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| − | {{Taxobox | + | __NOTOC__{{Plantbox |
| − | | color = lightgreen
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| | | name = ''Passiflora tarminiana'' | | | name = ''Passiflora tarminiana'' |
| − | | image = Passiflora tarminiana.jpg | + | | common_names = banana passionfruit, banana poka |
| | + | | growth_habit = vine |
| | + | | high = <!--- 1m (3 ft) --> |
| | + | | wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) --> |
| | + | | origin = uplands of tropical S America |
| | + | | poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous --> |
| | + | | lifespan = perennial |
| | + | | exposure = full sun |
| | + | | water = regular to moderate |
| | + | | features = flowers, fruit, invasive |
| | + | | hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5[[Celsius|°C]], etc --> |
| | + | | bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers --> |
| | + | | usda_zones = <!--- eg. 8-11 --> |
| | + | | sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available --> |
| | + | | color = IndianRed |
| | + | | name = ''Passiflora tarminiana'' |
| | + | | image = Passiflora tarminiana - Banana poka.jpg |
| | | image_width = 240px | | | image_width = 240px |
| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | + | | regnum = Plantae |
| − | | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | + | | divisio = Magnoliophyta |
| − | | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | + | | classis = Magnoliopsida |
| − | | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | + | | ordo = Malpighiales |
| − | | familia = [[Passifloracae]] | + | | familia = Passifloraceae |
| − | | genus = ''[[Passiflora]]'' | + | | genus = Passiflora |
| − | | subgenus = ''Tacsonia''
| + | | species = tarminiana |
| − | | species = '''''P. tarminiana''''' | + | | subspecies = |
| − | | binomial = ''Passiflora tarminiana'' | + | | cultivar = |
| − | | binomial_authority = Coppens & V.E.Barney | |
| | }} | | }} |
| − | '''''Passiflora tarminiana''''' is a [[species]] of [[passionfruit]]. The yellow fruits are edible and their resemblance to small, straight bananas has given it the name [[banana passionfruit]] in some countries. It is native to the uplands of tropical [[South America]] and is now cultivated in many countries. In [[Hawaii |Hawai'i]] and [[New Zealand]] it is now considered an [[invasive species]].
| + | {{edit-desc}}<!--- Type GENERAL genus/plant description below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | ''P. tarminina'' belongs to the ''Tacsonia'' [[subgenus]] of ''[[Passiflora]]''. It has been known under a number of different names and was only formally described in 2001.
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | ''Passiflora tarminina'' is a high climbing [[vine]] with hairy stems and [[petiole (botany)|petioles]]. Where the petioles join the stem it has [[stipule]]s which are 4-7 by 2-3 mm and are soon [[deciduous]]. The leaves are three-lobed and hairy below but usually hairless above. The flowers are solitary and hang downwards. The base of the flower has pale green [[bract]]s enclosing a swollen nectary chamber. The floral tube ([[hypanthium]]) is 6-8 × 0.7-1 cm and pale green, while the [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s are 3-6 cm long, pink and perpendicular to the floral tube, or reflexed. Fruits taper at both ends, are 10-14 cm long by 3.5-4.5 cm wide and ripen to yellow or light orange. The fruit contain many seeds which are embedded in an edible, orange [[aril]].
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| − | ''P. tarminina'' is distinguished from [[Passiflora tripartita| ''P. tripartita'' var. ''mollissima'']] by a number of features. ''P. tarminina'' has small deciduous stipules while ''P. tripartita'' var. ''mollissima'' has larger, persistent stipules. The sepals and petals in ''P. tarminina'' are perpendicular to the floral tube or are reflexed, whereas they are never so open in ''P. tripartita'' var. ''mollissima''. They are also both much shorter in relation to the length of the floral tube in ''P. tripartita'' var. ''mollissima'' than in ''P. tarminina''.
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| − | ==Taxonomy==
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| − | The correct taxonomic placement of this species has been problematic for some years. In South America it has been considered under ''P. cumbalensis'', ''P. mollissima'' or ''P. tripartita'' (the species which now includes ''P. mollissima''), or as a [[hybrid]].<ref name="Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge">{{cite journal | last = Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge | first = G. | authorlink = | coauthors = Barney, V.E.; Jørgensen, P.M.; MacDougal, J.M. | title = ''Passiflora tarminiana'', a new cultivated species of ''Passiflora'' subgenus ''Tacsonia'' (Passifloraceae). | journal = Novon | volume = 11
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| − | | issue = | pages = 8-15 | date = 2001 | url = http://www.passionflow.co.uk/downloads/passiflora%20tarminiana%202001.pdf | format = [[PDF]]}}</ref> In Hawai'i it was referred to as ''P. mollissima''.<ref name="LaRosa">{{cite paper | author = LaRosa A.M. | title = The biology & ecology of ''Passiflora mollissima'' in Hawaii. | publisher = Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i, Department of Botany. Technical Report 50. | date = 1984
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| − | | url = http://www.hear.org/Pier/references/pierref000290.htm | accessdate = }}</ref> In New Zealand it was included under ''P. mixta''<ref name="Webb et al">{{cite book | last = Webb
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| − | | first = C.J. | coauthors = Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J. | title = The Flora of New Zealand: volume IV naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons | publisher = Botany Division Department of Scientific and Industrial Research | date = 1988 | location = Christchurch, New Zealand | url = http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Book.aspx?fileName=Flora%204.xml
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| − | | isbn = 0-477-02529-3}}</ref><ref name="Heenan">{{cite journal | last = Heenan | first = P.B.
