Difference between revisions of "Sophora"

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'''''Sophora''''' is a [[genus]] of about 45 species of small [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s in the subfamily [[Faboideae]] of the [[pea]] family, [[Fabaceae]]. The species are native to southeast [[Europe]], southern [[Asia]], [[Australasia]], the [[Pacific Islands|islands]] of the [[Pacific Ocean]] and western [[South America]]. The generic name is derived from ''sophera'', an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name for a pea-flowered tree.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521866453 |year=2008 |page=356}}</ref>
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The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably ''[[Styphnolobium]]'' ([[Styphnolobium japonicum|pagoda tree]] genus), which differs in lacking  [[nitrogen fixation|nitrogen fixing]] bacteria ([[rhizobia]]) on the roots, and ''[[Calia]]'' (the mescalbeans).
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''Styphnolobium'' has [[galactomannan]]s as seed [[polysaccharide]] reserve, in contrast ''Sophora'' contains [[arabinogalactan]]s, and ''Calia'' [[amyloid]].
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The [[New Zealand]] ''Sophora'' species are known as [[Kowhai]].
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The [[Toromiro]] (''Sophora toromiro'') was formerly a common tree in the forests of [[Easter Island]]. The tree fell victim to the deforestation that eliminated the island's forests by the 18th century, and later became [[Extinct in the Wild|extinct in the wild]]. The tree is being reintroduced to the island in a scientific project partly led jointly by the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and the [[Göteborg Botanical Garden]], where the only remaining plants of this species with a documented origin were propagated in the 1960s from seeds collected by [[Thor Heyerdahl]].
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''Mayo'' or ''Mayú'' (''[[Sophora macrocarpa]]'') is a small tree that inhabits the [[Chilean Matorral]].
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Sophora (Sophera, Arabian name of a tree with pea-shaped flowers). Including Styphnolobium and Edwardsia. Leguminosae. Ornamental woody or rarely herbaceous plants grown chiefly for their attractive flowers and handsome foliage.
 
Sophora (Sophera, Arabian name of a tree with pea-shaped flowers). Including Styphnolobium and Edwardsia. Leguminosae. Ornamental woody or rarely herbaceous plants grown chiefly for their attractive flowers and handsome foliage.
  
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The sophoras are handsome trees, rarely shrubs or herbs with graceful foliage, evergreen in some species, and with papilionaceous whitish, violet or pink, or yellow flowers in terminal panicles or in racemes, followed by long and narrow moniliform pods. Sophora japonica and the shrubby S. viciifolia are hardy as far north as Massachusetts, while S. affinis is less hardy. The evergreen species are tender and can be grown only in the southern states and California; they are very showy in spring when they are in bloom; in England they are often planted against a wall, where they can be easily protected against light frost. S. japonica is especially valuable for its late-appearing flowers, which are white and disposed in ample panicles; the foliage is dark green and graceful and the tree is conspicuous in winter on account of its dark green branches. It is sometimes planted as a street tree, as it stands heat and drought well. The sophoras thrive best in well-drained sandy loam but grow fairly well in rather dry soil. Propagation is by seeds and the varieties by grafting on the typical form; some species are also increased by greenwood cuttings and by layers.
 
The sophoras are handsome trees, rarely shrubs or herbs with graceful foliage, evergreen in some species, and with papilionaceous whitish, violet or pink, or yellow flowers in terminal panicles or in racemes, followed by long and narrow moniliform pods. Sophora japonica and the shrubby S. viciifolia are hardy as far north as Massachusetts, while S. affinis is less hardy. The evergreen species are tender and can be grown only in the southern states and California; they are very showy in spring when they are in bloom; in England they are often planted against a wall, where they can be easily protected against light frost. S. japonica is especially valuable for its late-appearing flowers, which are white and disposed in ample panicles; the foliage is dark green and graceful and the tree is conspicuous in winter on account of its dark green branches. It is sometimes planted as a street tree, as it stands heat and drought well. The sophoras thrive best in well-drained sandy loam but grow fairly well in rather dry soil. Propagation is by seeds and the varieties by grafting on the typical form; some species are also increased by greenwood cuttings and by layers.
  
