Difference between revisions of "Salix caprea"

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{{dablink|For the song "Goat Willow" by Hawkwind, see [[Hall of the Mountain Grill]]}}
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{{SPlantbox
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{{Taxobox
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|familia=Salicaceae
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| color = lightgreen
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|genus=Salix
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| name = ''Salix caprea''
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|species=caprea
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| status = LR/lc
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|common_name=Florist's willow, French or Pink Pussy willow, Goat Willow, Great Sallow
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| image = Salix caprea8.jpg
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|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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| image_width = 240px
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|habit=tree
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| image_caption = Goat Willow male catkins
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|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|Min ht box=15
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|Min ht metric=ft
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| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
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|Max ht box=35
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| ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
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|Max ht metric=ft
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| familia = [[Salicaceae]]
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|height_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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| genus = ''[[Willow|Salix]]''
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|Min wd box=10
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| species = '''''S. caprea'''''
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|Min wd metric=ft
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| binomial = ''Salix caprea''
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|Max wd box=20
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| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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|Max wd metric=ft
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|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|lifespan=perennial
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|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|exposure=sun
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|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|water=wet, moist
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|water_ref=Sunset National Garden Book
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|features=deciduous
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|Temp Metric=°F
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|min_zone=5
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|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|max_zone=10
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|sunset_zones=2-24, 30-41
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|image=Salix caprea8.jpg
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|image_width=240
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|image_caption=Goat Willow male catkins
 
}}
 
}}
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'''''Salix caprea''''' ('''Goat Willow''', also known as the '''Pussy Willow''' or '''Great Sallow'''), is a common species of [[willow]] native to [[Europe]] and western and central [[Asia]].<ref name=meikle>Meikle, R. D. (1984). ''Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland''. BSBI Handbook 4. ISBN 0-901158-07-0.</ref>
 
'''''Salix caprea''''' ('''Goat Willow''', also known as the '''Pussy Willow''' or '''Great Sallow'''), is a common species of [[willow]] native to [[Europe]] and western and central [[Asia]].<ref name=meikle>Meikle, R. D. (1984). ''Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland''. BSBI Handbook 4. ISBN 0-901158-07-0.</ref>
  
 
It is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]], reaching a height of 6-12 m, rarely to 20 m. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 3-12 cm long and from 2-8 cm wide, broader than most other willows. The [[flower]]s are soft silky, silvery 3-7 cm long [[catkin]]s, produced in early spring before the new leaves appear; the male and female catkins are on different plants ([[plant sexuality|dioecious]]). The male catkins mature yellow at [[pollen]] release, the female catkins maturing pale green. The [[fruit]] is a small [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] 5-10 mm long containing numerous minute [[seed]]s embedded in fine cottony hairs. The seeds are very small (about 0.2 mm) with the fine hairs aiding dispersal; they require bare [[soil]] to [[Germination|germinate]].<ref name=meikle/><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins. ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref>
 
It is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]], reaching a height of 6-12 m, rarely to 20 m. The [[leaf|leaves]] are 3-12 cm long and from 2-8 cm wide, broader than most other willows. The [[flower]]s are soft silky, silvery 3-7 cm long [[catkin]]s, produced in early spring before the new leaves appear; the male and female catkins are on different plants ([[plant sexuality|dioecious]]). The male catkins mature yellow at [[pollen]] release, the female catkins maturing pale green. The [[fruit]] is a small [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] 5-10 mm long containing numerous minute [[seed]]s embedded in fine cottony hairs. The seeds are very small (about 0.2 mm) with the fine hairs aiding dispersal; they require bare [[soil]] to [[Germination|germinate]].<ref name=meikle/><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins. ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref>
  
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There are two [[variety (biology)|varieties]]:<ref name=meikle/>
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''Salix caprea'' occurs both in wet environments, such as riverbanks and lake shores, and in drier sites, wherever bare soil becomes available due to ground disturbance.<ref name=meikle/>
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*''Salix caprea'' var. ''caprea''. Lowland regions throughout the range. Leaves thinly hairy above, densely hairy below, 5-12 cm long; stipules persistent until autumn.
 
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*''Salix caprea'' var. ''sphacelata'' (Sm.) Wahlenb. (syn. ''S. caprea'' var. ''coaetanea'' Hartm.; ''S. coaetanea'' (Hartm.) Floderus). High altitudes in the mountains of central and northern Europe (Alps, Carpathians, Scotland, Scandinavia). Leaves densely silky-hairy on both sides, 3-7 cm long; stipules early deciduous.
 