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| − | | authorlink = | coauthors = Sykes, W.R. | title = ''Passiflora'' (Passifloraceae) in New Zealand: a revised key with notes on distribution. | journal = New Zealand Journal of Botany
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| − | | volume = 41 | pages = 217-221 | date = 2003 | url = http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/2003/015.php }}</ref> although some sources also used the name ''P. mollissima'' for this species. It was described as a separate species distinct from any of these in 2001.<ref name="Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge" /> The specific name recognises the Colombian agronomist Tarmín Campos.
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| − | Common names for ''P. tarminiana'' include '''banana passionfruit''' (Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Hawai'i), '''curuba india''', '''curuba ecuatoriana''', '''curuba quiteña''' (Colombia), '''tacso amarillo''' (Ecuador), '''banana poka''' (Hawai'i) (in the Hawai'ian language the word poka'a refers to tendrils - "that which is tied up in a ball like rope or twine"), '''northern banana passionfruit''' (New Zealand).
| + | :''More information about this species can be found on the [[Passiflora|genus page]].'' |
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| − | ==Distribution== | + | ==Cultivation== |
| − | ''P. tarminiana'' is native to the uplands of tropical South America but the exact native range is uncertain as it has been widely cultivated in this region. It is found in the Colombian highlands and the Venezuelan, Peruvian and southern Ecuadorean [[Andes]] where it is cultivated from around 2000 – 3000 metres.<ref name="Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge" />
| + | {{monthbox |
| − | It has naturalised in [[Australia]], [[Guam]], Hawai'i, New Zealand and [[Zimbabwe]]. In both Hawai'i and New Zealand it is regarded as an [[invasive species]]. <ref name="LaRosa" /> <ref name="Heenan" />
| + | | color = IndianRed |
| | + | | name = <!--- type name of plant just to the right of the equal sign on the left --> |
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| | + | {{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | It is widely cultivated throughout the world, including [[California]], [[Réunion]], [[Mexico]], [[Panama]] and [[Papua New Guinea]]. <ref name="Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge" />
| + | ===Propagation=== |
| | + | {{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | ==Biology== | + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
| − | In the original description ''Passiflora tarminina'' is described as a [[cultigen]] and there is little information about its biology in the wild. Many members of the subgenus ''Tacsonia'' are restricted endemics and it is unclear whether the widely cultivated species (such as ''P. tarminiana'') are also local [[endemism|endemics]] which has been spread through widespread cultivation or whether they are natually widespread species <ref name="LaRosa" />. The type specimen is from a cultivated rather than a wild plant.<ref name="Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge" />
| + | {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | Unlike many ''Passiflora species'', ''Passiflora tarminina'' is [[Self-incompatibility in plants| self-compatible]], although self-pollination is not considered important in the wild. The main pollinators in South America are believed to be [[hummingbird]]s or large [[bee]]s, while in Hawai'i birds were commonly observed robbing nectar but not transferring pollen. Bees and other insects were observed collecting pollen in Hawai'i. <ref name="LaRosa" />
| + | ==Cultivars== |
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| − | In Hawai'i the seeds are dispersed by [[frugivorous]] animals. By far the most important disperser in Hawai'i is the [[feral]] [[pig]], which eats the fallen fruit and passes the seeds intact. Feral pigs seek out the fruit and when ''P. tarminana'' occurs with feral pigs in Hawai'i, the seeds are abundant in pig droppings. Germination is not enhanced by gut passage but pigs disturb the ground making a more favourable environment for germination of ''P. tarminana''. Because their home range is typically one to two square miles, pigs contribute more to the peripheral expansion of ''P. tarminiana'' patches than long distance dispersal.<ref name="LaRosa" />
| + | ==Gallery== |
| | + | {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> |
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| − | ''P. tarminiana'' invades both open and closed forest in Hawai'i. It grows most rapidly in full sun but tolerates some shade. Growth is severely restricted at relative light intensities of less than 2%. Where the forest canopy is largely intact, ''P. tarminiana'' invades in canopy gaps formed when trees fall or die.<ref name="LaRosa" />
| + | <gallery> |
| − | | + | Passiflora tarminiana.jpg |
| − | ''P. tarminiana'' hybridises with other members of the subgenus ''Tacsonia''. <ref name="Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge" />
| + | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 |
| − | | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 3 |
| − | ==Uses==
| + | </gallery> |
| − | [[Image:Passiflora tarminiana - Banana poka.jpg|thumb|Close-up of fruit]]
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| − | ''Passiflora tarminiana'' is cultivated for its edible fruit. It is the second most common species in cultivation in South America after ''P. tripartita'' var. ''mollissima'' and is considered more disease resistant than that species.<ref name="Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge" /> The fruit are also eaten in New Zealand but in Hawai'i the fruit is considered to be insipid.
