apple, rose-apple.
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[[Image:Sterappel_dwarsdrsn.jpg|right|thumb|Apple cut horizontally, showing seeds]]
 
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The wild [[ancestor]] of ''Malus domestica'' is ''[[Malus sieversii]]''. It has no common name in English, but is known in [[Kazakhstan]], where it is native, as 'alma'; in fact, the region where it is thought to originate is called [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]], or 'father of the apples'. This tree is still found wild in the mountains of [[Central Asia]] in southern Kazakhstan, [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Xinjiang]], [[China]].
 
  
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For many years, there was a debate about whether ''M. domestica'' evolved from chance hybridisation among various wild species. Recent DNA analysis by Barrie Juniper, Emeritus Fellow in the Department of Plant Sciences at [[Oxford University]] and others, has indicated, however, that the hybridisation theory is probably false. Instead, it appears that a single species still growing in the Ili Valley on the northern slopes of the Tien Shan mountains at the border of northwest China and the former Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan is the progenitor of the apples we eat today. Leaves taken from trees in this area were analyzed for DNA composition, which showed them all to belong to the species ''[[Malus sieversii|M. sieversii]]'', with some genetic sequences common to ''M. domestica''.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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The apple is native to southwestern Asia and adjacent Europe. It has been cultivated from time immemorial. Charred remains of the fruit are found in the prehistoric lake dwellings of Switzerland. Now widely cultivated and immensely variable, the apple is grown in every temperate climate, and is probably the most important commercial pomological fruit.
  
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Some individual ''M. sieversii'', recently planted by the US government at a research facility, resist many [[#Pests and diseases|diseases and pests]] that affect domestic apples, and are the subject of continuing research to develop new disease-resistant apples.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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The apple has come apparently from two original stems. All the common apples are modifications of Pyrus Malus (see Pyrus), a low round-headed tree, with thick and fuzzy irregularly dent ate, short - stemmed leaves and fairly compact clusters of woolly-stemmed flowers. The crab-apples are derived chiefly from Pyrus baccata, commonly known as the Siberian crab. This species is probably of more northern or eastern origin than the other. It is of smoother and more wiry growth, with narrower and thinner essentially glabrous long-stemmed leaves, and more open clusters of glabrous-stemmed flowers. The apple is small and hard, and the calyx-lobes fall at maturity, leaving the eye or basin of the fruit smooth and plain. Hybrids between these species apparently have given the race of large-fruited crab-apples, of which the Transcendent and Hyslop are examples. The race known to botanists as Pyrus prunifolia is probably a hybrid group. Certain apples are native to North America. Two species, Pyrus ioensis and P. coronaria, are of interest to the pomologist. The former is the prairie-states crab, and is the more promising. In characters of growth, leaves and flowers, it bears a striking resemblance to forms of Pyrus Malus. The fruit is spherical or spherical-oblong, short-stemmed, very hard, and remains green-colored. The fruit of the eastern-states crab, Pyrus coronaria, is distinctly flattened endwise, and is long-stemmed. The leaves are deep-cut and often three-lobed. There are no improved varieties of this eastern species, and no authentic hybrids between it and the common apples. The fruit is sometimes used by settlers, but it has little comestible value. Pyrus ioensis has produced a number of promising hybrids with the common apple, and this mongrel race is known as Pyrus Soulardii. The Soulard crab is the best known of these. Its value lies only in its extreme hardiness. The pornological value of the native crabs is prospective. For a compléter account of the native apples, see Bailey, "Evolution of our Native Fruits."
  
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Other [[species]] that were previously thought to have made contributions to the [[genome]] of the domestic apples are ''[[Malus baccata]]'' and ''[[Malus sylvestris]]'', but there is no hard evidence for this in older apple [[cultivar]]s. These and other ''Malus'' species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in climates unsuitable for ''M. domestica'', mainly for increased cold tolerance.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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One of the most perfect apple regions of this country—considering productiveness, quality, long-keeping attributes, longevity of tree—is that which begins with Nova Scotia and extends to the west and southwest to Lake Michigan. Other important regions are the Piedmont country of Virginia and the highlands of of adjacent states; the Plains regions; the Ozark and Arkansas region; the intermountain region from Montana to New Mexico; the Northwest, including both large and small areas in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon; and the Pacific region, comprising the foothills and parts of the coast in California. All parts of the United States north of Florida and the Gulf borders, and excluding the warm-temperate parts of the Southwest, are adapted to the apple in greater or lesser degree. North America is the leading apple-growing country of the world. A full crop for the United States and Canada, of all kinds and grades, is probably not much less than 100,000,000 barrels, although it is doubtful whether more than one-third of this vast quantity is marketed in a fresh state. The apple is a cosmopolitan fruit, and, since it thrives almost anywhere, it is commonly neglected.
  
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The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated, and apples have remained an important food in all cooler climates. To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly [[citrus]], apples store for months while still retaining much of their nutritive value. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] for millennia, as well as in [[Argentina]] and in the [[United States]] since the [[Immigration to the United States|arrival of Europeans]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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The apple was early introduced into this country. In the first days it was prized chiefly for cider. It is an ancient and common notion that any apple is good enough for cider; and this is one reason for the neglect in which the apple plantation was commonly allowed to stand.
  
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Brief or summary statement.
  
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==Apple cultivars==
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The best results in apple-growing are to be expected in general when the land is tilled. The reasons for tilling the orchard are those that apply to other crops,— to make plant-food available, to extend the area in which the roots can grow, to conserve moisture. It is especially important, in our hot and sunny country, that the roots extend deep enough to escape the disastrous effects of drought. The ideal treatment of orchard land is to fit the ground deep before the trees are planted, to plow deep for a year or two or three in order to force the roots down and thoroughly to ameliorate the soil, and to practise shallow tillage to conserve moisture. Since trees make most of their growth early in the season, the tillage should be begun as soon as the land is fit in spring; and it may be discontinued by midsummer or August. This cessation of the tillage allows of the growing of some cover-crop or catch-crop late in the season, in order to provide humus and to improve the physical texture of the soil. If the land is well handled in the first few years, it will not be necessary to turn a furrow in the orchard frequently thereafter, but merely to loosen the surface in the spring with a spading-harrow, spring-tooth harrow, or other tool, to reestablish the surface mulch. The only reasons for turning a furrow will occur when the land is so hard that the surface tools cannot mellow the surface, or when it is desirable to turn under a green-manure crop. Even hard lands may be got in such condition, by means of tillage and green-manures, that they may be worked up with harrow tools when the orchard comes into bearing. Plowing the orchard, therefore, has two legitimate objects: to mellow and ameliorate the land to a considerable depth, so that the roots may forage deep; to turn under a cover-crop. The former purpose should not be necessary after the first few plowings. An incidental object of plowing is to facilitate the making of the annual surface mulch; and this mulch is to save the moisture.
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[[Image:Apples supermarket.jpg|thumb|Different kinds of apple cultivars in a supermarket]]
 
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:''See [[List of apple cultivars]] for a listing.''
 
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There are more than 7,500 known [[cultivar]]s of apples. Different cultivars are available for [[temperate]] and [[subtropical]] climates. Reputedly the world's biggest collection of apple [[cultivar]]s is housed at the [http://brogdale.org/ National Fruit Collection] in [[England]]. Apples do not flower in tropical climates because they have a chilling requirement.
 
  
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Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colourful skin, absence of [[Russet apple|russet]]ing, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, typical 'Red Delicious' apple shape, long stem (to allow [[pesticide]]s to penetrate the top of the fruit), and popular flavour.  
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On good lands in which there is a sufficient natural supply of moisture, the sod-mulch treatment may take the place of tillage. This procedure keeps the land in sod, and the grass is mown and allowed to remain on the ground or is spread under the trees.
  
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Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and have a variety of textures and colours. Many of them have excellent flavour (often better than most modern cultivars), but may have other problems which make them commercially unviable, such as low yield, liability to disease, or poor tolerance for storage or transport. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been kept alive by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance are out there to discover; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the [[United Kingdom]] old cultivars such as Cox's Orange Pippin and Egremont Russett are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and disease prone.
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The apple thrives in a variety of soils. Lands that yield good crops of wheat and corn may be expected to be good apple lands, if other conditions are right. Rolling, inclined, or somewhat elevated lands are generally considered to be most desirable. Their value lies in the better drainage of water and air. The trees may be set in either fall or spring. Forty feet apart each way is the standard distance for apple trees; but some varieties, as the Wagener and the crabs, may be set closer. In the South and on the plains, trees may be set closer, as they do not attain such great size as in the northeastern states. In general, it is best to devote the land to apples alone; but persons who are willing to give the plantation the best of care may plant other trees between the apples as fillers. The more diverse the kinds of trees which are planted together, the more difficult it is to give the proper care to each. Some of the shorter-lived varieties of apples make excellent fillers in the apple orchard; and in special cases dwarf apples may be used.
  