  
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The scientific name, and the common name Goat Willow, probably derive from the first known illustration of the species in [[Hieronymus Bock]]'s 1546 [[Herbal]], where the plant is shown being browsed by a [[goat]]. The species was historically also widely used as a browse for goats, to which Bock's illustration may refer.<ref name=bean>Bean, W. J. (1980). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles''. ISBN 0-7195-2428-8.</ref>
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{{Inc|
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'''''[[Salix]] caprea'''''. Goat Willow. A small tree, 12-25 ft. high, with upright branches: lvs. large, 2-5 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, rounded or subcordate at base, rugose, very variable: aments appearing before the lvs., large and showy, especially the staminate ones. Eu., Asia.—The typical form often occurs in yards where it has sprouted from the stock upon which the more popular but scarcely more ornamental variety, pendula, has been grafted. Var. pendula, Hort. Kilmarnock Willow. Dwarfed form, grafted on stock about 4 ft. high, and forming a weeping shrub. Often planted in yards. S. multinervis is supposed to be a hybrid, and probably belongs with S. Caprea. S. Caprea var. tricolor, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to be a round-headed tree, with "tricolored foliage;" probably a form of S. aurita. S. palmaefolia, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to be of vigorous growth, with large, deep green lvs. and reddish purple young wood.
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===Ecology===
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==Cultivation==
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[[Image:Salix caprea catkin1 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Male catkins]]
 
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''Salix caprea'' occurs both in wet environments, such as riverbanks and lake shores, and in drier sites, wherever bare soil becomes available due to ground disturbance.<ref name=meikle/>
 
  
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[[Hybrid]]s with several other willow species are common, notably with ''[[Salix cinerea]]'' (''S. × reichardtii''), ''[[Salix aurita]]'' (''S. × multinervis''), ''[[Salix viminalis]]'' (''S. × smithiana''), and ''[[Salix purpurea]]'' (''S. × sordida''). Populations of ''Salix caprea'' often show hybrid introgression.<ref name=meikle/><ref name=rushforth/>
 
  
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===Propagation===
 
Unlike almost all other willows, pure specimens of ''Salix caprea'' do not take root readily from cuttings; if a willow resembling the species does root easily, it is probably a hybrid with another species of willow.<ref name=rushforth/>
 
Unlike almost all other willows, pure specimens of ''Salix caprea'' do not take root readily from cuttings; if a willow resembling the species does root easily, it is probably a hybrid with another species of willow.<ref name=rushforth/>
  
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The leaves are used as a food resource by several species of [[List of Lepidoptera which feed on Willows|Lepidoptera]], and are also commonly eaten by browsing [[mammal]]s.
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===Pests and diseases===
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The leaves are commonly eaten by browsing [[mammal]]s. Willows are very susceptible to gall inducers and the midge [[Rhabdophaga rosaria]] forms the Camellia gall on S. caprea.<ref>[http://www.joensuu.fi/biologia/nyman/IOWgallinducers.htm Gall Inducers]</ref>
  
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===Cultivation and uses===
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==Varieties==
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A small number of [[cultivar]]s have been selected for garden use. The commonest is ''S. caprea'' 'Kilmarnock', with stiffly pendulous shoots, forming a mop-head; it is a male clone. A similar female clone is ''S. caprea'' 'Weeping Sally'. As they do not root from cuttings, they are [[grafting|grafted]] on erect stems of other willows; the height of these cultivars is determined by the height at which the graft is made.<ref name=rushforth/>
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A small number of [[cultivar]]s have been selected for garden use. The most common is ''S. caprea'' 'Kilmarnock', with stiffly pendulous shoots, forming a mop-head; it is a male clone. A similar female clone is ''S. caprea'' 'Weeping Sally'. As they do not form a leader, they are [[grafting|grafted]] on erect stems of other willows; the height of these cultivars is determined by the height at which the graft is made.<ref name=rushforth/> Plants can also be grown from greenwood cuttings make attractive creeping mounds. Hardwood cuttings are often difficult to root.
  
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Both [[tannin]] and [[salicin]] can be extracted from Goat Willow bark. The tree is not considered a good source of [[timber]] as its wood is both brittle and known to crackle violently if burned.
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There are two [[variety (biology)|varieties]]:<ref name=meikle/>
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*''Salix caprea'' var. ''caprea''. Lowland regions throughout the range. Leaves thinly hairy above, densely hairy below, 5-12 cm long; stipules persistent until autumn.
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*''Salix caprea'' var. ''sphacelata'' (Sm.) Wahlenb. (syn. ''S. caprea'' var. ''coaetanea'' Hartm.; ''S. coaetanea'' (Hartm.) Floderus). High altitudes in the mountains of central and northern Europe (Alps, Carpathians, Scotland, Scandinavia). Leaves densely silky-hairy on both sides, 3-7 cm long; stipules early deciduous.
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[[Hybrid (biology)|Hybrids]] with several other willow species are common, notably with ''[[Salix cinerea]]'' (''S. × reichardtii''), ''[[Salix aurita]]'' (''S. × multinervis''), ''[[Salix viminalis]]'' (''S. × smithiana''), and ''[[Salix purpurea]]'' (''S. × sordida''). Populations of ''Salix caprea'' often show hybrid introgression.<ref name=meikle/><ref name=rushforth/>
  
