Difference between revisions of "Apocynaceae"

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{{Taxobox
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Apocynaceae''
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| name = Dogbane family
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| common_names = Dogbane family
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image = Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg
 
| image = Alyxia.oliviformis1web.jpg
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| image_width = 250px
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| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
 
| image_caption = Alyxia oliviformis
 
| image_caption = Alyxia oliviformis
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = [[Gentianales]]
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| ordo = Gentianales
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| familia = '''Apocynaceae'''
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| familia = Apocynaceae
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| synonyms = ''Asclepiadaceae'' <small>[[Borkh.]] (nom. cons.)</small><br/>''Periplocaceae'' <small>[[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]] (nom. cons.)</small><br/>''Plumeriaceae'' <small>[[Horan.]]</small><br/>''Stapeliaceae'' <small>[[Horan.]]</small><br/>''Vincaceae'' <small>[[Vest]]</small><br/>''Willughbeiaceae'' <small>[[J. Agardh]]</small>
 
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| type_genus = ''Apocynum''
 
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| type_genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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| subdivision =
 
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See [[Apocynaceae#Taxonomy|Taxonomy]] and [[Apocynaceae#Genera|Genera]].
 
 
}}
 
}}
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{{Inc|
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Apocynaceae (from the genus Apocynum, the ancient name of the dogbane, from the Greek). DogBane Family. Fig. 49. Herbs, shrubs or trees with milky juice, often climbing: leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, entire, exstipulate: flowers bisexual, regular; calyx 4-5-parted; corolla 4-5-lobed, hypogynous, gamopetalous, usually with appendages or folds in the throat, convolute or valvate; stamens 4-5, epipetalous, alternating with the corolla lobes; anthers usually sagittate and acute; pollen granular; hypogynous disk usually present and variously lobed; ovaries usually 2, rarely more or less united; mostly superior, each 1-celled, many-seeded, style 1, usually bearing a fleshy ring below the solitary stigma: fruit follicular with comose seeds, or indehiscent, or berry-like, or of nutlets, sometimes winged or prickly.
  
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The '''Apocynaceae''' or '''dogbane family''' is a family of [[flowering plant]]s, including [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, [[herb]]s, or [[liana]]s.  
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One hundred and thirty genera and about 1,000 species occur, mostly in tropical countries in both hemispheres. Five or 6 species reach northeastern North America. The family is related to the Asclepiadaceae and Gentianaceae. The milky juice, sagittate anthers, absence of corona, stylar ring, and usually separate ovaries but connate styles and stigmas, are important characteristics.
  
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Many species are tall trees found in the tropical [[rainforest]], and most are from the [[tropic]]s and subtropics, but some come from tropical dry, xeric environments. There are also some [[perennial plant|perennial]] herbs from [[temperate zone]]s. Many of these plants have milky sap; and many species are poisonous if ingested. Some genera of Apocynaceae, such as ''Adenium'' however, have either clear and milky, latex sap, and others, such as ''Pachypodium'', always have clear sap.  
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Many species of Landolphia yield commercial caoutchouc, as do also other genera, such as Urceola and Willoughbya. Some are very poisonous, e. g., Tanghinia of Madagascar; also Cerbera and Acocanthera. Tanghinia, the ordeal tree of Madagascar, "is the most poisonous of plants; a seed no larger than an almond suffices to kill twenty people." Death has followed the use of oleander wood as meat-skewers. An infusion of its leaves is an insecticide; of its bark, a rat-poison. Some are heart-poisons, for example Strophanthus and Aspidosperma (quebracho bark). The bark of Alstonia is a tonic. Allamanda cathartica is purgative. Several species furnish edible fruits tasting like citron. Wrightia tinctoria furnishes an indigo; W. tomentosa, a yellow dye.
  