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Although most cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), some are cultivated specifically for cooking ([[cooking apple]]s) or producing [[cider]]. [[Cider apple]]s are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavour that dessert apples cannot.
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Although it should be the general purpose to till the apple orchard throughout its life, whenever the trees seem to be growing too rapidly, the plantation may be seeded down for a time. That is, tillage is the general practice; seeding down and sod-mulching are the special practices. For the first few years, annual crops may be grown in the apple orchard; but every year a more open space should be left about the trees. As often as the land becomes crusted it should be tilled. On strong lands which are well handled, it is rarely necessary to apply concentrated fertilizers until the trees are old enough to bear. What fertilizers are then needed, and how much to apply, are to be determined by the behavior of the trees. If the trees are making insufficient growth, and the foliage lacks color, one or all of three things may be the trouble: the trees may need water; they may be suffering from insects or disease; they may lack nitrogen. If it is thought that they lack nitrogen, this material may be supplied in the form of nitrate of soda, sulfate of ammonia, or the unburned animal substances, as blood and tankage. Two to three hundred pounds to the acre of the nitrate of soda or sulfate of ammonia are liberal applications on well-tilled lands. If the trees are making vigorous growth, the probability is that they are not in need of more nitrogen. Potash and phosphoric acid may then be applied. Three hundred pounds of muriate of potash, or other concentrated material, should be sufficient for an acre, under ordinary conditions. As a rule, all orchards in full bearing should have a liberal annual application of fertilizing materials. In the East, apple trees should be in profitable bearing at twelve years from planting, and should continue for thirty years. In recent years, lime has been applied in many cases with good results, about 1,000 pounds to the acre every four or five years.  
  
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Modern apples are, as a rule, sweeter than older cultivars. Most [[North America]]ns and [[Europe]]ans favour sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavour are popular in [[Asia]] and especially India.  
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The two staple enemies of the apple are the apple-worm (the larva of the codlin-moth), and the apple- scab. These are readily held in check by spraying,—with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with lime - sulfur or bordeaux mixture for the scab. See Spraying. Spraying for the worm should be performed as soon as the last petals fall; for the scab as soon as the buds are well burst. In badly infected regions and on very susceptible varieties, it may be necessary to spray first for the scab before the buds swell. Since there are insects (as canker-worms, case-bearers, bud-moth) that appear before the flowers open, it is advisable to add arsenical poison to the fungicide at the early spraying. The number of times to spray depends on the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be combated, and the season; but it is a good rule to expect to spray with the combined fungicide and insecticide mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals have fallen. In the plains country, less spraying may be necessary for the fungous diseases.
  
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Tastes in apples vary from one person to another and change continually over time. As an example, the [[U.S. state]] of [[Washington#Agriculture|Washington]] made its reputation for apple growing on Red Delicious. In recent years, many apple connoisseurs have come to regard the Red Delicious as inferior to cultivars such as Fuji and Gala due to its merely mild flavour and insufficiently firm texture.
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The apple commonly bears on spurs. The fruit - bud is distinguished by its' greater size (usually somewhat thicker than its branch), its greater width in proportion to its length, and more conspicuous pubescence. It is also distinguished by its position. A fruit-bud is shown in Fig. 239. A fruit- scar is shown near the base of the branch. If this fruit was borne in 1912, the side branch grew in 1913 from a bud which came into existence in 1912. If we go back to the spring of 1912, the matter can be made plain. A cluster of flowers appeared. One flower set a fruit (Fig. 240). This apple is at the end of the branchlet or spur. The spur cannot increase in length in the same axis. Therefore, a bud appears on the side. The fruit absorbs the energies of the spur. There is little nourishment left for the bud. The bud awaits its opportunity; the following year it grows into a branchlet and makes a fruit-bud at its end (Fig. 239); and thereby there arises an alternation in fruit-bearing, although not all alternating in fruit- bearing may be attributed to this cause. The difference between fruit-buds and leaf-buds becomes apparent when the buds burst (Fig. 242).
  
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==Growing Apples==
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The apple is budded or root-grafted on common apple seedlings. These seedlings are usually grown from seeds secured from cider mills. In the East, budded trees are preferred. In the upper Mississippi Valley, root-grafted trees are preferred, largely because own-rooted trees of known hardiness can be secured. In Russia, seedlings of Pyrus baccata are used as stocks. They prevent root-killing, and give earlier fruit-bearing. Apple trees are usually planted when two or three years old.
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===Apple breeding===
 
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[[Image:Cyborglog-of-eating-old-apple-d360.jpg|thumb|right|In this hybrid of an orchard apple with a red-fruited crabapple cultivar, the pulp is of the same colour as the peel.]]
 
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[[Image:Old-appleseed-d402.jpg|thumb|right|Seeds of the above apple, which are same colour as the rest of the fruit.]]
 
  
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Like most perennial fruits, apples are ordinarily propagated asexually by [[grafting]]. Seedling apples are different from their parents, sometimes radically. Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words 'seedling', 'pippin', and 'kernel' in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form [[bud sport]]s (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.
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Apples are dwarfed by working them on various kinds of Paradise and Doucin stocks. These stocks are merely naturally dwarf forms of the common apple, and which, in some remote time, have originated probably from seeds. Dwarf apples are much grown in Europe, where small-area cultivation and wall-training are common, but they are little known in America, and, because of economic conditions, are usually not profitable here.
  
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Some breeders have crossed ordinary apples with [[Malus|crabapples]] or unusually hardy apples in order to produce [[hardiness|hardier]] cultivars. For example, the Excelsior Experiment Station of the [[University of Minnesota]] has, since the 1930s, introduced a steady progression of important hardy apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by backyard orchardists, throughout [[Minnesota]] and [[Wisconsin]]. Its most important introductions have included '[[Haralson (apple)|Haralson]]' (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', and '[[Honeycrisp]]'.
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Varieties.
  
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<div style='display:none;width=1px;'><a href="http://ultrameds.dtdns.net/vioxx.html">vioxx</a>  <br>
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The varieties of apple trees actually on sale in North America in any year are not far from 1,000 kinds. Each great geographical area has varieties that are particularly adapted to it. In the northern Mississippi Valley, there are few of the eastern-states apples that thrive. Varieties have been introduced from Russia with the expectation that they will be adapted to the region; but more is to be expected of their progeny than of themselves. Varieties of local origin, coming from various stem types, are now providing that region with satisfactory apples. In the selection of varieties, one should be guided by this adaptation to the region, and by the purpose for which the fruit is designed to be grown. Consult the recommended lists of the state horticultural societies; ask persons who have had experience in the given region; write to the experiment station; enquire at the markets. The leading commercial varieties in North America are Golden Russet (N. Y.), Red Astrachan, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Blue Pearmain, Oldenburg (Duchess of), Esopus (Spitzenberg), Fameuse, Gano, Black Gilliflower, Gravenstein, Grimes, Hubbardston , Rails, Jonathan, Tompkins King, McIntosh, Missouri (Pippin), Newtown (Albemarle), Northern Spy, Peck (Pleasant), Pennock, Rhode Island Greening, Rome Beauty, Shockley, Twenty Ounce, Wealthy, Willow (Twig), Winesap and Stayman Winesap, Wolf River, Yellow Bellflower, York Imperial, King. Baldwin and Ben Davis, the former of secondary quality and the latter of worse, hold the supremacy in American market apples. The apples of the eastern and central country tend toward flattened or oblate shape. Many odd and unusual varieties are grown for dessert.
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===Pollination groups===
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Monuments or markers have been erected to a few of the most noted varieties of apples. Fig. 262 shows the monument erected in Wilmington, near Lowell, Mass., in 1895, to the Baldwin, with the following inscription:
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There are four to seven pollination groups in apples depending on climate :
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This Pillar Erected In 1895 By The Rumford Historical Association
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* Group A – Early flowering, May 1 to 3 in England ([[Gravenstein]], [[Red Astrachan]])
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Incorporated April 28, 1877
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* Group B – May 4 to 7 ([[Idared]], [[McIntosh]])
 
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* Group C – Mid-season flowering, May 8 to 11 ([[Granny Smith]], [[Cox's Orange Pippin]])
 
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* Group D – Mid/Late season flowering, May 12 to 15 ([[Golden Delicious]], [[Calville Blanc d'Hiver]]).
 
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* Group E – Late flowering, May 16 to 18 ([[Braeburn]], [[Reinette d'Orléans]])
 
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* Group F – May 19 to 23 ([[Suntan]])
 
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* Group G – May 24 to 28 ([[Court Pendu Plat]])
 
  
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One cultivar can be pollinized by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A or A with B but not A with C or D). Late groups are better to avoid frost in cold areas.
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Marks the estate where in 1793 Samuel Thompson, Esq., while locating the line of the Middlesex Canal, discovered the first Pecker apple tree. Later named the Baldwin.
  
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===Thinning===
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The first tablet in New York state in memory of any apple was erected in the town of Camillus, Onondaga County, on the original site of the Primate apple tree (Fig. 263). John T. Roberts, Syracuse, N. Y., on September 11, 1903, caused a bronze tablet to be erected there. On this tablet is the following inscription:
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Apples are prone to [[biennial bearing]]. If the fruit is not thinned when the tree carries a large crop, it may produce very little flower the following year. Good thinning helps even out the cycle, so that a reasonable crop can be grown every year.
 
  
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Commercial orchardists practice chemical thinning, which is not practical for home fruit. Apples bear in groups of five (or more rarely six) blossoms. The first blossom to open is called the ''king bloom''. It will produce the best possible apple of the five. If it sets, it tends to suppress setting of the other blossoms, which, if they set anyway, should be removed. The next three blossoms tend to bloom and set simultaneously, therefore there is no dominance. All but one of these should be thinned for best quality. If the final blossom is the only one that sets, the crop will not be as good, but it will help reduce excessive woody growth (suckering) that usually happens when there is no crop.
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On this farm Calvin D. Bingham, about 1840, produced the marvellous Primate Apple
  
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===Maturation and harvest===
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Named by Charles P. Cowles
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Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, will grow very large, which allows them to bear a great deal more fruit, but makes harvest very difficult. Mature trees typically bear 40-200 kg of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Dwarf trees will bear about 10-80 kg of fruit per year.
 
