Difference between revisions of "Gossypium"
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| − | {{ | + | |common_name=Cotton |
| − | | | + | |name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381 |
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| + | '''''Gossypium''''' is a [[genus]] of 39-40 species of [[shrub]]s in the [[Malva|mallow]] family, [[Malvaceae]], native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]]. The cotton plants, sources of [[cotton|commercial cotton]] fabric, are included in this genus. | ||
| − | + | Cotton shrubs can grow up to {{convert|3.0|m|ft|abbr=on}} high. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] called a '''boll''', each seed surrounded by fibres of two types. | |
| − | + | These fibres are the commercially interesting part of the plant and they are removed by a process called [[ginning]]. At the first ginning the longer fibres, called staples, are removed and these are twisted together to form yarn for making thread and weaving into high quality textiles. At the second ginning the shorter fibres, called linters, are removed, and these are woven into lower quality textiles including the eponymous Lint. | |
| − | + | Commercial species of cotton plant are ''G. hirsutum'' (90% of world production), ''G. barbadense'' (8%), ''G. arboreum'' and ''G. herbaceum'' (together, 2%). While cotton fibres occur naturally in colors of white, brown, and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton has led many cotton-growing locations to ban growing of coloured cotton varieties. | |
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| − | + | Gossypium (ancient name of the cotton plant). Malvaceae. Cotton. Perhaps thirty or more species of herbs and shrubs of warm countries, although more than 100 have been described; some authorities reduce them to about three. They are grown for the fiber that is borne on the seeds. See Cotton. They are scarcely horticultural subjects, and therefore are not treated fully in this work. | |
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| − | + | Gossypiums are tall stout herbs, or tree-form bushes: lvs. large, alternate, petiolate, mostly prominently 3-9-lobed but sometimes entire: fls. white, yellow or purplish, provided with 3-5 large cordate calyx-like bracts; calyx entire or somewhat 5-lobed; stamens united into a column; ovary 3-5-celled, each cell 3-11- ovuled; style 3-5-lobed: fr. a loculicidally dehiscent caps., bearing seeds that are obovate, rounded or slightly angular, sometimes smooth, but usually covered with a short down or fuzz and a longer coat of brown, creamy or white hairs, called the lint. | |
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| − | + | The cottons of commerce belong, according to Lewton, to about eight distinct botanical types and may be divided into two main groups, the New World and the Old World cottons. The New World group includes American Upland cotton (G. hirsutum, Linn.); Sea Island and Egyptian cottons (G. barbadense, Linn.); and the tropical tree cottons of South America (G. brasiliense, Macf. and G. peruvianum, Cav.). The Old World cottons include the Levant cotton (G. herbaceum. Linn.), cultivated in southern Europe and western Asia; the oriental tree cotton (G. arboreum, Linn.), with yellow or purple-red flowers; the common cotton of India (G. neglectum, Todaro); and the Chinese and Japanese cottons (G. nanking, Meyen.). | |
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| − | + | Cotton (probably G. herbaceum) was grown in gardens in Delaware and Maryland in colonial times as an ornamental plant. | |
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| − | + | Two species have been offered as ornamental plants. G. davidsonii, Kellogg, from Lower Calif, and Cerros Isls., woody, with handsome yellow fls. purple at the base, 1 in. long, and small cordate mostly entire lvs. G. sturtii, F. Muell., endemic in interior of Australia: shrub, several feet high, more or less marked with black dots: lvs. broadly ovate, entire, 1-2 in. long, glaucous: fls. large, purple with dark center; bracts to 1 in. long, cordate, entire, many-nerved, black-dotted. The common fiber-cottons are sometimes planted in northern gardens for curiosity, but they seldom make attractive plants where the nights are cool; sometimes they are seen in warm glasshouses, with other economic plants. | |
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| − | + | ==Cultivation== | |
| + | {{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> | ||
| − | == | + | ===Propagation=== |
| − | + | {{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> | |
| − | === Pests === | + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
| − | + | {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> | |
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| − | == | + | ==Species== |
| − | {{ | + | ;Commercial cotton species{{wp}} |