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==Taxonomy==
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About 20 to 25 genera are in cultivation in N. America as ornamental plants, mostly in the South or in the greenhouse. Among these are: Allamanda; Carissa (Caraunda, Christ’s Thorn); Amsonia; Apocynum (Dogbane); Nerium (Oleander); Tabernaemontana (Crape Jasmine, Nero's Crown); Trachelospermum (Star Jasmine); and Vinca (Periwinkle).{{SCH}}
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The family, as currently recognized, includes some 1500 species divided in about 424 genera. The family [[Asclepiadaceae]] is now, according to [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|AGP II]] included in the '''Apocynaceae''' (Endress & Bruyns, 2000).
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}}
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There are five subfamilies:
 
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*[[Rauvolfioideae]]
 
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*[[Apocynoideae]]
 
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*[[Periplocoideae]]
 
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*[[Secamonoideae]]
 
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*[[Asclepiadoideae]]
 
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The former two sub-families were part of the Apocynaceae ''sensu stricto'', whilst the latter three sub-families used to belong to the Asclepiadaceae.  The Apocynaceae is the result of a conflation of the two families.
 
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==Distribution==
 
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[[Image:Flower-01-KayEss-1.jpeg|thumb|''Wrightia antidysenterica'']]
 
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Species in this family are distributed mainly in tropical regions:
 
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*In the rainforests and swamps of India and Malaya: small to very tall evergreen trees, often with buttress roots, such as ''[[Alstonia]]'' and ''[[Dyera]]''.
 
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*In northern Australia: small evergreen trees such as ''[[Cerbera]]'' and ''[[Ochrosia]]''.
 
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*In deciduous forests of Africa and India: smaller trees such as ''[[Carissa]]'', ''[[Wrightia]]'' and ''[[Holarrhena]]''.
 
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*In tropical America, India, Myanmar and Malaya: evergreen trees and shrubs, such as ''[[Rauwolfia]]'', ''[[Tabernaemontana]]'' and ''[[Acokanthera]]''.
 
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*In Central America: ''[[Plumeria]]'', or the frangipani, with its waxy white or pink flowers and a sweet scent.
 
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*In South America, Africa and Madagascar: many [[liana]]s such as ''[[Landolphia]]''.
 
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*In the Mediterranean region: ''Nerium'', with the well-known [[oleander]] or Be-still tree (''Nerium oleander'').
 
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*The only genera found in temperate [[Europe]] away from the Mediterranean are ''[[Vinca]]'' (Apocynoideae) and ''[[Vincetoxicum]]'' (Asclepiadoideae).
 
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*In North America: ''[[Apocynum]]'', dogbane or Indian hemp, including ''[[Apocynum cannabinum]]'', a traditional source of fiber.
 
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*In continental southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) and Madgascar, except for the humid evergreen forest of the eastern side of Madgascar, and never above 2000 m for the entire island: ''[[Pachypodium]]''.
 
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==Characteristics==
 
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The [[leaf|leave]]s are simple, usually opposite and decussate, or whorled; lacking [[stipule]]s. [[Flower]]s are usually showy, radially symmetrical (''actinomorphic''), aggregated in cymose or racemose [[inflorescence]]s (rarely fasciculate or solitary). They are [[Perfect flower|perfect]] (bisexual), with a synsepalous, 5-lobed calyx. Inflorescences are terminal or axillary. The [[stamen]]s are inserted on the inside of the corolla tube. The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is usually superior.
 
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The fruit is a [[drupe]], a [[berry]], a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] or a [[follicle]].
 
  
 
==Genera==
 
==Genera==
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The family, as currently recognized, includes some 1500 species divided in about 424 genera{{wp}}.
 
===Apocynoideae===
 
===Apocynoideae===
 
{|  border="0"  
 
{|  border="0"  
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|}
 
|}
  
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The following genera used to belong to the family Asclepiadaceae :
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The following genera used to belong to the family Asclepiadaceae{{wp}}:
 
* ''[[Araujia]]''
 
* ''[[Araujia]]''
 
* ''[[Asclepias]]'' (subfamily Asclepiadoideae)
 
* ''[[Asclepias]]'' (subfamily Asclepiadoideae)
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* ''[[Vincetoxicum]]''
 
* ''[[Vincetoxicum]]''
  
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==Uses==
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==Gallery==
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[[Image:Vinca major0.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Vinca major|Large Periwinkle]] ''Vinca major'', a popular garden plant]] 
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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Several plants of this family had economic uses in the past.
 