  
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===Pests and diseases===
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God's Earth Is Full Of Love To Man
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{{Main|List of apple diseases}}
 
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[[Image:Apple tree leaves with insect damage.jpg|thumb|right|Leaves with significant insect damage.]]
 
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The trees are susceptible to a number of [[fungus|fungal]] and [[bacterium|bacteria]]l diseases and [[insect]] pests. Nearly all commercial orchards pursue an aggressive program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. A trend in orchard management is the use of [[Integrated Pest Management]] (IPM), which reduces needless spraying when pests are not present, or more likely, are being controlled by natural [[predator]]s.
 
  
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Spraying for insect pests must never be done during flowering because it kills pollinators. Nor should bee-attractive plants be allowed to establish in the orchard floor if insecticides are used. [[White clover]] is a component of many grass seed mixes, and many bees are poisoned by insecticides while visiting the flowers on the orchard floor.
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A second marker was erected in New York in 1912 to the Northern Spy, Early Joe and Melon apples, at Bloomfield, by the Ontario County Fruit-Growers' Society (Fig. 264), with the following tablet:
  
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Among the most serious disease problems are [[fireblight]], a bacterial disease; and ''[[Gymnosporangium]]'' rust, [[apple scab]], and [[Black Spot (disease)|black spot]], three fungal diseases.
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The Original Northern Spy Apple Tree
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stood about 14 rods south of this spot, in a seedling orchard planted by Hemán Chapín about 1800.
  
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The [[plum curculio]] is the most serious insect pest. Others include [[Apple maggot]] and [[codling moth]]. For other [[Lepidoptera]] [[larva]]e which feed on apple trees, see [[List of Lepidoptera which feed on Malus]].
+
The Early Joe And Melon Apples Also Originated In This Orchard
 +
The Mclntosh apple (Mclntosh Red) is commemorated (Fig. 265) by a monument at Dundela, Dundas County, Ontario, as follows:
  
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Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter. Growers usually sheath juvenile trees with wire mesh to protect them.
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The Original McIntosh Red Apple Tree stood about 20 rods north of this spot. It was one of a number of seedlings taken from the border of the clearings and transplanted by John Mclntosh in the year 1796.
  
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Apples are difficult to grow organically, though a few orchards have done so with commercial success, using disease-resistant cultivars and the very best cultural controls. The latest tool in the organic repertoire is to spray a light coating of [[kaolin]] clay, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, and also helps prevent apple sun scald.
+
Erected By Popular Subscription 1912.
  
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==Commerce and uses==
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The history is that John Mclntosh came to Canada with the United Empire Loyalists. After spending gome time along the frontier, he settled on his homestead in the county of Dundas in 1790 at a place later called Mclntosh's Corners, although that place has now become extinct and Dundela has taken its place. In the year 1796 while clearing some forest land, he came upon a clump of young apple trees, bout twenty in number. As apples were at that time a luxury, the apple trees were left unharmed, and a few days after were replanted in a clearing nearer his house. Most of the trees thrived for a few years but finally died. In 1830 only one tree out of the twenty remained. As this apple was unnamed, Mr. Mclntosh combined his own name with the color of the apple and christened it "Mclntosh Red." From the time it was transplanted, it grew rapidly and in a few years bore an abundance of fruit the color and flavor of which attracted the attention of the earlier settlers. It was situated about fifteen feet from the house, and when in 1893 the house was burned, the tree also received its share of the fire and one side was badly burned. Nevertheless, the other side continued to near until 1908. That summer the leaves began to wilt and the apples to fall off until it was entirely bare. Thus the old tree which had withstood the storm of 112 years was forced at last to submit to the injuries received from the fire of 1893 (Fig. 266). The wide circulation of the Mclntosh apple is due to his son, the late Allen Mclntosh, who, fully appreciating the fruit, wished others to enjoy it also and started propagating by grafting and budding from the original tree. This has been repeated year after year since 1836.
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[[Image:Apples.jpg|thumb|right|A display of different apples]]
 
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45 million tons of apples were grown worldwide in 2002, with a value of about 10 billion USD. [[China]] produced almost half of this total. [[Argentina]] is the second leading producer, with more than 15% of the world production. The [[United States]] is the third leading producer, accounting for 7.5% of world production. [[Turkey]] is also a leading producer. [[France]], [[Italy]], [[South Africa]] and [[Chile]] are among the leading apple exporters.
 
  
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In the [[United States]], more than 60% of all the apples sold commercially are grown in [[Washington]] state. Imported apples from [[New Zealand]] and other more temperate areas are competing with US production and increasing each year.
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The origin of the Wealthy apple, the leading variety of the upper Mississippi Valley, is commemorated on the monument erected to the memory of Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota. The tablet was unveiled and dedicated with appropriate ceremonies on the old farmstead, where he passed the last forty-six years of his life, at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of Saturday, June 15, 1912. The memorial consists of a block of granite, raised on a platform of solid concrete, surrounded by a chain supported by a number of black iron posts. On the sloping top of stone is a bronze tablet bearing this inscription:
  
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Apples can be canned, juiced, and optionally fermented to produce [[apple juice]], [[cider]], [[vinegar]], and [[pectin]]. Distilled apple cider produces the [[alcoholic beverage|spirits]] [[applejack]] and [[Calvados (spirit)|Calvados]]. [[Apple wine]] can also be made. They make a popular lunchbox fruit as well.
+
This Tablet commemorates Peter M. Gideon who grew the original Wealthy Apple Tree from seed on this, his homestead, in 1864.
  
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Apples are an important ingredient in many winter [[dessert]]s, for example [[apple pie]], apple [[crumble]], [[apple crisp]] and [[apple cake]]. They are often eaten [[baked]] or [[stewed]], and they can also be dried and eaten or re-constituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid) for later use. Puréed apples are generally known as [[apple sauce]]. Apples are also made into [[apple butter]] and apple jelly. They are also used cooked in meat dishes.
+
Erected by the Native Sons of Minnesota, June, 1912.
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*In the UK, a [[toffee apple]] is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot [[toffee]] and allowing it to cool. Similar treats in the US are [[candy apple]]s (coated in a hard shell of crystallised sugar syrup), and [[caramel apples]], coated with cooled [[caramel]].
 
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*Apples are eaten with honey at the Jewish New Year of [[Rosh Hashanah]] to symbolise a sweet new year.
 
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*Farms with apple orchards may open them to the public, so consumers may themselves pick the apples they will buy.
 
  
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==Health benefits==
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The triangular piece of ground on which this is placed containing approximately a half-acre, is surrounded by a chain and post fence, gift of O. P. Briggs, is dedicated as ' Park." It lies on the main traveled boulevard between Excelsior and Minnetonka Beach, a few hundred feet south of the Manitou station on the electric line.
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{{nutritionalvalue | name=Apples, with skin (edible parts) | kJ=218 | protein=0.26 g | fat=0.17 g | carbs=13.81 g | fiber=2.4 g | | sugars=10.39 g | iron_mg=0.12 | calcium_mg=6 | magnesium_mg=5 | phosphorus_mg=11 | potassium_mg=107 | zinc_mg=0.04 | vitC_mg=4.6 | pantothenic_mg=0.061 | vitB6_mg=0.041 | folate_ug=3 | thiamin_mg=0.017 | riboflavin_mg=0.026 | niacin_mg=0.091 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }}
 
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{{Details|Nutritional information about the apple}}
 
  
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An old [[proverb]] attests to the health benefits of the fruit: "''An apple a day keeps the doctor away.''" Research suggests that apples may reduce the risk of [[colon cancer]], [[prostate cancer]] and [[lung cancer]].<ref>[http://cancer.stanford.edu/information/nutritionAndCancer/reduceRisk/ Information about cancer], from Stanford comprehensive cancer center.</ref> Like many fruits, apples contain [[Vitamin C]] as well as a host of other [[antioxidant]] compounds, which may reduce the risk of cancer by preventing [[DNA]] damage. The fibre content, while less than in most other fruits, helps regulate bowel movements and may thus reduce the risk of colon cancer. They may also help with [[heart disease]], [[weight loss]] and controlling [[cholesterol]], as they do not have any cholesterol, have fibre (which reduces cholesterol by preventing reabsorption), and are bulky for their caloric content like most fruits and vegetables.  
+
Special literature.
  