| − | + | Commercial [[cotton]] fibres, used to manufacture [[cloth]], are derived from the fruit of the cotton plant. The following species are grown commercially: | |
| − | + | * ''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] – Tree cotton, native to [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. | |
| − | + | * ''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' L. – known as American Pima, Creole, Egyptian, or Sea island cotton, native to tropical [[South America]]. | |
| − | + | * ''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]'' L. – Levant cotton, native to southern [[Africa]] and [[Arabian Peninsula]]. | |
| − | *[[ | + | * ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' L. – Upland cotton, native to [[Central America]], [[Mexico]], the [[Caribbean]] and southern [[Florida]] - most commonly grown species in the world. |
| − | + | ;Non-commercial species {{wp}} | |
| − | *[[ | + | * ''[[Gossypium australe]]'' [[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell]] – Endemic to north-western [[Australia]] |
| − | + | * ''[[Gossypium darwinii]]'' - Darwin's cotton, found only on the [[Galapagos Islands]] | |
| + | * ''[[Gossypium sturtianum]]'' [[Jim Willis|J.H. Willis]] – Sturt's Desert Rose, native to [[Australia]]. | ||
| + | * ''[[Gossypium thurberi]]'' Tod. – Arizona wild cotton, native to [[Arizona]] and northern [[Mexico]]. | ||
| + | * ''[[Gossypium tomentosum]]'' [[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]] ex Seem – ''Ma‘o'' or Hawaiian cotton, endemic to the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. | ||
| − | + | Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of the above species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects, disease and drought-tolerance. | |
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| − | == | + | ==Gallery== |
| − | {{ | + | {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> |
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| + | [[Image:Gorskii_04431u.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cotton field in [[Sukhumi botanical garden]], photo ''ca.'' 1912]] | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
Image:Cotton_pollination_5892.JPG|''Gossypium hirsutum'' flower with [[bumblebee]] pollinator, [[Hemingway, South Carolina]] | Image:Cotton_pollination_5892.JPG|''Gossypium hirsutum'' flower with [[bumblebee]] pollinator, [[Hemingway, South Carolina]] | ||
Image:Hawn_Cotton.jpg|''Gossypium tomentosum'' boll | Image:Hawn_Cotton.jpg|''Gossypium tomentosum'' boll | ||
| − | Image:IPMtrap4854.JPG|Integrated Pest Management bollworm trap at a cotton field in [[Manning, South Carolina]] | + | Image:IPMtrap4854.JPG|Integrated Pest Management bollworm trap at a cotton field in [[Manning, South Carolina]] |
| − | + | Image:Organic-agriculture biocontrol-cotton polistes-wasp.JPG|Natural biocontrol: Predatory [[Polistes]] wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant | |
| − | < | + | </gallery> |
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| − | + | ==References== | |
| − | + | *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 | |
| − | < | + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| − | < | + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| − | + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> | |
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| − | + | ==External links== | |
| − | + | *{{wplink}} | |
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| − | + | {{stub}} | |
| − | + | __NOTOC__ | |
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Latest revision as of 15:42, 9 August 2010
| Habit | shrub |
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If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
Gossypium is a genus of 39-40 species of shrubs in the mallow family, Malvaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World. The cotton plants, sources of commercial cotton fabric, are included in this genus.
Cotton shrubs can grow up to 3.0 m ft high. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a capsule called a boll, each seed surrounded by fibres of two types.
These fibres are the commercially interesting part of the plant and they are removed by a process called ginning. At the first ginning the longer fibres, called staples, are removed and these are twisted together to form yarn for making thread and weaving into high quality textiles. At the second ginning the shorter fibres, called linters, are removed, and these are woven into lower quality textiles including the eponymous Lint.
Commercial species of cotton plant are G. hirsutum (90% of world production), G. barbadense (8%), G. arboreum and G. herbaceum (together, 2%). While cotton fibres occur naturally in colors of white, brown, and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton has led many cotton-growing locations to ban growing of coloured cotton varieties.