  
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The genera ''[[Carpodinus]]'', ''[[Landolphia]]'', ''[[Hancornia]]'', ''[[Funtumia]]'' and ''[[Mascarenhasia]]'' were used as a commercial source of inferior rubber.  
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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The juice of ''[[Acokanthera]]'' species such as ''[[Acokanthera venenata|A. venenata]]'' and the milky juice of the [[Namibia]]n ''[[Pachypodium]]'' has been used as venom for arrow tips by the [[Bushmen]]. Some sources (Rapananrivo et al. on p. 5) state that ''Pachypodium'' do not have a milky sap.
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Flower-01-KayEss-1.jpeg|''Wrightia antidysenterica''
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Several genera are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, including ''[[Amsonia]]'' (bluestar), ''[[Nerium]]'' (oleander), ''[[Vinca]]'' (periwinkle), ''[[Carissa]]'' (Natal plum, an edible fruit), ''[[Allamanda]]'' (golden trumpet), ''[[Plumeria]]'' (frangipani), ''[[Thevetia]]'' (lucky nut), ''[[Mandevilla]]'' (Savannah flower).
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Image:Vinca major0.jpg|[[Vinca major|Large Periwinkle]] ''Vinca major'', a popular garden plant
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</gallery>
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''Rauvolfia cafra'' is the Quinine tree. ''Rauvolfia serpentina'' or Indian Snakeroot yields the [[alkaloid]]s [[reserpine]] and [[rescinnamine]].
 
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Some are sources of drugs, such as [[cardiac glycoside]]s, affecting the heart function, including ''[[Acokanthera]]'', ''[[Apocynum]]'', ''[[Cerbera]]'', ''[[Nerium]]'', ''[[Thevetia]]'' and ''[[Strophantus]]''.
 
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The genus ''[[Apocynum]]'' was used as a source of fiber by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]].
 
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The edible flower of [[Fernaldia pandurata]] (common name: Loroco) is a popular part of [[El Salvador]]ian and [[Guatemala]]n cooking.
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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* {{cite journal| author = Endress and Bruyns|title= A revised classification of the Apocynaceae| journal=Botanical Review|volume= 66|pages=1-56|year=2000}}
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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* Rapanarivo, S.H.J.V; Lavranos, J.J; Leeuwenberg, A.J.M.; AND Röösli, W. [Taxonomic revision of the genus Pachypodium. S.H.J.V Rapanarivo and A.J.M Leeuwenberg]; [The habitats of Pachyopdium species. S.H.J.V Rapanarivo]; [Cultivation. W. Röösli] (A.A. Balkema:  Rotterdam, Brookfeild, 1999 p. 5) ". . . ''Adenium'' species have either clear sap or white latex. ''Pachypodium'' . . . always has clear sap".
 
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/apocynac.htm Apocynaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards).
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*{{wplink}}
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*[http://herbarium.uvsc.edu/Virtual/default.asp?table=Family&f=31&t=Apocynaceae UVSC Herbarium - Apocynaceae]
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*[http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/departments/planta2/research/databases/delta_as/index.htm The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae)]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
 
[[Category:Plant families]]
 
[[Category:Plant families]]
 
[[Category:Apocynaceae| ]]
 
[[Category:Apocynaceae| ]]
 
[[Category:Gentianales]]
 
[[Category:Gentianales]]

Latest revision as of 05:42, 14 May 2009


Alyxia oliviformis


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Apocynaceae >



Read about Apocynaceae in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Apocynaceae (from the genus Apocynum, the ancient name of the dogbane, from the Greek). DogBane Family. Fig. 49. Herbs, shrubs or trees with milky juice, often climbing: leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, entire, exstipulate: flowers bisexual, regular; calyx 4-5-parted; corolla 4-5-lobed, hypogynous, gamopetalous, usually with appendages or folds in the throat, convolute or valvate; stamens 4-5, epipetalous, alternating with the corolla lobes; anthers usually sagittate and acute; pollen granular; hypogynous disk usually present and variously lobed; ovaries usually 2, rarely more or less united; mostly superior, each 1-celled, many-seeded, style 1, usually bearing a fleshy ring below the solitary stigma: fruit follicular with comose seeds, or indehiscent, or berry-like, or of nutlets, sometimes winged or prickly.