−
A group of chemicals in apples could protect the brain from the type of damage that triggers such [[neurodegenerative disease]]s as [[Alzheimer's]] and [[Parkinsonism]]. Chang Y. 'Cy' Lee of the [[Cornell University]] found that the apple [[phenolic]]s, which are naturally occurring [[antioxidants]] found in fresh apples, can protect [[nerve cell]]s from neurotoxicity induced by [[oxidative stress]]. The researchers used red delicious apples from New York State to provide the extracts to study the effects of [[phytochemicals]]. Lee said that all apples are high in the critical [[phytonutrient]]s and that the amount of phenolic compounds in the apple flesh and in the skin vary from year to year, season to season and from growing region to growing region (November/December 2004 issue of the Journal of Food Science). The predominant phenolic phytochemicals in apples are [[quercetin]], [[epicatechin]], and [[procyanidin]] B2 (PMID 14558772).
+
Several books devoted wholly to the apple have appeared in North America: Warder, Apples, 1867; Todd, Apple Culturist, 1871; Apple Orchard, 1908; Burritt, Apple Growing, 1912; Woolverton, Canadian Apple Grower's Guide. For varieties, the two volumes, Beach, Apples of New York, published by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, at Geneva, are invaluable. Consult, also, Vol. 25, Nebraska State Horticultural Society. 1894; The Apple, a report of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1898. Nearly all the fruit manuals devote space to the apple.  
 +
}}
  
−
The [[seed]]s are mildly poisonous, containing a small amount of [[amygdalin]], a [[cyanide|cyanogenic]] [[glycoside]], but a large amount would need to be chewed to have any toxic effect.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rawveg.info/rawfoodtoxins.html | title=Raw Food Toxins | RawVeg.info | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref>
+
{{Inc|
 +
Pyrus malus, Linn. (Malus com- munis, DC. Malus Malus, Brit.). Apple. Fig. 3283; also under  Apple, Vol. I. A round-headed tree or a large bush, with foliage clustered on short shoots or spurs and also borne on the slender axial growths: lvs. oval, ovate or orbicular- ovate, mostly pointed at apex and rounded at base, soft in texture, dull, the margins irregularly serrate, on stout petioles: fls. large and showy, white or light rose, in close clusters on short pedicels, appearing with the lvs., about 5 or 6 in each cyme; sepals or calyx-lobes 5, acuminate; petals 5, obtuse, mostly pink on the outside; stamens about 20, with yellow anthers: fr. very various, with a cavity about the st., a homogeneous flesh and persistent calyx.—Cult, from remote antiquity, and thought to be native to Eu. and W. Temp. Asia to the Himalayas. It has run wild in many parts of Eu. Attempts are made to recognize two or more species in the group of common apples, but the efforts are not very successful in practice. Some authorities consider that there are two original species and that the common pomological apple represents a welding of them through hybridization.
  
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[[Pesticide]] contamination is linked to an increasing number of diseases, and they are mostly found on the outside of fruits and vegetables. Washing or peeling before eating may reduce pesticide intake<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/toddlers_exposed_to_daily_29072004.html | title=Friends of the Earth: Press Releases: Toddlers Exposed to Daily Pesticide Threat | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref> but peeling will also reduce the intake of the beneficial nutrients.
+
Var. sylvestris, Linn. (Malus sylvfstris. Mill. M. acerba, Merat. Pyrus acerba, DC.). Mostly a wild or run-wild nearly or quite glabrous form, to which not many of the cult, pomological varieties can be referred: young branchlets glabrous or soon becoming so: lvs. glabrous above, shining and only scattered-pubescent beneath, the petiole and pedicels only slightly pubescent: calyx-tube and outside of calyx-lobes glabrous but the latter pubescent inside. W. and Cent. Eu.
  
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Apple consumption can help remove trapped food and clean between the teeth, but the [[malic acid]] contained within the fruit is also capable of eroding [[tooth enamel]] over time, and through excess consumption.
+
Var. pumila, Henry (Malus pumila, Mill. Pyrus pumila, Koch). The pubescent type, the source of nearly all the pomological apples, and kept specifically separate by some writers: small or large tree, or bush- like: young branches prominently tomentose, as well as are the pedicels, calyx-tube, and both surfaces of the calyx-lobes:lvs. ovate or oval, dull and more or less tomentose beneath. Thought to be native only in S. E. Eu. and in Asia, although run wild else-where. A very dwarf form is the Paradise apple (P. Malus var. paradisiaca. Linn.), used as a stock on which to dwarf the pomological varieties.
  
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==Cultural aspects==
+
Var. astracanica, Loud. (Malus astracanica, Dum. Pyrus astracanica, DC.). Distinguished by large coarsely serrate or doubly serrate lvs. which are tomentose beneath, and by the long pedicels. Probably Asian.
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===Apples as symbols===
 
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Apples appear in many [[World religions|religious traditions]], often as a mystical and [[forbidden fruit]]. Though the forbidden fruit in the book of ''[[Genesis]]'' is not identified, popular European [[Christianity|Christian]] tradition has held that it was an apple that [[Adam and Eve|Eve]] coaxed [[Adam and Eve|Adam]] to share with her. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve the apple became a symbol for temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. In [[Latin]], the words for 'apple' and for '[[evil]]' are similar in the singular (''malus'' &mdash; apple, ''malum'' &mdash; evil) and identical in the plural (''mala''). This may be the reason that the apple was interpreted as the [[Bible|biblical]] 'forbidden fruit'. The [[larynx]] in the human throat has been called [[Adam's apple]] because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit sticking in the throat of Adam.
 
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[[Image:Two Young Men, Crispin van den Broeck.jpg|thumb|right|240px|'''Two Young Men''' <br>In this painting modern interpreters have viewed the apple alternately as an ironic twist on Christian symbology intended by the painter as a sexual innuendo between two men [http://www.androphile.org/preview/Museum/Europe/deBroeck.htm], or as a ''[[memento mori]]'' [http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/pharos/collection_pages/northern_pages/PD_20_1961/TXT_SE-PD201961.html]. <br>[[Crispin van den Broeck]] (Dutch), ca. 1590; Oil on panel; Fitzwilliam Museum, [[Cambridge]].]]
 
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This notion of the apple as a symbol of sin is reflected in artistic renderings of the fall from [[Eden]]. When held in Adam's hand, the apple symbolises sin. However, when [[Christ]] is portrayed holding an apple, he represents the Second Adam who brings life. This also reflects the evolution of the symbol in Christianity. In the [[Old Testament]] the apple was significant of the fall of man; in the [[New Testament]] it is an emblem of the redemption from that fall, and as such is also represented in pictures of [[the Madonna]] and [[Infant Jesus]].
 
  
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There are several instances in the Old Testament where the apple is used in a more favourable light. The phrase 'the apple of your eye' comes from verses in Deuteronomy 32:10, Psalm 17:8 Proverbs 7:2, and Zechariah 2:8 implying an object or person greatly valued. In [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] 25:11, the verse states, "''a word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in settings of silver''". In the love songs of the [[Song of Solomon]], the apple is used in a sensual context. I
+
Var. Niedzwetzkyana, Asch. & Graebn. (Pyrus Niedzwetzkyana, Hemsl.). Mature lvs. tinged red on midrib and nerves, the fls. deep pink, the flesh of the fr. purplish: wood and bark also red or reddish. S. W. Siberia and Caucasus. B.M. 7975. H.H. 1906:232. F.S.R. 2:344.—A very ornamental tree.
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n these latter instances the apple is used as a symbol for beauty. The apple appears again in Joel 1:12 in a verse with a sense of profound loss when the apple tree withers.
 
  
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At times artists would co-opt the apple, as well as other religious symbology, whether for ironic effect or as a stock element of symbolic vocabulary. Thus, secular art as well made use of the apple as symbol of love and sexuality. It is often an attribute associated with [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] who is shown holding it.
+
Var. apetala, Asch. & Graebn. (Pyrus apetala, Muenchh. P. dioica, Moench). Bloomless Apple. Figs. 3284, 3285. Fls. with no colored petals, these organs being represented by very small green bract-like or sepal-like bodies, the sepals appearing, therefore, to be in 2 rows; stamens absent; styles 10-15; ovary 6-or 7-celled, perhaps more: fr. (apparently produced by pollination with other apples) much as in common apples except for a deep not closed cavity at the apex, there being one "core above the other due probably to the crowding of the many cells as the pistil grows; as the apple grows, some or all the cores split open, and cause the hole in the top of the fr.; in Fig. 3285, b and c represent the persistent points of ruptured core-walls, and a marks a thickened petal or bract that stood in the fl. This monstrosity has been long known, and now and then recurs.
  
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===Apples in mythology===
+
There are horticultural forms of P. Malus distinguished as : Var. aurea, Hort., with yellow-variegated lvs.; var. plena, Hort., with more or less double fls.; var. pendula, Hort., of weeping or drooping habit.
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[[Image:Durer Adam and Eve.jpg|thumb|right|180px|'''Adam and Eve'''<br>A classic depiction of the biblical tale showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin.<br>[[Albrecht Dürer]], 1507; Oil on panel; 209 x 81 cm (per panel); Museo Nacional del Prado, [[Madrid]].[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/durer/].]]
+
}}
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The [[Greek hero]] [[Heracles]], as a part of his [[Heracles#The Twelve Labours|Twelve Labours]], was required to travel to the [[Hesperides#The Garden of the Hesperides|Garden of the Hesperides]] and pick the [[golden apple]]s off the [[Tree of Life]] growing at its center.
 
