Difference between revisions of "Persea"

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{{Taxobox
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| color = lightgreen
 
 
| name = ''Persea''
 
| name = ''Persea''
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| common_names =    <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
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| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image = Persea borbonia.jpg
 
| image = Persea borbonia.jpg
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| image_width = 240px
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| image_width = 240px   <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
 
| image_caption = ''Persea borbonia'' foliage and fruit
 
| image_caption = ''Persea borbonia'' foliage and fruit
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = [[Laurales]]
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| ordo = Laurales
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| familia = [[Lauraceae]]
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| familia = Lauraceae
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| genus = ''Persea''
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| genus = Persea
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
 
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| subdivision =
 
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See text.
 
 
}}
 
}}
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{{Inc|
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Persea (ancient Greek name of an Egyptian tree with sweet fruit;
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derivation unknown, probably from Perseus). Lauraceae. Woody plants
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sometimes grown for ornament; and one of them yields the avocado, one
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of the best of the semi-tropical fruits.
  
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'''''Persea''''' is a [[genus]] of about 150 species of [[evergreen]] [[trees]] belonging to the laurel family, [[Lauraceae]]. The best-known member of the genus is the [[Avocado]] ''P. americana'', widely cultivated in subtropical regions for its large, edible [[fruit]].
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Leaves alternate, entire: fls. small, hermaphrodite, usually in
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panicles; corolla wanting, the calyx deeply 6-parted; stamens usually
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12, in 4 series, with one series sterile; ovary sessile and tapering
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into a slender style bearing a simple stigma.—Shrubs and trees
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distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, most of the
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species being confined to S. Amer., but one coming from the Canary
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Isls. and a few from S. E. Asia. As defined by Bentham & Hooker, the
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genus contains about 100 species, but Meissner (DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1.
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43) distributes some of the species in other genera and retains only
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50 in Persea. Mez, in his monograph on the American Lauraceae:
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(Jahrb. Konigl. Bot. Gart. 1889, 5. 135), describes 47 American
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species. P. gratissima, the avocado, widely cult, throughout Trop.
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Amer. and elsewhere for its fr., is the only species of great
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economic importance. Others are of ornamental value, and may prove
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useful as stocks upon which to bud or graft the avocado, although
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experiments have not been very encouraging up to the present. P.  
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Borbonia grows naturally as far north as N. C.; P. indica is now and
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then seen in cult, in Fla. and Calif. Some of the Cent. American
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types referred to P. gratissima seem distinct, and may be found to
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constitute good species.
  
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They are medium-size trees, 15-30 m tall at maturity. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, lanceolate to broad lanceolate, varying with species from 5-30 cm long and 2-12 cm broad, and arranged spirally or alternately on the stems. The [[flower]]s are in short panicles, with six small greenish-yellow perianth segments 3-6 mm long, nine stamens and an ovary with a single embryo. The [[fruit]] is an oval or pear-shaped [[drupe]], with a fleshy outer covering surrounding the single [[seed]]; size is very variable between the species, from 1-1.5 cm in e.g. ''P. borbonia'' and ''P. indica'', up to 10-20 cm in ''P. americana''.
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P. drymifolia, Cham. & Schlect,, is now considered to be a form of P.
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gratissima; it is the type with anise-scented lvs. and small,
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thin-skinned frs. described above as Mexican. Mez recognizes it as a
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botanical variety and describes it along with another variety,
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P.gratissima var. Schiediana,also indigenous to Mex-The hardy avocado
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or yas of San Jose,Costa Rica has been referred by Werekle to
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P.frigida Lind., but this name is of doubtful validity. The fr. is
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figured by Collins (Bull. 77, Bur. Pl. Ind.), and is said to be of
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possible value for hybridization with more tender species. It is  
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spherical, about 3 in. diam., with a very large seed.—P. lingue,
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Nees, and P. Meyeniana, Nees, are two species which have recently
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been intro. to the U. S. from Chile.
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{{SCH}}
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}}
  
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The species of ''Persea'' have a disjunct distribution, with about 70 [[Neotropic]] species, ranging from [[Brazil]] and [[Chile]] in [[South America]] to [[Central America]] and [[Mexico]], the [[West Indies]], and the southeastern [[United States]]; a single species, ''P. indica'', [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the [[Macaronesia]]n islands, including [[Madeira]] and the [[Canary Islands]]; and 80 species inhabiting [[East Asia|east]] and [[Southeast Asia|southeast]] [[Asia]]. None of the species is very tolerant of severe winter cold, with the hardiest, ''P. borbonia'', ''P. ichangensis'' and ''P. lingue'', surviving temperatures down to about -12°C; they also require continuously moist soil, and do not tolerate drought.
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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Fossil evidence indicates that the genus originated in [[West Africa]] during the [[Paleocene]], and spread to Asia, to South America, and to Europe and thence to [[North America]]. It is thought that the gradual drying of Africa, west Asia, and the [[Mediterranean]] from the [[Oligocene]] to the [[Pleistocene]], and the [[glaciation]] of [[Europe]] during the Pleistocene, caused the extinction of the genus across these regions, resulting in the present distribution.
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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''Persea'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Giant Leopard Moth]], ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora octagonella]]'' (feeds exclusively on ''P. carolinensis'') and ''[[Hypercompe|Hypercompe indecisa]]''.
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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===Classification===
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==Species==
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The genus ''Persea'' is treated in three subgenera. The Asian subgenus ''Machilus'' is treated in a separate genus '''''Machilus''''' by many authors, including in the ''Flora of China'', while graft-incompatibility between subgenus ''Persea'' and subgenus ''Eriodaphne'' suggests that these too may be better treated as distinct genera, in fact [[André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans|Kostermans]] (1993) founded the genus ''Mutisiopersea'' for these. Another closely related genus ''[[Beilschmiedia]]'' is also sometimes included in ''Persea''.
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The genus ''Persea'' is treated in three subgenera{{SCH}}. The Asian subgenus ''Machilus'' is treated in a separate genus '''''Machilus''''' by many authors, including in the ''Flora of China'', while graft-incompatibility between subgenus ''Persea'' and subgenus ''Eriodaphne'' suggests that these too may be better treated as distinct genera, in fact [[André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans|Kostermans]] (1993) founded the genus ''Mutisiopersea'' for these{{SCH}}. Another closely related genus ''[[Beilschmiedia]]'' is also sometimes included in ''Persea''{{SCH}}.
  