One hundred and thirty genera and about 1,000 species occur, mostly in tropical countries in both hemispheres. Five or 6 species reach northeastern North America. The family is related to the Asclepiadaceae and Gentianaceae. The milky juice, sagittate anthers, absence of corona, stylar ring, and usually separate ovaries but connate styles and stigmas, are important characteristics.

Many species of Landolphia yield commercial caoutchouc, as do also other genera, such as Urceola and Willoughbya. Some are very poisonous, e. g., Tanghinia of Madagascar; also Cerbera and Acocanthera. Tanghinia, the ordeal tree of Madagascar, "is the most poisonous of plants; a seed no larger than an almond suffices to kill twenty people." Death has followed the use of oleander wood as meat-skewers. An infusion of its leaves is an insecticide; of its bark, a rat-poison. Some are heart-poisons, for example Strophanthus and Aspidosperma (quebracho bark). The bark of Alstonia is a tonic. Allamanda cathartica is purgative. Several species furnish edible fruits tasting like citron. Wrightia tinctoria furnishes an indigo; W. tomentosa, a yellow dye.

About 20 to 25 genera are in cultivation in N. America as ornamental plants, mostly in the South or in the greenhouse. Among these are: Allamanda; Carissa (Caraunda, Christ’s Thorn); Amsonia; Apocynum (Dogbane); Nerium (Oleander); Tabernaemontana (Crape Jasmine, Nero's Crown); Trachelospermum (Star Jasmine); and Vinca (Periwinkle).CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Genera

The family, as currently recognized, includes some 1500 species divided in about 424 generawp.

Apocynoideae

Acokanthera Adenium Aganonerion Aganosma
Alafia Allamanda Allomarkgrafia Allowoodsonia
Alstonia Alyxia Amocalyx Ambelania
Amsonia Ancylobotrys Anechites Angadenia
Anodendron Apocynum Arduina Artia
Asketanthera Aspidosperma Baissea Beaumontia
Bousigonia Cabucala Callichilia Calocrater
Cameraria Carissa Carpodinus Carruthersia
Carvalhoa Catharanthus Cerbera Cerberiopsis
Chamaeclitandra Chilocarpus Chonemorpha Cleghornia
Clitandra Condylocarpon Couma Craspidospermum
Crioceras Cycladenia Cyclocotyla Cylindropsis
Delphyodon Dewevrella Dictyophleba Dipladenia
Diplorhynchus Dyera Ecdysanthera Echites
Elytropus Epigynium Eucorymbia Farquharia
Fernaldia Forsteronia Funtumia Galactophora
Geissospermum Gonioma Grisseea Gymnema
Hancornia Haplophyton Himatanthus Holarrhena
Hunteria Hymenolophus Ichnocarpus Isonema
Ixodonerium Kamettia Kibatalia Kopsia
Lacmellea Landolphia Laubertia Laxoplumeria
Lepinia Lepiniopsis Leuconotis Lochnera
Lyonsia Macoubea Macropharynx Macrosiphonia
Malouetia Mandevilla Mascarenhasia Melodinus
Mesechites Micrechtites Microplumeria Molongum
Mortoniella Motandra Mucoa Neobracea
Neocouma Nerium Nouettea Ochrosia
Odontadenia Oncinotis Orthopichonia Pachypodium
Pachouria Papuechites Parahancornia Parameria
Parepigynum Parsonsia Peltastes Pentalinon
Petchia Picralima Plectaneia Pleiocarpa
Pleioceras Plumeria Pottsia Prestonia
Pycnobotrya Quiotania Rauwolfia Rhabdadenia
Rhazya Rhigospira Rhodocalyx Rhyncodia
Saba Schizozygia Secondatia
Sindechites Skytanthus Spirolobium Spongiosperma
Stemmadenia Stephanostegia Stephanostema Stipecoma
Strempeliopsis Strophanthus Tabernaemontana Tabernanthe
Temnadenia Thenardia Thevetia Tintinnabularia
Trachelospermum Urceola Urnularia Vahadenia
Vallariopsis Vallaris Vallesia Vinca
Voacanga Willughbeia Woytkowskia Wrightia
Xylinabaria Xylinabariopsis

The following genera used to belong to the family Asclepiadaceaewp:

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • Wrightia antidysenterica

  • Large Periwinkle Vinca major, a popular garden plant

References

External links

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