Difference between revisions of "Holly"

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I. ambigua, Chapm. Deciduous large shrub, allied to I. monticols. Lvs. usually almost glabrous, remotely serrate, 1-2 in. long. N. C. to Fla., west to Ark. and Texas.—I. Brandegeedna, Loes. Evergreen tree to 40 ft.: branchlets pubescent: Ivs. elliptic-lanoeolate, remotely serrate or almost entire, pubescent, 2-3 1/2in. long: fls. 5-merous. Low. Calif. G.F. 7:416 (by error named I. californica, Brandegee. Evergreen large shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptic to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, remotely and crenately serrulate, 2-5 in. long: fr. black, small. Low. Calif. G.F. 7:415 (by error named I.californica.)—I. californica,Brandegee.Evergreen large shrub, to 12ft.,glabrous: lvs elliptic to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, remotely and crenately serrulate, 2-5 in, long; lr. Black, small. Low Calif. G.F 7:415 (by error named I. cannariensis, Poir. Evergreen tree, to 20 ft., glabrous: lvs. ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, 2-4 in. long: fr. usually solitary, on this year's growth. Canaries.- I. conocarpa, Reise. Evergreen shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, 3-5 in.long: fls. in short, dense spikes: fr. ovoid-conic. Brazil. B.M. 7310.—I.cordllina, French. Evergreen shrub: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acuminate, spiny - serrate or nearly crenate-serrate, 2-3 in. long: frs. small, red, nearly sessile, in dense clusters, W. China.—I. coridcea, Chapm. (I. lucida, Torr. & Gray). Allied to I.glabra, but taller: lvs. broader and longer, to3 in., acute or acuminate. N. C. to Fla., west to La.—L. Franchetiana, Loes. Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptie-obovate to lanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, 2 ½ -4. long: fr. bright red on short stalks, in dense clusters. W. China. — I. geniculdta, Maxim. Deciduous shrub, glabrous: Lvs. ovate to elliptic-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 1 ½ -2in. long: fr. scarlet, solitary, drooping on filiform peduncles 3/4-1 ½in. long. Japan. Very graceful shrub; has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.—I. gongonha, Mart.=Villaresia mucronata. — I.inslgnis, Hook. f. Evergreen small tree: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, spiny-toothed, often almost entire on older plants: fr. large, globose. Himalayas. G. C. II. 14:297. G. M. 31:475.—I.longipes Chapm. Deciduous shrub, allied to I. decidus: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, crenately serrate, almost glabrous: fr. globose, slender-pedicelled. N. C. to Ga., west to La. G. F. 3:345.—I. macrooarpa, Oliver. Deciduous tree, to 30 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptic or elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, finely serrate, 3-4 ½in. long: frs. black, solitary, ½ -3/4  in. across, on peduncles ½ -1 1/4in. long. Cent. China. H. I. 18:1787.— I. microcdrpa, Lindl.=I. rotunda, Thunb.—I. Oldhamii. Miq.- purpures, Thunb,-I.pedunculoea, Miq. Evergreen small tree, glabrous: lvs.slender-petioled, elliptic-ovate to ovate-oblong, abruptly short-acuminate, entire or sparingly serrulate, 1 ½ -3in.long: fr. red, usually solitary on slender pedicels 1 ½ -2 in.long. Japan. S.1.F. 1:61. Var. continentalis, Loes. lvs. generally larger, thicker: sepals ciliate. Cent. China.—I. purpurea, Thunb. (I. Oldhamii, Mlq.). Evergreen tree, glabrous: lvs. elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, crenate - serrulate, 2-3 in. long.: fr. red,1/2in. across, pedicelled. usually 2-5 on a common peduncle about ½in. long. Japan, Cent. China. S. I. F. 1:62.—I. rotunda, Thunb. (I. microcarpa, Lindl.). Evergreen shrub or tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. oblong or elliptic, acute, pointed, quite entire: fr. small, red, in peduncled clusters. Japan. G. C. 1850:311. F.S. 7, p. 216. S. I. F. 1:60.—I. Rugdsa, F. Schmidt. Evergreen low spreading shrub, sometimes prostrate, glabrous: lvs. oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, remotely crenate-serrate, rugose above, 3/4-2 in. long: fr. usually solitary, scarlet. Japan, Saghalin.—I. azcchwantnsis, Loes. Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, ovate- to elliptic- oblong, serrulate, 1-2 ½in. long.: fr. black, solitary, on stalks about 1/2in. long. Cent. China.—I. triflora, Brandegee=I. Brandegeeana. —I. yunnanensis, Franch. Evergreen shrub, to 10 ft.: branchlets villous: lvs. short-stalked, ovate to ovate-oblong, crenate-scrrate or serrulate, pubescent below, at least on the midrib,3/4 – 1 1/2in.long: fr. red, solitary, stalked. W. China. Alfred Rehder.
 