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| − | The pink flowers are showy and it is also considered to be an ornamental species.
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| − | ==Control==
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| − | Three [[biological pest control| biological control]] agents have been released in Hawai'i for the control of ''Passiflora tarminiana''. ''[[Septoria]] passiflorae'', a [[fungus]], was released in 1996. There have been major epidemics that have substantially reduced the biomass of ''P. tarminiana''.<ref name="Trujillo">{{cite journal | last = Trujillo | first = E.E. | title = History and success of plant pathogens for biological control of introduced weeds in Hawaii | journal = Biological Control | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 113-122 | date = 2005 | url = http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=20053067762 | accessdate = }}</ref> This fungus requires wind and rain to spread and in some areas requires repeated inoculations to achieve control.<ref name="HDOA">{{cite web | last =Hawaii Department of Agriculture | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Banana poka | work =Plant Pest Control Section Annual Report | publisher = | date = 2006 | url =http://www.hawaii.gov/hdoa/pi/ppc/2006-annual-report/banana-poka | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-08-18 }}</ref> Two [[moth]] species were also introduced, ''Cyanotricha necryia'', which failed to establish, and ''Pyrausta perelegans'', which suffered substantail levels of egg parasitism and has not become common. <ref name="Campbell">{{cite journal | last = Campbell | first = C. L. | coauthors = Markin, G. P.; Johnson, M. W. | title = Fate of ''Cyanotricha necyria'' (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) and ''Pyrausta perelegans'' (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
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| − | released for biological control of banana poka (''Passiflora mollissima'') on the island of Hawai’i. | date = 1993 | journal = Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society | volume = 32 | pages = 123-130}}</ref>
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| − | Physical and chemical control methods have generally proved to be ineffective and uneconomic in Hawai'i, although [[glyphosate]] has been successfully used to control ''P. tarminiana'' in ''[[Acacia koa]]'' forest.<ref name="Starr">{{cite journal | last = Starr | first = F. | coauthors = Starr, K. Loope, L. | title = ''Passiflora mollisima'' | date = 2003 | url = http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/passiflora_mollissima.pdf }}</ref>
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| − | ''P. tarminiana'' is controlled by land management agencies in some areas of New Zealand. Control is either by physical control (for example hand pulling of seedlings) or using [[herbicide]]s.<ref name="DOC">{{cite web | last =Department of Conservation | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Banana passionfruit | work = | publisher = | date = 2002 | url =http://www.doc.govt.nz/templates/MultiPageDocumentTOC.aspx?id=40076 | format = | doi = | }}</ref> Biological control research is underway in New Zealand. The ''Septoria'' species from Hawai'i was tested in containment in New Zealand and found to damage ''[[Passiflora edulis]]'' which is grown commercially.<ref name="Landcare Research">{{cite journal | last =Landcare Research | title = Infidelity Ends Hopes of a Passion-Filled Relationship | journal = What's new in biological control of weeds? | volume = 34 | date = 2005 | url = http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/newsletters/weeds/wtsnew34.pdf | accessdate = 2007-08-18 }}</ref> ''Pyrausta perelegans'' is undergoing host range testing. <ref name="Landcare Research2">{{cite journal | last =Landcare Research | title = Colombian Courier Delivers Precious Package | journal = What's new in biological control of weeds? | volume = 38 | date = 2006 | url = http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/newsletters/weeds/wtsnew38.pdf | accessdate = 2007-08-18 }}</ref>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | {{Reflist}}
| + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
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| | ==External links== | | ==External links== |
| − | {{commons|Passiflora tarminiana}} | + | *{{wplink}} |
| − | *[http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/passiflora_tarminiana.htm| Images of Plants of Hawai'i]
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| − | *[http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/passiflora_tarminiana.htm| Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk Project]
| + | {{stub}} |
| | + | [[Category:Categorize]] |
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| − | [[Category:Invasive plant species]]
| + | <!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! --> |