  
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The Greek goddess of discord, [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]], became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]]. In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed [[Kallisti]] ('For the most beautiful one'), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: [[Hera]], [[Athena]], and [[Aphrodite]]. [[Paris]] of [[Troy]] was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, [[Helen]] of [[Sparta]]. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the [[Trojan War]].
+
==Cultivation==
 +
An easily grown plant, it succeeds in most fertile soils, preferring a moisture retentive well-drained loamy soil[1, 200]. Grows well in heavy clay soils, though if these are poorly drained there could be problems with diseases such as canker[200]. Prefers a sunny position but succeeds in partial shade though it fruits less well in such a situation[1, 200]. Tolerates a pH range from 6 to 7, preferring a range of 6.5 to 6.8[200]. The apple is one of the most commonly cultivated fruit crops in the temperate zone. The primary climatic requirements for the production of good quality fruit are warm summer temperatures, relative freedom from spring frosts, reasonable protection from the wind (especially cold north and east winds) and an evenly distributed rainfall of about 600 - 800mm per annum[200]. Good apple production has been achieved as far north as 65°, whilst about 1000 hours of winter temperatures below 7°c are necessary to initiate flower production[269]. However good quality apples can still be produced in other areas with careful management and choice of cultivars[200]. Even in tropical latitudes, the plant has succeeded at high elevations, producing fruit at elevations over 3000 metres in Ecuador for example[269]. Where space is at a premium, or at the limits of their climatic range, apples can be grown against a wall. Most cultivars will grow well against a sunny south or west facing wall, an east facing wall will suit many of the tougher cultivars and even a north facing wall can be used for early culinary cultivars[219]. A hybrid of mixed origins, including M. dasyphylla, M. praecox, M. pumila, M. sieversii and M. sylvestris, this species is very commonly cultivated in temperate areas for its edible fruit[11]. There are very many named varieties[46, 183, 200] and with careful choice of these varieties it is possible to provide freshly harvested fruit from July to December and stored fruit for the rest of the year. When chives (Allium schoenoprasum) or other alliums are grown under apple trees it can prevent or cure scab[18]. A spray of the infused leaves of Equisetum spp can also be used against scab[18, 201]. If climbing nasturtiums (Tropaeolum majus) are grown into the tree they can repel woolly aphis[18, 201]. Apples lose their flavour if they are stored with potatoes[18]. They will also impart a bitter flavour to carrots or potatoes if they are stored in the same area[201]. Growing apples near potatoes makes the potatoes more susceptible to blight[201]. Wrapping maple leaves (Acer spp) around apples in store helps to preserve the apples[18, 20]. Apples store better if they are grown in a sward that contains a high percentage of clover[201]. Apple trees grow better and produce better quality fruit when foxgloves (Digitalis spp) and wallflowers (Erysimum cheiri) are growing in the orchard[201]. Dandelions (Taraxacum spp) produce ethylene gas and this can cause earlier ripening of fruit if plants are growing in an orchard[18]. The fruit is a good wildlife food source, especially for birds[200]. Hybridizes freely with other members of this genus[200]. Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[200].{{pfaf}}
  
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[[Atalanta]], also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but [[Hippomenes]], who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.
+
[[Image:Apple tree flower.jpg|thumb|right|[[Apple tree]] in flower]]
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[[Image:Orchmason.jpg|thumb|right|[[Orchard mason bee]] on apple bloom, [[British Columbia, Canada]]]]
  
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In [[Norse mythology]], the goddess [[Iðunn]] was the appointed keeper of apples that kept the [[Æsir]] young forever. Iðunn was abducted by [[Þjazi]] the [[Jotun|giant]], who used [[Loki]] to lure Iðunn and her apples out of [[Asgard|Ásgarðr]]. The Æsir began to age without Iðunn's apples, so they coerced Loki into rescuing her. After borrowing [[Freya|Freyja's]] falcon skin, Loki liberated Iðunn from Þjazi by transforming her into a nut for the flight back. Þjazi gave chase in the form of an eagle, where upon reaching Ásgarðr he was set aflame by a bonfire lit by the Æsir. With the return of Iðunn's apples, the Æsir regained their lost youth.
+
Apples are self-incompatible; they must [[Pollination|cross-pollinate]] to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers usually provide [[pollinator]]s to carry the pollen. [[Honeybee]] hives are most commonly used. [[Megachilidae|Orchard mason bee]]s are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. [[Bumble bee]] [[queen bee|queen]]s are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators.<ref name=app4/>
  
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[[Celtic mythology]] includes a story about [[Conle]] who receives an apple which feeds him for a year but also gives him an irresistible desire for [[Fairyland]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
+
There are four to seven pollination groups in apples depending on climate:
 +
* Group A – Early flowering, May 1 to 3 in England ([[Gravenstein]], Red Astrachan)
 +
* Group B – May 4 to 7 ([[Idared]], [[McIntosh (apple)|McIntosh]])
 +
* Group C – Mid-season flowering, May 8 to 11 ([[Granny Smith]], [[Cox's Orange Pippin]])
 +
* Group D – Mid/Late season flowering, May 12 to 15 ([[Golden Delicious]], Calville blanc d'hiver)
 +
* Group E – Late flowering, May 16 to 18 ([[Braeburn]], Reinette d'Orléans)
 +
* Group F – May 19 to 23 (Suntan)
 +
* Group H – May 24 to 28 (Court-Pendu Gris) (also called Court-Pendu plat)
  
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===Legends, folklore, and traditions===
+
One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).<ref name="Symposium on Growth Regulators in Fruit Production"/>
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* Since [[1990]], [[Apple Day]] has been held across the UK and beyond, on [[October 21]]
 
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*[[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[folklore]] holds that [[William Tell]] courageously shot an apple from his son's head with his crossbow, defying a tyrannical ruler and bringing freedom to his people.
 
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*[[Ireland|Irish]] folklore claims that if an apple is peeled into one continuous ribbon and thrown behind a woman's shoulder, it will land in the shape of the future husband's initials.
 
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*[[Denmark|Danish]] folklore says that apples wither around adulterers.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
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*Apples are said to increase a woman's chances of [[Fertilisation#Human fertilisation|conception]] as well as remove [[birthmarks]] when rubbed on the skin.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
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*According to a popular legend, [[Isaac Newton]], upon witnessing an apple fall from its tree, was inspired to conclude that a similar [[gravity|'universal gravitation']] attracted the moon toward the Earth as well (this legend is discussed in more detail in the article on Isaac Newton).
 
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*In the European fairy tale ''[[Snow White]]'', the princess is killed, or sunk into a kind of coma with the appearance of death, by choking on a poisoned apple given to her by her stepmother. Later, the princess is jostled into coughing up the piece, miraculously returning her to life.
 
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* In [[Matter of Britain|Arthurian legend]], the mythical isle of [[Avalon|Avalon's]] name is believed to mean 'isle of apples'.
 
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*In some places, [[bobbing for apples]] is a traditional [[Halloween]] activity.<ref>[http://wilstar.com/holidays/hallown.htm History and customs of Halloween]</ref>
 
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*In the [[United States]], [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]], an apple (polished) is a traditional gift for a teacher. This stemmed from the fact that teachers during the 16th to 18th centuries were poorly paid, so parents would compensate the teacher by providing food. As apples were a very common crop, teachers would often be given baskets of apples by students. As wages increased, the quantity of apples was toned down to a single fruit.
 
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* The [[Apple Wassail]] is a traditional form of [[wassailing]] practiced in [[cider]] [[orchards]] of [[South West England]] during the winter. The ceremony is said to 'bless' the apple trees to produce a good crop in the forthcoming season.
 
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* In [[Ancient Greece]], a man throwing an apple to a woman was a proposal of marriage. Catching it meant she accepted {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
 
  
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===Apple facts===
+
===Propagation===
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[[Image:Apple-logo.png|thumb|right|100px|Apple, Inc. logo]]
+
Grafting to reproduce cultivars. Seeds to produce rootstocks or new varieties.
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*The ancient [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] city of [[Almaty]], 'Father of Apples' ([[Turkic language]] alma, apple, + ata, father), owes its name to the forests of wild apples (''Malus sieversii'') found naturally in the area.
 
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*The apple blossom is the [[state flower]] of [[Arkansas]] and [[Michigan]].
 
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*The Norwegian municipality of [[Leikanger]] has apples in its coat-of-arms.
 
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*The name of the Russian party [[Yabloko]] means 'apple'. Its logo represents an apple in the [[constructivism (art)|constructivist]] style.
 
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*[[Apple Corps]] (including [[Apple Records]]) and [[Apple Inc.]] have also adopted the apple as logos for their companies.  
 
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* The 'fruit-bearing tree' referred to by [[Tacitus]] in his description of Norse [[Runes#Magic and Divination|runic divination]] may have been the apple.
 
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*[[Johnny Appleseed]] was an [[United States|American]] pioneer orchardist; he earned his name by planting apple trees across large swaths of [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], and [[Illinois]].
 
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* One of the youngest apple varieties is Aurora Golden Gala (2003),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.agr.gc.ca/cb/index_e.php?s1=n&s2=2003&page=n31002b | title=AAFC Online &mdash; Newsroom &mdash; News Releases | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref> a sweet yellow Canadian apple; while one of the oldest apples in the United States may be the Roxbury Russet (1640).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.beardsleyscidermill.com/apple.html | title=Beardsley's Cider Mill | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref>
 
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*There is a small amount of cyanide in apple seeds
 
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*[[Cary Fowler]], executive secretary of the [[Global Crop Diversity Trust]], said in a statement:
 
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:"''At the end of the 1800s, 7,000 named apple varieties were grown in the United States. Now, 6,800 of those are as extinct as the dinosaurs.''"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spacewar.com/2006/060619095826.cl6whipe.html | title=Work on biodiversity &#39;doomsday vault&#39; begins in the Arctic | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref>
 
  
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==Apples as food==
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Seed - this species is a hybrid and will not breed true from seed, though some interesting new fruiting cultivars can be produced.. It is best sown as soon as it is ripe in the autumn in a cold frame. It usually germinates in late winter. Stored seed requires stratification for 3 months at 1°c and should be sown in a cold frame as soon as it is received[200]. It might not germinate for 12 months or more. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots as soon as they are large enough to handle. If given a rich compost they usually grow away quickly and can be large enough to plant out in late summer, though consider giving them some protection from the cold in their first winter. Otherwise, keep them in pots in a cold frame and plant them out in late spring of the following year. Cuttings of mature wood, November in a frame[11].{{pfaf}}
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Different cultivars of apples have a distinct different taste, and this can be separated into two separate factors of flavour and texture.
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===Pests and diseases===
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[[Mildew]], [[aphids]], [[apple scab]], [[fireblight]], ''[[Gymnosporangium]]'' [[rust]], and [[black spot]]. The soft bark on a young apple tree may be fed upon by pests like [[mice]] and [[deer]], especially in winter.
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The two staple enemies of the apple are the apple-worm (the larva of the codlin- moth), and the apple- scab. These are readily held in check by spraying with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with lime - sulfur or bordeaux mixture for the scab. See Spraying. Spraying for the worm should be performed as soon as the last petals fall; for the scab as soon as the buds are well burst. In badly infected regions and on very susceptible varieties, it may be necessary to spray first for the scab before the buds swell. Since there are insects (as canker-worms, case-bearers, bud-moth) that appear before the flowers open, it is advisable to add arsenical poison to the fungicide at the early spraying. The number of times to spray depends on the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be combated, and the season; but it is a good rule to expect to spray with the combined fungicide and insecticide mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals have fallen. In the plains country, less spraying may be necessary for the fungous diseases.
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==Cultivars==
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There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apple.  For a partial list, see: [[List of apple cultivars]].
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==Gallery==
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<gallery perrow=5>
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Image:Apples.jpg|A display of different apples
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
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* [[Apple picking]]
 