I. ambigua, Chapm. Deciduous large shrub, allied to I. monticols. Lvs. usually almost glabrous, remotely serrate, 1-2 in. long. N. C. to Fla., west to Ark. and Texas.—I. Brandegeedna, Loes. Evergreen tree to 40 ft.: branchlets pubescent: Ivs. elliptic-lanoeolate, remotely serrate or almost entire, pubescent, 2-3 1/2in. long: fls. 5-merous. Low. Calif. G.F. 7:416 (by error named I. californica, Brandegee. Evergreen large shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptic to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, remotely and crenately serrulate, 2-5 in. long: fr. black, small. Low. Calif. G.F. 7:415 (by error named I.californica.)—I. californica,Brandegee.Evergreen large shrub, to 12ft.,glabrous: lvs elliptic to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, remotely and crenately serrulate, 2-5 in, long; lr. Black, small. Low Calif. G.F 7:415 (by error named I. cannariensis, Poir. Evergreen tree, to 20 ft., glabrous: lvs. ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, 2-4 in. long: fr. usually solitary, on this year's growth. Canaries.- I. conocarpa, Reise. Evergreen shrub, to 6 ft.: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, 3-5 in.long: fls. in short, dense spikes: fr. ovoid-conic. Brazil. B.M. 7310.—I.cordllina, French. Evergreen shrub: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acuminate, spiny - serrate or nearly crenate-serrate, 2-3 in. long: frs. small, red, nearly sessile, in dense clusters, W. China.—I. coridcea, Chapm. (I. lucida, Torr. & Gray). Allied to I.glabra, but taller: lvs. broader and longer, to3 in., acute or acuminate. N. C. to Fla., west to La.—L. Franchetiana, Loes. Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptie-obovate to lanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, 2 ½ -4. long: fr. bright red on short stalks, in dense clusters. W. China. — I. geniculdta, Maxim. Deciduous shrub, glabrous: Lvs. ovate to elliptic-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 1 ½ -2in. long: fr. scarlet, solitary, drooping on filiform peduncles 3/4-1 ½in. long. Japan. Very graceful shrub; has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.—I. gongonha, Mart.=Villaresia mucronata. — I.inslgnis, Hook. f. Evergreen small tree: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, spiny-toothed, often almost entire on older plants: fr. large, globose. Himalayas. G. C. II. 14:297. G. M. 31:475.—I.longipes Chapm. Deciduous shrub, allied to I. decidus: Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, crenately serrate, almost glabrous: fr. globose, slender-pedicelled. N. C. to Ga., west to La. G. F. 3:345.—I. macrooarpa, Oliver. Deciduous tree, to 30 ft., glabrous: lvs. elliptic or elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, finely serrate, 3-4 ½in. long: frs. black, solitary, ½ -3/4  in. across, on peduncles ½ -1 1/4in. long. Cent. China. H. I. 18:1787.— I. microcdrpa, Lindl.=I. rotunda, Thunb.—I. Oldhamii. Miq.- purpures, Thunb,-I.pedunculoea, Miq. Evergreen small tree, glabrous: lvs.slender-petioled, elliptic-ovate to ovate-oblong, abruptly short-acuminate, entire or sparingly serrulate, 1 ½ -3in.long: fr. red, usually solitary on slender pedicels 1 ½ -2 in.long. Japan. S.1.F. 1:61. Var. continentalis, Loes. lvs. generally larger, thicker: sepals ciliate. Cent. China.—I. purpurea, Thunb. (I. Oldhamii, Mlq.). Evergreen tree, glabrous: lvs. elliptic-ovate to oblong- lanceolate, crenate - serrulate, 2-3 in. long.: fr. red,1/2in. across, pedicelled. usually 2-5 on a common peduncle about ½in. long. Japan, Cent. China. S. I. F. 1:62.—I. rotunda, Thunb. (I. microcarpa, Lindl.). Evergreen shrub or tree, to 40 ft.: lvs. oblong or elliptic, acute, pointed, quite entire: fr. small, red, in peduncled clusters. Japan. G. C. 1850:311. F.S. 7, p. 216. S. I. F. 1:60.—I. Rugdsa, F. Schmidt. Evergreen low spreading shrub, sometimes prostrate, glabrous: lvs. oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, remotely crenate-serrate, rugose above, 3/4-2 in. long: fr. usually solitary, scarlet. Japan, Saghalin.—I. azcchwantnsis, Loes. Evergreen shrub, to 12 ft., glabrous: lvs. short-petioled, ovate- to elliptic- oblong, serrulate, 1-2 ½in. long.: fr. black, solitary, on stalks about 1/2in. long. Cent. China.—I. triflora, Brandegee=I. Brandegeeana. —I. yunnanensis, Franch. Evergreen shrub, to 10 ft.: branchlets villous: lvs. short-stalked, ovate to ovate-oblong, crenate-scrrate or serrulate, pubescent below, at least on the midrib,3/4 – 1 1/2in.long: fr. red, solitary, stalked. W. China. Alfred Rehder.
 