Read about Gossypium in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
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Gossypium (ancient name of the cotton plant). Malvaceae. Cotton. Perhaps thirty or more species of herbs and shrubs of warm countries, although more than 100 have been described; some authorities reduce them to about three. They are grown for the fiber that is borne on the seeds. See Cotton. They are scarcely horticultural subjects, and therefore are not treated fully in this work. Gossypiums are tall stout herbs, or tree-form bushes: lvs. large, alternate, petiolate, mostly prominently 3-9-lobed but sometimes entire: fls. white, yellow or purplish, provided with 3-5 large cordate calyx-like bracts; calyx entire or somewhat 5-lobed; stamens united into a column; ovary 3-5-celled, each cell 3-11- ovuled; style 3-5-lobed: fr. a loculicidally dehiscent caps., bearing seeds that are obovate, rounded or slightly angular, sometimes smooth, but usually covered with a short down or fuzz and a longer coat of brown, creamy or white hairs, called the lint. The cottons of commerce belong, according to Lewton, to about eight distinct botanical types and may be divided into two main groups, the New World and the Old World cottons. The New World group includes American Upland cotton (G. hirsutum, Linn.); Sea Island and Egyptian cottons (G. barbadense, Linn.); and the tropical tree cottons of South America (G. brasiliense, Macf. and G. peruvianum, Cav.). The Old World cottons include the Levant cotton (G. herbaceum. Linn.), cultivated in southern Europe and western Asia; the oriental tree cotton (G. arboreum, Linn.), with yellow or purple-red flowers; the common cotton of India (G. neglectum, Todaro); and the Chinese and Japanese cottons (G. nanking, Meyen.). Cotton (probably G. herbaceum) was grown in gardens in Delaware and Maryland in colonial times as an ornamental plant. Two species have been offered as ornamental plants. G. davidsonii, Kellogg, from Lower Calif, and Cerros Isls., woody, with handsome yellow fls. purple at the base, 1 in. long, and small cordate mostly entire lvs. G. sturtii, F. Muell., endemic in interior of Australia: shrub, several feet high, more or less marked with black dots: lvs. broadly ovate, entire, 1-2 in. long, glaucous: fls. large, purple with dark center; bracts to 1 in. long, cordate, entire, many-nerved, black-dotted. The common fiber-cottons are sometimes planted in northern gardens for curiosity, but they seldom make attractive plants where the nights are cool; sometimes they are seen in warm glasshouses, with other economic plants. CH
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Cultivation
- Do you have cultivation info on this plant? Edit this section!
Propagation
- Do you have propagation info on this plant? Edit this section!
Pests and diseases
- Do you have pest and disease info on this plant? Edit this section!
Species
- Commercial cotton specieswp
Commercial cotton fibres, used to manufacture cloth, are derived from the fruit of the cotton plant. The following species are grown commercially:
- Gossypium arboreum L. – Tree cotton, native to India and Pakistan.
- Gossypium barbadense L. – known as American Pima, Creole, Egyptian, or Sea island cotton, native to tropical South America.
- Gossypium herbaceum L. – Levant cotton, native to southern Africa and Arabian Peninsula.
- Gossypium hirsutum L. – Upland cotton, native to Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Florida - most commonly grown species in the world.
- Non-commercial species wp
- Gossypium australe F.Muell – Endemic to north-western Australia
- Gossypium darwinii - Darwin's cotton, found only on the Galapagos Islands
- Gossypium sturtianum J.H. Willis – Sturt's Desert Rose, native to Australia.
- Gossypium thurberi Tod. – Arizona wild cotton, native to Arizona and northern Mexico.
- Gossypium tomentosum Nutt. ex Seem – Ma‘o or Hawaiian cotton, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.
Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of the above species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects, disease and drought-tolerance.
Gallery
If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.
Gossypium hirsutum flower with bumblebee pollinator, Hemingway, South Carolina
Gossypium tomentosum boll
Integrated Pest Management bollworm trap at a cotton field in Manning, South Carolina
Natural biocontrol: Predatory Polistes wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant
References
- Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
External links
- w:Gossypium. Some of the material on this page may be from Wikipedia, under the Creative Commons license.
- Gossypium QR Code (Size 50, 100, 200, 500)