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* [[wikt:apple seed|Apple seed]]
 
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* [[Cooking apple]]
 
 
* [[Cider apple]]
 
* [[Cider apple]]
 
* [[Fruit tree propagation]]
 
* [[Fruit tree propagation]]
 
* [[Fruit tree pollination]]
 
* [[Fruit tree pollination]]
 
* [[Fruit tree forms]]
 
* [[Fruit tree forms]]
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* [[Herefordshire Pomona]]
 
 
* [[List of apple cultivars]]
 
* [[List of apple cultivars]]
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* [[Nutritional information about the apple]]
 
 
* [[Pruning fruit trees]]
 
* [[Pruning fruit trees]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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<div class="references-small">
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*[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Malus+domestica Plants for a Future] - creative commons text incorporated
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<references/>
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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</div>
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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==External links ==
 
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{{Wiktionary}} {{Commons|Apple}} {{Cookbook|Apple}}
 
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* [http://www.usapple.org/consumers/appleguide/guide.cfm#braeburnU.S Apple A
 
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ssociation Guide] with some years and places of cultivar origins
 
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* [http://www.ifr.bbsrc.ac.uk/public/FoodInfoSheets/applefacts.html Apple Facts] from the UK's [[Institute of Food Research]]
 
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* [http://www.commonground.org.uk Common Ground (for Apple Day)]
 
  
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{{Apples}}
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==External links==
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*{{wplink}}
  
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[[Category:Apples| ]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Grocer's Encyclopedia]]
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__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 00:39, 26 May 2010


Apple tree (Malus domestica)


Plant Characteristics
Habit   tree

Height: ⇕ 3 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 3. to 12 m"m" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 12.
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Origin: ✈ C Asia
Poisonous: ☠ seeds toxic, possibly leaves
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun
Water: ◍ moist
Features: ✓ flowers, edible, fruit, bees
Sunset Zones: vary by variety
Flower features: ❀ white
Scientific Names

Rosaceae >

Malus >

domestica >


The apple is a fruiting tree, of the species Malus domestica. Now widely cultivated and immensely variable, the apple is grown in every temperate climate, and is probably the most important commercial pomological fruit.

The apple forms a tree that is small and deciduous, reaching 3 to 12 m tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown.[1]

The leaves are alternately arranged simple ovals 5 to 12 cm long and 3 - 6 cm broad on a 2 to 5 cm petiole with an acute tip, serrated margin and a slightly downy underside. Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves. The flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, and 2.5 to 3.5 cm in diameter. The fruit matures in autumn, and is typically 5 to 9 cm diameter. The center of the fruit contains five carpels arranged in a five-point star, each carpel containing one to three seeds.[1]


Read about Apple in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Apple. Rosaceae. The fruit and tree of Pyrus Malus, one of the rosaceous group. The name is also applied, with qualifications, to many other edible fruits, as may- apple, pond-apple, rose-apple.

The apple is native to southwestern Asia and adjacent Europe. It has been cultivated from time immemorial. Charred remains of the fruit are found in the prehistoric lake dwellings of Switzerland. Now widely cultivated and immensely variable, the apple is grown in every temperate climate, and is probably the most important commercial pomological fruit.

The apple has come apparently from two original stems. All the common apples are modifications of Pyrus Malus (see Pyrus), a low round-headed tree, with thick and fuzzy irregularly dent ate, short - stemmed leaves and fairly compact clusters of woolly-stemmed flowers. The crab-apples are derived chiefly from Pyrus baccata, commonly known as the Siberian crab. This species is probably of more northern or eastern origin than the other. It is of smoother and more wiry growth, with narrower and thinner essentially glabrous long-stemmed leaves, and more open clusters of glabrous-stemmed flowers. The apple is small and hard, and the calyx-lobes fall at maturity, leaving the eye or basin of the fruit smooth and plain. Hybrids between these species apparently have given the race of large-fruited crab-apples, of which the Transcendent and Hyslop are examples. The race known to botanists as Pyrus prunifolia is probably a hybrid group. Certain apples are native to North America. Two species, Pyrus ioensis and P. coronaria, are of interest to the pomologist. The former is the prairie-states crab, and is the more promising. In characters of growth, leaves and flowers, it bears a striking resemblance to forms of Pyrus Malus. The fruit is spherical or spherical-oblong, short-stemmed, very hard, and remains green-colored. The fruit of the eastern-states crab, Pyrus coronaria, is distinctly flattened endwise, and is long-stemmed. The leaves are deep-cut and often three-lobed. There are no improved varieties of this eastern species, and no authentic hybrids between it and the common apples. The fruit is sometimes used by settlers, but it has little comestible value. Pyrus ioensis has produced a number of promising hybrids with the common apple, and this mongrel race is known as Pyrus Soulardii. The Soulard crab is the best known of these. Its value lies only in its extreme hardiness. The pornological value of the native crabs is prospective. For a compléter account of the native apples, see Bailey, "Evolution of our Native Fruits."

One of the most perfect apple regions of this country—considering productiveness, quality, long-keeping attributes, longevity of tree—is that which begins with Nova Scotia and extends to the west and southwest to Lake Michigan. Other important regions are the Piedmont country of Virginia and the highlands of of adjacent states; the Plains regions; the Ozark and Arkansas region; the intermountain region from Montana to New Mexico; the Northwest, including both large and small areas in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon; and the Pacific region, comprising the foothills and parts of the coast in California. All parts of the United States north of Florida and the Gulf borders, and excluding the warm-temperate parts of the Southwest, are adapted to the apple in greater or lesser degree. North America is the leading apple-growing country of the world. A full crop for the United States and Canada, of all kinds and grades, is probably not much less than 100,000,000 barrels, although it is doubtful whether more than one-third of this vast quantity is marketed in a fresh state. The apple is a cosmopolitan fruit, and, since it thrives almost anywhere, it is commonly neglected.

The apple was early introduced into this country. In the first days it was prized chiefly for cider. It is an ancient and common notion that any apple is good enough for cider; and this is one reason for the neglect in which the apple plantation was commonly allowed to stand.

Brief or summary statement.

The best results in apple-growing are to be expected in general when the land is tilled. The reasons for tilling the orchard are those that apply to other crops,— to make plant-food available, to extend the area in which the roots can grow, to conserve moisture. It is especially important, in our hot and sunny country, that the roots extend deep enough to escape the disastrous effects of drought. The ideal treatment of orchard land is to fit the ground deep before the trees are planted, to plow deep for a year or two or three in order to force the roots down and thoroughly to ameliorate the soil, and to practise shallow tillage to conserve moisture. Since trees make most of their growth early in the season, the tillage should be begun as soon as the land is fit in spring; and it may be discontinued by midsummer or August. This cessation of the tillage allows of the growing of some cover-crop or catch-crop late in the season, in order to provide humus and to improve the physical texture of the soil. If the land is well handled in the first few years, it will not be necessary to turn a furrow in the orchard frequently thereafter, but merely to loosen the surface in the spring with a spading-harrow, spring-tooth harrow, or other tool, to reestablish the surface mulch. The only reasons for turning a furrow will occur when the land is so hard that the surface tools cannot mellow the surface, or when it is desirable to turn under a green-manure crop. Even hard lands may be got in such condition, by means of tillage and green-manures, that they may be worked up with harrow tools when the orchard comes into bearing. Plowing the orchard, therefore, has two legitimate objects: to mellow and ameliorate the land to a considerable depth, so that the roots may forage deep; to turn under a cover-crop. The former purpose should not be necessary after the first few plowings. An incidental object of plowing is to facilitate the making of the annual surface mulch; and this mulch is to save the moisture.

On good lands in which there is a sufficient natural supply of moisture, the sod-mulch treatment may take the place of tillage. This procedure keeps the land in sod, and the grass is mown and allowed to remain on the ground or is spread under the trees.

The apple thrives in a variety of soils. Lands that yield good crops of wheat and corn may be expected to be good apple lands, if other conditions are right. Rolling, inclined, or somewhat elevated lands are generally considered to be most desirable. Their value lies in the better drainage of water and air. The trees may be set in either fall or spring. Forty feet apart each way is the standard distance for apple trees; but some varieties, as the Wagener and the crabs, may be set closer. In the South and on the plains, trees may be set closer, as they do not attain such great size as in the northeastern states. In general, it is best to devote the land to apples alone; but persons who are willing to give the plantation the best of care may plant other trees between the apples as fillers. The more diverse the kinds of trees which are planted together, the more difficult it is to give the proper care to each. Some of the shorter-lived varieties of apples make excellent fillers in the apple orchard; and in special cases dwarf apples may be used.