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Three species are used as stimulants and tea subsitutes- Ilex guayusa, Ilex paraguariensis and Ilex vomitoria.
  
  

Latest revision as of 21:55, 28 May 2010


European Holly (Ilex aquifolium) leaves and fruit


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Aquifoliaceae >

Ilex >

L. >


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Holly (Ilex, pronounced /ˈaɪlɛks/)[1] is a genus of approximately 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family.

Hollies (here, Ilex aquifolium) are dioecious: (above) shoot with flowers from male plant; (top right) male flower enlarged from female plant; (lower right) female flower enlarged, showing stamen and reduced, sterile stamens with no pollen.
A holly bush with a lone red berry in winter.

Holly berries are somewhatTemplate:Clarify toxic and will cause vomiting and/or diarrhea when ingested by people, partly due to the ilicin content. The fatal dose is estimated to be around twenty berries for adults. However they are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the fall and early winter the berries are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the berries soften, and become milder in taste. During winter storms, birds often take refuge in hollies, which provide shelter, protection from predators (by the spiny leaves), and food. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the larva of the Double-striped Pug moth (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata). Other Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on holly include Bucculatrix ilecella (which feeds exclusively on hollies) and The Engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia). Holly is commonly referenced at Christmas time. Also see: wreath for information on how the holly plant is used in Christmas wreaths.

Having evolved numerous species that are endemic to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare. Tropical species are especially often threatened by habitat destruction and overexploitation, and at least two have become extinct, with numerous others barely surviving.[2]


Read about Holly in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

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Three species are used as stimulants and tea subsitutes- Ilex guayusa, Ilex paraguariensis and Ilex vomitoria.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Species

Selected species:


Read about Holly in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

{{{1}}}

The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.



Gallery

  • Ilex anomala

  • Ilex chinensis

  • Ilex pedunculosa

  • Ilex rotunda

  • Ilex verticillata

  • Ilex yunnanensis

  • A contorted hedgehog holly.

  • Ilex anomala

  • Ilex chinensis

  • Ilex pedunculosa

  • Ilex rotunda

  • Ilex yunnanensis

References

  1. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ↑ International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (2007): 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Ilex
  3. ↑ Template:Cite paper
  4. ↑ Ulloa Ulloa & Jørgensen (1993), eFloras.org (2007a, b), IUCN (2007), RBGE (2007), USDA (2007a, b)

External links


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