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S. alopecuroides, Linn. Grayish-pubescent undershrub, with upright, virgate branches: lvs. 6 in. long, with 15-25 oblong lfts.: fls. yellow: racemes dense, terminal, about 6 in. long: pod terete, 6-12-seeded. W. Asia to Himalayas. Half-hardy.—S. australis, Linn.-Baptisia australis.—S. platycarpa, Maxim. -Cladrastis platycarpa.—S. tomentosa, Linn. Pubescent shrub: lvs. 6-10 in. long; lfts. 15-19, oval to oblong, obtuse, 1-1 3/4 in. long: fls. yellow, in terminal 6-12-in. long racemes: pod 4-6 in. long. Southern states, W. India. B.M. 3390. Not hardy North.
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S. alopecuroides, Linn. Grayish-pubescent undershrub, with upright, virgate branches: lvs. 6 in. long, with 15-25 oblong lfts.: fls. yellow: racemes dense, terminal, about 6 in. long: pod terete, 6-12-seeded. W. Asia to Himalayas. Half-hardy.—S. australis, Linn.-Baptisia australis.—S. platycarpa, Maxim. -Cladrastis platycarpa.—S. tomentosa, Linn. Pubescent shrub: lvs. 6-10 in. long; lfts. 15-19, oval to oblong, obtuse, 1-1 3/4 in. long: fls. yellow, in terminal 6-12-in. long racemes: pod 4-6 in. long. Southern states, W. India.Not hardy North.
 
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==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
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===Propagation===
 
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===Pests and diseases===
 
===Pests and diseases===
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==Species==
 
==Species==
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*''[[Sophora albescens]]'' <small>([[Alfred Rehder|Rehder]]) C.Y.Ma</small>
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*''[[Sophora alopecuroides]]'' <small>L.</small> - Sophora Root
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*''[[Sophora cassioides]]'' <small>([[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Phil.]]) Sparre</small> - Pelú ([[Chile]])
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*''[[Sophora chathamica]]'' <small>[[Leonard Cockayne|Cockayne]]</small> - Coastal Kowhai (New Zealand)
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*''[[Sophora chrysophylla]]'' <small>([[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]) [[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]</small> - Māmane ([[Hawaii]])
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*''[[Sophora davidii]]'' <small>Kom.ex Pavol.</small><ref>cited as ''S.viciifolia'' Hance (1903)in Tsong et Ma (1981)Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica p.21</ref>
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*''[[Sophora fernandeziana]]'' <small>(Phil.) [[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]</small> ([[Juan Fernández Islands]])
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*''[[Sophora flavescens]]'' <small>[[William Aiton|Aiton]]</small> - Ku Shen (Eastern Asia)
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*''[[Sophora fulvida]]'' <small>(Allan) [[Peter B. Heenan|Heenan]] & de Lange</small> - Waitakere Kowhai (New Zealand)
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*''[[Sophora godleyi]]'' - Godley Kowhai, Papa Kowhai (New Zealand)
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*''[[Sophora howinsula]]'' <small>([[Daniel Oliver|Oliv.]]) P.S.Green</small>
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*''[[Sophora inhambanensis]]'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]]</small>
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*''[[Sophora koreensis]]'' <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]</small>
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*''[[Sophora lehmannii]]'' <small>([[Alexander G. von Bunge|Bunge]]) [[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>
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*''[[Sophora longicarinata]]'' - Kowhai (New Zealand)
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*''[[Sophora masafuerana]]'' <small>(Phil.) Skottsb.</small> - (Juan Fernández Islands)
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*''[[Sophora macrocarpa]]'' <small>[[James Edward Smith|Sm.]]</small> - Mayo or Mayú (Chile)
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*''[[Sophora mangarevaensis]]'' <small>[[Harold St. John|H.St.John]]</small> ([[French Polynesia]])
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*''[[Sophora microphylla]]'' <small>Aiton</small> - Small-leaved Kowhai (New Zealand)
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*''[[Sophora mollis]]'' <small>(Royle) Graham ex Baker</small>
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*''[[Sophora molloyi]]'' - Cook Strait Kowhai (New Zealand)
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*''[[Sophora moorcroftiana]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
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*''[[Sophora nuttalliana]]'' <small>B.L.Turner</small>
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*''[[Sophora pachycarpa]]'' <small>Schrenk ex [[Carl Anton von Meyer|C.A.Mey.]]</small>
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*''[[Sophora prostrata]]'' <small>Buchanan</small> - Dwarf Kowhai, Prostrate Kowhai (New Zealand)
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*''[[Sophora raivavaeensis]]'' <small>H.St.John</small> (French Polynesia)
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*''[[Sophora rapaensis]]'' <small>H.St.John</small> (French Polynesia)
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*''[[Sophora saxicola]]'' <small>Proctor</small> ([[Jamaica]])
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*''[[Sophora tetraptera]]'' <small>[[Mueller, Johann Sebastian|J.F.Muell.]]</small> - Large-leaved Kowhai, Taupo Kowhai (New Zealand)
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*''[[Sophora tomentosa]]'' <small>L.</small> - Necklace Pod ([[Pantropical]] on coasts)
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*''[[Sophora tonkinensis]]'' <small>Gagnep.</small>
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*''[[Toromiro|Sophora toromiro]]'' <small>[[Carl Skottsberg|Skottsb.]]</small> - Toromiro ([[Easter Island]])
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*''[[Sophora velutina]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
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*''[[Sophora violacea]]'' <small>Thwaites</small>
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*''[[Sophora wightii]]'' <small>[[John Gilbert Baker|Baker]]</small> ([[India]])
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==Gallery==
 