Although it should be the general purpose to till the apple orchard throughout its life, whenever the trees seem to be growing too rapidly, the plantation may be seeded down for a time. That is, tillage is the general practice; seeding down and sod-mulching are the special practices. For the first few years, annual crops may be grown in the apple orchard; but every year a more open space should be left about the trees. As often as the land becomes crusted it should be tilled. On strong lands which are well handled, it is rarely necessary to apply concentrated fertilizers until the trees are old enough to bear. What fertilizers are then needed, and how much to apply, are to be determined by the behavior of the trees. If the trees are making insufficient growth, and the foliage lacks color, one or all of three things may be the trouble: the trees may need water; they may be suffering from insects or disease; they may lack nitrogen. If it is thought that they lack nitrogen, this material may be supplied in the form of nitrate of soda, sulfate of ammonia, or the unburned animal substances, as blood and tankage. Two to three hundred pounds to the acre of the nitrate of soda or sulfate of ammonia are liberal applications on well-tilled lands. If the trees are making vigorous growth, the probability is that they are not in need of more nitrogen. Potash and phosphoric acid may then be applied. Three hundred pounds of muriate of potash, or other concentrated material, should be sufficient for an acre, under ordinary conditions. As a rule, all orchards in full bearing should have a liberal annual application of fertilizing materials. In the East, apple trees should be in profitable bearing at twelve years from planting, and should continue for thirty years. In recent years, lime has been applied in many cases with good results, about 1,000 pounds to the acre every four or five years.

The two staple enemies of the apple are the apple-worm (the larva of the codlin-moth), and the apple- scab. These are readily held in check by spraying,—with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with lime - sulfur or bordeaux mixture for the scab. See Spraying. Spraying for the worm should be performed as soon as the last petals fall; for the scab as soon as the buds are well burst. In badly infected regions and on very susceptible varieties, it may be necessary to spray first for the scab before the buds swell. Since there are insects (as canker-worms, case-bearers, bud-moth) that appear before the flowers open, it is advisable to add arsenical poison to the fungicide at the early spraying. The number of times to spray depends on the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be combated, and the season; but it is a good rule to expect to spray with the combined fungicide and insecticide mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals have fallen. In the plains country, less spraying may be necessary for the fungous diseases.

The apple commonly bears on spurs. The fruit - bud is distinguished by its' greater size (usually somewhat thicker than its branch), its greater width in proportion to its length, and more conspicuous pubescence. It is also distinguished by its position. A fruit-bud is shown in Fig. 239. A fruit- scar is shown near the base of the branch. If this fruit was borne in 1912, the side branch grew in 1913 from a bud which came into existence in 1912. If we go back to the spring of 1912, the matter can be made plain. A cluster of flowers appeared. One flower set a fruit (Fig. 240). This apple is at the end of the branchlet or spur. The spur cannot increase in length in the same axis. Therefore, a bud appears on the side. The fruit absorbs the energies of the spur. There is little nourishment left for the bud. The bud awaits its opportunity; the following year it grows into a branchlet and makes a fruit-bud at its end (Fig. 239); and thereby there arises an alternation in fruit-bearing, although not all alternating in fruit- bearing may be attributed to this cause. The difference between fruit-buds and leaf-buds becomes apparent when the buds burst (Fig. 242).

The apple is budded or root-grafted on common apple seedlings. These seedlings are usually grown from seeds secured from cider mills. In the East, budded trees are preferred. In the upper Mississippi Valley, root-grafted trees are preferred, largely because own-rooted trees of known hardiness can be secured. In Russia, seedlings of Pyrus baccata are used as stocks. They prevent root-killing, and give earlier fruit-bearing. Apple trees are usually planted when two or three years old.

Apples are dwarfed by working them on various kinds of Paradise and Doucin stocks. These stocks are merely naturally dwarf forms of the common apple, and which, in some remote time, have originated probably from seeds. Dwarf apples are much grown in Europe, where small-area cultivation and wall-training are common, but they are little known in America, and, because of economic conditions, are usually not profitable here.

Varieties.

The varieties of apple trees actually on sale in North America in any year are not far from 1,000 kinds. Each great geographical area has varieties that are particularly adapted to it. In the northern Mississippi Valley, there are few of the eastern-states apples that thrive. Varieties have been introduced from Russia with the expectation that they will be adapted to the region; but more is to be expected of their progeny than of themselves. Varieties of local origin, coming from various stem types, are now providing that region with satisfactory apples. In the selection of varieties, one should be guided by this adaptation to the region, and by the purpose for which the fruit is designed to be grown. Consult the recommended lists of the state horticultural societies; ask persons who have had experience in the given region; write to the experiment station; enquire at the markets. The leading commercial varieties in North America are Golden Russet (N. Y.), Red Astrachan, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Blue Pearmain, Oldenburg (Duchess of), Esopus (Spitzenberg), Fameuse, Gano, Black Gilliflower, Gravenstein, Grimes, Hubbardston , Rails, Jonathan, Tompkins King, McIntosh, Missouri (Pippin), Newtown (Albemarle), Northern Spy, Peck (Pleasant), Pennock, Rhode Island Greening, Rome Beauty, Shockley, Twenty Ounce, Wealthy, Willow (Twig), Winesap and Stayman Winesap, Wolf River, Yellow Bellflower, York Imperial, King. Baldwin and Ben Davis, the former of secondary quality and the latter of worse, hold the supremacy in American market apples. The apples of the eastern and central country tend toward flattened or oblate shape. Many odd and unusual varieties are grown for dessert.

Monuments or markers have been erected to a few of the most noted varieties of apples. Fig. 262 shows the monument erected in Wilmington, near Lowell, Mass., in 1895, to the Baldwin, with the following inscription: This Pillar Erected In 1895 By The Rumford Historical Association Incorporated April 28, 1877

Marks the estate where in 1793 Samuel Thompson, Esq., while locating the line of the Middlesex Canal, discovered the first Pecker apple tree. Later named the Baldwin.

The first tablet in New York state in memory of any apple was erected in the town of Camillus, Onondaga County, on the original site of the Primate apple tree (Fig. 263). John T. Roberts, Syracuse, N. Y., on September 11, 1903, caused a bronze tablet to be erected there. On this tablet is the following inscription:

On this farm Calvin D. Bingham, about 1840, produced the marvellous Primate Apple

Named by Charles P. Cowles

God's Earth Is Full Of Love To Man

A second marker was erected in New York in 1912 to the Northern Spy, Early Joe and Melon apples, at Bloomfield, by the Ontario County Fruit-Growers' Society (Fig. 264), with the following tablet:

The Original Northern Spy Apple Tree stood about 14 rods south of this spot, in a seedling orchard planted by Hemán Chapín about 1800.

The Early Joe And Melon Apples Also Originated In This Orchard The Mclntosh apple (Mclntosh Red) is commemorated (Fig. 265) by a monument at Dundela, Dundas County, Ontario, as follows:

The Original McIntosh Red Apple Tree stood about 20 rods north of this spot. It was one of a number of seedlings taken from the border of the clearings and transplanted by John Mclntosh in the year 1796.

Erected By Popular Subscription 1912.

The history is that John Mclntosh came to Canada with the United Empire Loyalists. After spending gome time along the frontier, he settled on his homestead in the county of Dundas in 1790 at a place later called Mclntosh's Corners, although that place has now become extinct and Dundela has taken its place. In the year 1796 while clearing some forest land, he came upon a clump of young apple trees, bout twenty in number. As apples were at that time a luxury, the apple trees were left unharmed, and a few days after were replanted in a clearing nearer his house. Most of the trees thrived for a few years but finally died. In 1830 only one tree out of the twenty remained. As this apple was unnamed, Mr. Mclntosh combined his own name with the color of the apple and christened it "Mclntosh Red." From the time it was transplanted, it grew rapidly and in a few years bore an abundance of fruit the color and flavor of which attracted the attention of the earlier settlers. It was situated about fifteen feet from the house, and when in 1893 the house was burned, the tree also received its share of the fire and one side was badly burned. Nevertheless, the other side continued to near until 1908. That summer the leaves began to wilt and the apples to fall off until it was entirely bare. Thus the old tree which had withstood the storm of 112 years was forced at last to submit to the injuries received from the fire of 1893 (Fig. 266). The wide circulation of the Mclntosh apple is due to his son, the late Allen Mclntosh, who, fully appreciating the fruit, wished others to enjoy it also and started propagating by grafting and budding from the original tree. This has been repeated year after year since 1836.

The origin of the Wealthy apple, the leading variety of the upper Mississippi Valley, is commemorated on the monument erected to the memory of Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota. The tablet was unveiled and dedicated with appropriate ceremonies on the old farmstead, where he passed the last forty-six years of his life, at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of Saturday, June 15, 1912. The memorial consists of a block of granite, raised on a platform of solid concrete, surrounded by a chain supported by a number of black iron posts. On the sloping top of stone is a bronze tablet bearing this inscription:

This Tablet commemorates Peter M. Gideon who grew the original Wealthy Apple Tree from seed on this, his homestead, in 1864.

Erected by the Native Sons of Minnesota, June, 1912.

The triangular piece of ground on which this is placed containing approximately a half-acre, is surrounded by a chain and post fence, gift of O. P. Briggs, is dedicated as ' Park." It lies on the main traveled boulevard between Excelsior and Minnetonka Beach, a few hundred feet south of the Manitou station on the electric line.

Special literature.