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As with the closely related ''[[Salix discolor]]'' (American Pussy Willow), it is also often grown for cut flowers. See [[Pussy Willow]] for further cultural information and uses, which apply to both species.
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==Gallery==
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<gallery perrow=5>
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Image:Salix caprea catkin1 ies.jpg|Male catkins
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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<References/>
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<references/>
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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==External links==
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*{{wplink}}
  
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{{Commons|Salix caprea}}
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Salicaceae|Willow, Goat]]
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__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 17:12, 18 August 2010


Goat Willow male catkins


Plant Characteristics
Habit   tree

Height: ⇕ 15 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 15. to 35 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 35.
Width: ⇔ 10 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 10. to 20 ft"ft" can not be assigned to a declared number type with value 20.
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ sun
Water: ◍ wet, moist
Features: ✓ deciduous
USDA Zones: 5 to 10
Sunset Zones: 2-24, 30-41
Scientific Names

Salicaceae >

Salix >

caprea >


Salix caprea (Goat Willow, also known as the Pussy Willow or Great Sallow), is a common species of willow native to Europe and western and central Asia.[1]

It is a deciduous shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 6-12 m, rarely to 20 m. The leaves are 3-12 cm long and from 2-8 cm wide, broader than most other willows. The flowers are soft silky, silvery 3-7 cm long catkins, produced in early spring before the new leaves appear; the male and female catkins are on different plants (dioecious). The male catkins mature yellow at pollen release, the female catkins maturing pale green. The fruit is a small capsule 5-10 mm long containing numerous minute seeds embedded in fine cottony hairs. The seeds are very small (about 0.2 mm) with the fine hairs aiding dispersal; they require bare soil to germinate.[1][2]

Salix caprea occurs both in wet environments, such as riverbanks and lake shores, and in drier sites, wherever bare soil becomes available due to ground disturbance.[1]


Read about Salix caprea in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Salix caprea. Goat Willow. A small tree, 12-25 ft. high, with upright branches: lvs. large, 2-5 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, rounded or subcordate at base, rugose, very variable: aments appearing before the lvs., large and showy, especially the staminate ones. Eu., Asia.—The typical form often occurs in yards where it has sprouted from the stock upon which the more popular but scarcely more ornamental variety, pendula, has been grafted. Var. pendula, Hort. Kilmarnock Willow. Dwarfed form, grafted on stock about 4 ft. high, and forming a weeping shrub. Often planted in yards. S. multinervis is supposed to be a hybrid, and probably belongs with S. Caprea. S. Caprea var. tricolor, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to be a round-headed tree, with "tricolored foliage;" probably a form of S. aurita. S. palmaefolia, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to be of vigorous growth, with large, deep green lvs. and reddish purple young wood.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Unlike almost all other willows, pure specimens of Salix caprea do not take root readily from cuttings; if a willow resembling the species does root easily, it is probably a hybrid with another species of willow.[2]

Pests and diseases

The leaves are commonly eaten by browsing mammals. Willows are very susceptible to gall inducers and the midge Rhabdophaga rosaria forms the Camellia gall on S. caprea.[3]

Varieties

A small number of cultivars have been selected for garden use. The most common is S. caprea 'Kilmarnock', with stiffly pendulous shoots, forming a mop-head; it is a male clone. A similar female clone is S. caprea 'Weeping Sally'. As they do not form a leader, they are grafted on erect stems of other willows; the height of these cultivars is determined by the height at which the graft is made.[2] Plants can also be grown from greenwood cuttings make attractive creeping mounds. Hardwood cuttings are often difficult to root.

There are two varieties:[1]

  • Salix caprea var. caprea. Lowland regions throughout the range. Leaves thinly hairy above, densely hairy below, 5-12 cm long; stipules persistent until autumn.
  • Salix caprea var. sphacelata (Sm.) Wahlenb. (syn. S. caprea var. coaetanea Hartm.; S. coaetanea (Hartm.) Floderus). High altitudes in the mountains of central and northern Europe (Alps, Carpathians, Scotland, Scandinavia). Leaves densely silky-hairy on both sides, 3-7 cm long; stipules early deciduous.

Hybrids with several other willow species are common, notably with Salix cinerea (S. × reichardtii), Salix aurita (S. × multinervis), Salix viminalis (S. × smithiana), and Salix purpurea (S. × sordida). Populations of Salix caprea often show hybrid introgression.[1][2]

Gallery

  • Male catkins

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Meikle, R. D. (1984). Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland. BSBI Handbook 4. ISBN 0-901158-07-0.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins. ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
  3. ↑ Gall Inducers

External links


Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Salix_caprea&oldid=131335"