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−__NOTOC__{{Plantbox+| divisio = <!--- Phylum -->+| cultivar =
[[Category:Categorize]]+
−<!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! -->
{{SPlantbox
−| name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
+|familia=Oleaceae
−| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
+|genus=Fraxinus
−| growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
+|species=excelsior
−| high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
+|common_name=Common ash, European ash
−| wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
+|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
−| origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
+|habit=tree
−| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
+|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
−| lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
+|Max ht box=100
−| exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
+|Max ht metric=ft
−| water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
+|height_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
−| features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
+|Max wd box=60
−| hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
+|Max wd metric=ft
−| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
+|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
−| usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
+|lifespan=perennial
−| sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
+|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
−| color = IndianRed
+|exposure=sun
−| image = Upload.png <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
+|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
−| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
+|features=flowers
−| image_caption = <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
+|flower_season=early fall, mid fall, late fall
−| regnum = Plantae <!--- Kingdom -->
+|flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
−|Temp Metric=°F
−| classis = <!--- Class -->
+|min_zone=4
−| ordo = <!--- Order -->
+|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
−| familia = <!--- Family -->
+|max_zone=10
−| genus =
+|image=Fraxinus excelsior.jpg
−| species =
+|image_width=240
−| subspecies =
−}}
}}
+'''''Fraxinus excelsior''''' ('''Ash'''; also '''European Ash''' or '''Common Ash''' on occasion to distinguish it from other ash species), is a species of ''[[Fraxinus]]'' native to most of [[Europe]].<ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref><ref name=dvf>Den virtuella floran: [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/olea/fraxi/fraxexcv.jpg ''Fraxinus excelsior'' distribution]</ref>
+
+[[Image:Ash flower.JPG|thumb|left|Male flowers]]
+It is a large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to 20–35 m (exceptionally to 46 m) tall with a trunk up to 2 m (exceptionally to 3.5 m) diameter, with a tall, domed crown. The [[bark]] is smooth and pale grey on young trees, becoming thick and vertically fissured on old trees. The shoots are stout, greenish-grey, with jet black [[bud]]s. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 20–35 cm long, pinnate compound, with 7-13 [[leaflets]], the leaflets 3–12 cm long and 0.8–3 cm broad, sessile on the leaf rachis, and with a serrated margin. The leaves are often among the last to open in spring, and the first to fall in autumn if an early frost strikes; they have no marked autumn colour, often falling dull green. The [[flower]]s open before the leaves, the female flowers being somewhat longer than the male flowers; they are dark purple, and without petals, and are wind-pollinated. Both male and female flowers can occur on the same tree, but it is more common to find all male and all female trees; a tree that is all male one year can produce female flowers the next, and similarly a female tree can become male. The [[fruit]] is a [[samara (fruit)|samara]] 2.5-4.5 cm long and 5–8 mm broad, often hanging in bunches through the winter; they are often called 'ash keys'.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=afm>Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6</ref><ref name=afm1>Mitchell, A. F. (1982). ''The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-219037-0</ref> Trees rarely exceed 250 years old. However, there are numerous ones estimated between 200 and 250 years old and there are a couple over 250. The largest is in [[Clapton Court]], [[England]] and is 9 m (29 ft) in girth. There are several examples over 4.5 metres (15 feet) in [[Derbyshire]] alone.
+
+It is readily distinguished from other species of ash in that it has black buds, unlike the brown or grey buds of most other ashes.
+
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−==Species==
+==Varieties==
−<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->
+Cultivars:
+[[File:Ash mast at Eglinton.JPG|right|thumb|250px|<center>Ash saplings from a [[mast year]].]]
+There are a number of [[cultivar]]s including;
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Aurea', see 'Jaspidea'
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Aurea Pendula' (Weeping Golden Ash)
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Autumn Blaze'
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Autumn Purple'
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Crispa'
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Diversifolia' (One-leaved Ash)
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Erosa'
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Jaspidea' (Golden Ash)
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Monophylla'
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Nana'
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Pendula' (Weeping Ash), one of the best known cultivars, widely planted during the [[Victorian era]], it grows vigorously forming an attractive small to medium size tree with mounds of weeping branches.
+*''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Skyline'.
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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<gallery>
<gallery>
−Image:Upload.png| photo 1
+Image:Le Roeulx AR9JPG.jpg|Tree 46 m tall, Château des princes de Croÿ, Le Roeulx, [[Belgium]].
−Image:Upload.png| photo 2
+Image:EuropeanAsh.jpg|Old tree, [[Norway]].
−Image:Upload.png| photo 3
+Image:EurAshLeaf.jpg|Leaf and shoot, showing black bud.
+Image:Fraxinus excelsior 'Pendula'.JPG|Weeping Ash ''Fraxinus excelsior'' 'Pendula', [[Knightshayes Court]], [[England]].
</gallery>
</gallery>
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