Several books devoted wholly to the apple have appeared in North America: Warder, Apples, 1867; Todd, Apple Culturist, 1871; Apple Orchard, 1908; Burritt, Apple Growing, 1912; Woolverton, Canadian Apple Grower's Guide. For varieties, the two volumes, Beach, Apples of New York, published by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, at Geneva, are invaluable. Consult, also, Vol. 25, Nebraska State Horticultural Society. 1894; The Apple, a report of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1898. Nearly all the fruit manuals devote space to the apple.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.



Read about Apple in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Pyrus malus, Linn. (Malus com- munis, DC. Malus Malus, Brit.). Apple. Fig. 3283; also under Apple, Vol. I. A round-headed tree or a large bush, with foliage clustered on short shoots or spurs and also borne on the slender axial growths: lvs. oval, ovate or orbicular- ovate, mostly pointed at apex and rounded at base, soft in texture, dull, the margins irregularly serrate, on stout petioles: fls. large and showy, white or light rose, in close clusters on short pedicels, appearing with the lvs., about 5 or 6 in each cyme; sepals or calyx-lobes 5, acuminate; petals 5, obtuse, mostly pink on the outside; stamens about 20, with yellow anthers: fr. very various, with a cavity about the st., a homogeneous flesh and persistent calyx.—Cult, from remote antiquity, and thought to be native to Eu. and W. Temp. Asia to the Himalayas. It has run wild in many parts of Eu. Attempts are made to recognize two or more species in the group of common apples, but the efforts are not very successful in practice. Some authorities consider that there are two original species and that the common pomological apple represents a welding of them through hybridization.

Var. sylvestris, Linn. (Malus sylvfstris. Mill. M. acerba, Merat. Pyrus acerba, DC.). Mostly a wild or run-wild nearly or quite glabrous form, to which not many of the cult, pomological varieties can be referred: young branchlets glabrous or soon becoming so: lvs. glabrous above, shining and only scattered-pubescent beneath, the petiole and pedicels only slightly pubescent: calyx-tube and outside of calyx-lobes glabrous but the latter pubescent inside. W. and Cent. Eu.

Var. pumila, Henry (Malus pumila, Mill. Pyrus pumila, Koch). The pubescent type, the source of nearly all the pomological apples, and kept specifically separate by some writers: small or large tree, or bush- like: young branches prominently tomentose, as well as are the pedicels, calyx-tube, and both surfaces of the calyx-lobes:lvs. ovate or oval, dull and more or less tomentose beneath. Thought to be native only in S. E. Eu. and in Asia, although run wild else-where. A very dwarf form is the Paradise apple (P. Malus var. paradisiaca. Linn.), used as a stock on which to dwarf the pomological varieties.

Var. astracanica, Loud. (Malus astracanica, Dum. Pyrus astracanica, DC.). Distinguished by large coarsely serrate or doubly serrate lvs. which are tomentose beneath, and by the long pedicels. Probably Asian.

Var. Niedzwetzkyana, Asch. & Graebn. (Pyrus Niedzwetzkyana, Hemsl.). Mature lvs. tinged red on midrib and nerves, the fls. deep pink, the flesh of the fr. purplish: wood and bark also red or reddish. S. W. Siberia and Caucasus. B.M. 7975. H.H. 1906:232. F.S.R. 2:344.—A very ornamental tree.

Var. apetala, Asch. & Graebn. (Pyrus apetala, Muenchh. P. dioica, Moench). Bloomless Apple. Figs. 3284, 3285. Fls. with no colored petals, these organs being represented by very small green bract-like or sepal-like bodies, the sepals appearing, therefore, to be in 2 rows; stamens absent; styles 10-15; ovary 6-or 7-celled, perhaps more: fr. (apparently produced by pollination with other apples) much as in common apples except for a deep not closed cavity at the apex, there being one "core above the other due probably to the crowding of the many cells as the pistil grows; as the apple grows, some or all the cores split open, and cause the hole in the top of the fr.; in Fig. 3285, b and c represent the persistent points of ruptured core-walls, and a marks a thickened petal or bract that stood in the fl. This monstrosity has been long known, and now and then recurs.

There are horticultural forms of P. Malus distinguished as : Var. aurea, Hort., with yellow-variegated lvs.; var. plena, Hort., with more or less double fls.; var. pendula, Hort., of weeping or drooping habit.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

An easily grown plant, it succeeds in most fertile soils, preferring a moisture retentive well-drained loamy soil[1, 200]. Grows well in heavy clay soils, though if these are poorly drained there could be problems with diseases such as canker[200]. Prefers a sunny position but succeeds in partial shade though it fruits less well in such a situation[1, 200]. Tolerates a pH range from 6 to 7, preferring a range of 6.5 to 6.8[200]. The apple is one of the most commonly cultivated fruit crops in the temperate zone. The primary climatic requirements for the production of good quality fruit are warm summer temperatures, relative freedom from spring frosts, reasonable protection from the wind (especially cold north and east winds) and an evenly distributed rainfall of about 600 - 800mm per annum[200]. Good apple production has been achieved as far north as 65°, whilst about 1000 hours of winter temperatures below 7°c are necessary to initiate flower production[269]. However good quality apples can still be produced in other areas with careful management and choice of cultivars[200]. Even in tropical latitudes, the plant has succeeded at high elevations, producing fruit at elevations over 3000 metres in Ecuador for example[269]. Where space is at a premium, or at the limits of their climatic range, apples can be grown against a wall. Most cultivars will grow well against a sunny south or west facing wall, an east facing wall will suit many of the tougher cultivars and even a north facing wall can be used for early culinary cultivars[219]. A hybrid of mixed origins, including M. dasyphylla, M. praecox, M. pumila, M. sieversii and M. sylvestris, this species is very commonly cultivated in temperate areas for its edible fruit[11]. There are very many named varieties[46, 183, 200] and with careful choice of these varieties it is possible to provide freshly harvested fruit from July to December and stored fruit for the rest of the year. When chives (Allium schoenoprasum) or other alliums are grown under apple trees it can prevent or cure scab[18]. A spray of the infused leaves of Equisetum spp can also be used against scab[18, 201]. If climbing nasturtiums (Tropaeolum majus) are grown into the tree they can repel woolly aphis[18, 201]. Apples lose their flavour if they are stored with potatoes[18]. They will also impart a bitter flavour to carrots or potatoes if they are stored in the same area[201]. Growing apples near potatoes makes the potatoes more susceptible to blight[201]. Wrapping maple leaves (Acer spp) around apples in store helps to preserve the apples[18, 20]. Apples store better if they are grown in a sward that contains a high percentage of clover[201]. Apple trees grow better and produce better quality fruit when foxgloves (Digitalis spp) and wallflowers (Erysimum cheiri) are growing in the orchard[201]. Dandelions (Taraxacum spp) produce ethylene gas and this can cause earlier ripening of fruit if plants are growing in an orchard[18]. The fruit is a good wildlife food source, especially for birds[200]. Hybridizes freely with other members of this genus[200]. Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[200].pf

Apple tree in flower
Orchard mason bee on apple bloom, British Columbia, Canada

Apples are self-incompatible; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers usually provide pollinators to carry the pollen. Honeybee hives are most commonly used. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Bumble bee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators.[2]

There are four to seven pollination groups in apples depending on climate:

  • Group A – Early flowering, May 1 to 3 in England (Gravenstein, Red Astrachan)
  • Group B – May 4 to 7 (Idared, McIntosh)
  • Group C – Mid-season flowering, May 8 to 11 (Granny Smith, Cox's Orange Pippin)
  • Group D – Mid/Late season flowering, May 12 to 15 (Golden Delicious, Calville blanc d'hiver)
  • Group E – Late flowering, May 16 to 18 (Braeburn, Reinette d'Orléans)
  • Group F – May 19 to 23 (Suntan)
  • Group H – May 24 to 28 (Court-Pendu Gris) (also called Court-Pendu plat)

One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).[3]

Propagation

Grafting to reproduce cultivars. Seeds to produce rootstocks or new varieties.

Seed - this species is a hybrid and will not breed true from seed, though some interesting new fruiting cultivars can be produced.. It is best sown as soon as it is ripe in the autumn in a cold frame. It usually germinates in late winter. Stored seed requires stratification for 3 months at 1°c and should be sown in a cold frame as soon as it is received[200]. It might not germinate for 12 months or more. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots as soon as they are large enough to handle. If given a rich compost they usually grow away quickly and can be large enough to plant out in late summer, though consider giving them some protection from the cold in their first winter. Otherwise, keep them in pots in a cold frame and plant them out in late spring of the following year. Cuttings of mature wood, November in a frame[11].pf

Pests and diseases

Mildew, aphids, apple scab, fireblight, Gymnosporangium rust, and black spot. The soft bark on a young apple tree may be fed upon by pests like mice and deer, especially in winter.

The two staple enemies of the apple are the apple-worm (the larva of the codlin- moth), and the apple- scab. These are readily held in check by spraying with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with lime - sulfur or bordeaux mixture for the scab. See Spraying. Spraying for the worm should be performed as soon as the last petals fall; for the scab as soon as the buds are well burst. In badly infected regions and on very susceptible varieties, it may be necessary to spray first for the scab before the buds swell. Since there are insects (as canker-worms, case-bearers, bud-moth) that appear before the flowers open, it is advisable to add arsenical poison to the fungicide at the early spraying. The number of times to spray depends on the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be combated, and the season; but it is a good rule to expect to spray with the combined fungicide and insecticide mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals have fallen. In the plains country, less spraying may be necessary for the fungous diseases.

Cultivars

There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apple. For a partial list, see: List of apple cultivars.

Gallery

  • A display of different apples

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

See also

References

External links


  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named app
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named app4
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Symposium on Growth Regulators in Fruit Production
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