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==References==
 
==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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Latest revision as of 01:38, 3 June 2010


Kowhai flowers.jpg


Plant Characteristics
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Cultivation
Features: ✓ evergreen, deciduous, flowers
Scientific Names

Fabaceae >

Sophora >


If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!


Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family, Fabaceae. The species are native to southeast Europe, southern Asia, Australasia, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and western South America. The generic name is derived from sophera, an Arabic name for a pea-flowered tree.[1]

The genus formerly had a broader interpretation including many other species now treated in other genera, notably Styphnolobium (pagoda tree genus), which differs in lacking nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) on the roots, and Calia (the mescalbeans). Styphnolobium has galactomannans as seed polysaccharide reserve, in contrast Sophora contains arabinogalactans, and Calia amyloid.

The New Zealand Sophora species are known as Kowhai.

The Toromiro (Sophora toromiro) was formerly a common tree in the forests of Easter Island. The tree fell victim to the deforestation that eliminated the island's forests by the 18th century, and later became extinct in the wild. The tree is being reintroduced to the island in a scientific project partly led jointly by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Göteborg Botanical Garden, where the only remaining plants of this species with a documented origin were propagated in the 1960s from seeds collected by Thor Heyerdahl.

Mayo or Mayú (Sophora macrocarpa) is a small tree that inhabits the Chilean Matorral.


Read about Sophora in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Sophora (Sophera, Arabian name of a tree with pea-shaped flowers). Including Styphnolobium and Edwardsia. Leguminosae. Ornamental woody or rarely herbaceous plants grown chiefly for their attractive flowers and handsome foliage.

Deciduous or evergreen useful ornamental plants: lvs. alternate, odd-pinnate with opposite usually small entire lfts.: fls. pea-like, in racemes or terminal leafy panicles; calyx with 5 short teeth; standard orbicular or broadly obovate; stamens 10, free or connate only at the base: pod stalked, almost terete or 4-winged, rarely compressed, few- to many-seeded, moniliform, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent.—About 25 species in the temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. The fls. and frs. of S. japonica yield a yellow dye, S. tomentosa has medicinal properties, and the seeds of S. secundiflora contain sophorine, a poisonous alkaloid. S. tetraptera is a valuable timber tree in its native country.

The sophoras are handsome trees, rarely shrubs or herbs with graceful foliage, evergreen in some species, and with papilionaceous whitish, violet or pink, or yellow flowers in terminal panicles or in racemes, followed by long and narrow moniliform pods. Sophora japonica and the shrubby S. viciifolia are hardy as far north as Massachusetts, while S. affinis is less hardy. The evergreen species are tender and can be grown only in the southern states and California; they are very showy in spring when they are in bloom; in England they are often planted against a wall, where they can be easily protected against light frost. S. japonica is especially valuable for its late-appearing flowers, which are white and disposed in ample panicles; the foliage is dark green and graceful and the tree is conspicuous in winter on account of its dark green branches. It is sometimes planted as a street tree, as it stands heat and drought well. The sophoras thrive best in well-drained sandy loam but grow fairly well in rather dry soil. Propagation is by seeds and the varieties by grafting on the typical form; some species are also increased by greenwood cuttings and by layers.

S. alopecuroides, Linn. Grayish-pubescent undershrub, with upright, virgate branches: lvs. 6 in. long, with 15-25 oblong lfts.: fls. yellow: racemes dense, terminal, about 6 in. long: pod terete, 6-12-seeded. W. Asia to Himalayas. Half-hardy.—S. australis, Linn.-Baptisia australis.—S. platycarpa, Maxim. -Cladrastis platycarpa.—S. tomentosa, Linn. Pubescent shrub: lvs. 6-10 in. long; lfts. 15-19, oval to oblong, obtuse, 1-1 3/4 in. long: fls. yellow, in terminal 6-12-in. long racemes: pod 4-6 in. long. Southern states, W. India.Not hardy North. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Species

Selected species:

Gallery

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

  1. ↑ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 9780521866453. http://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC. 
  2. ↑ cited as S.viciifolia Hance (1903)in Tsong et Ma (1981)Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica p.21

External links


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