 
;Subgenus ''Persea'' - [[Central America]]. Two species.
 
;Subgenus ''Persea'' - [[Central America]]. Two species.
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*''Persea yunnanensis''
 
*''Persea yunnanensis''
  
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==References and external links==
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==Gallery==
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*[[André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans|Kostermans, A. J. G .H.]] (1993). Mutisiopersea Kostermans, a new genus in Lauraceae. ''Rheedea'' 3: 132–135.
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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*Kopp, Lucille E. (1966) "A taxonomic revision of the genus Persea in the Western Hemisphere (''Persea-Lauracese'')" ''Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden'' 14(1): pp. 1-117
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*[http://www.avocadosource.com Avocado source] Extensive information on the [[Avocado]] and the genus generally, particularly the subgenera ''Persea'' and ''Eriodaphne''
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<gallery>
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=124627 Flora of North America: ''Persea'']
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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*[http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=3&start_taxon_id=119262 Flora of China: ''Machilus''] Full list of species in ''Machilus'' in China
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
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==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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==External links==
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*{{wplink}}
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
  
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[[Category:Laurales]]
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<!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->

Latest revision as of 01:31, 7 July 2009


Persea borbonia foliage and fruit


Plant Characteristics
Origin: ✈ ?
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ ?"?" is not in the list (sun, part-sun, shade, unknown) of allowed values for the "Exposure" property.
Water: ◍ ?"?" is not in the list (wet, moist, moderate, dry, less when dormant) of allowed values for the "Water" property.
Scientific Names

Lauraceae >

Persea >



Read about Persea in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Persea (ancient Greek name of an Egyptian tree with sweet fruit; derivation unknown, probably from Perseus). Lauraceae. Woody plants sometimes grown for ornament; and one of them yields the avocado, one of the best of the semi-tropical fruits.

Leaves alternate, entire: fls. small, hermaphrodite, usually in panicles; corolla wanting, the calyx deeply 6-parted; stamens usually 12, in 4 series, with one series sterile; ovary sessile and tapering into a slender style bearing a simple stigma.—Shrubs and trees distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, most of the species being confined to S. Amer., but one coming from the Canary Isls. and a few from S. E. Asia. As defined by Bentham & Hooker, the genus contains about 100 species, but Meissner (DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1. 43) distributes some of the species in other genera and retains only 50 in Persea. Mez, in his monograph on the American Lauraceae: (Jahrb. Konigl. Bot. Gart. 1889, 5. 135), describes 47 American species. P. gratissima, the avocado, widely cult, throughout Trop. Amer. and elsewhere for its fr., is the only species of great economic importance. Others are of ornamental value, and may prove useful as stocks upon which to bud or graft the avocado, although experiments have not been very encouraging up to the present. P. Borbonia grows naturally as far north as N. C.; P. indica is now and then seen in cult, in Fla. and Calif. Some of the Cent. American types referred to P. gratissima seem distinct, and may be found to constitute good species.

P. drymifolia, Cham. & Schlect,, is now considered to be a form of P. gratissima; it is the type with anise-scented lvs. and small, thin-skinned frs. described above as Mexican. Mez recognizes it as a botanical variety and describes it along with another variety, P.gratissima var. Schiediana,also indigenous to Mex-The hardy avocado or yas of San Jose,Costa Rica has been referred by Werekle to P.frigida Lind., but this name is of doubtful validity. The fr. is figured by Collins (Bull. 77, Bur. Pl. Ind.), and is said to be of possible value for hybridization with more tender species. It is spherical, about 3 in. diam., with a very large seed.—P. lingue, Nees, and P. Meyeniana, Nees, are two species which have recently been intro. to the U. S. from Chile. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

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Propagation

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Pests and diseases

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Species

The genus Persea is treated in three subgeneraCH. The Asian subgenus Machilus is treated in a separate genus Machilus by many authors, including in the Flora of China, while graft-incompatibility between subgenus Persea and subgenus Eriodaphne suggests that these too may be better treated as distinct genera, in fact Kostermans (1993) founded the genus Mutisiopersea for theseCH. Another closely related genus Beilschmiedia is also sometimes included in PerseaCH.

Subgenus Persea - Central America. Two species.
  • Persea americana - Avocado
    • Persea americana var. drymifolia
    • Persea americana var. floccosa
    • Persea americana var. guatemalensis
    • Persea americana var. nubigena
    • Persea americana var. steyermarkii
  • Persea schiedeana - Coyo
Subgenus Eriodaphne (Mutisiopersea) - The Americas, Macaronesia. About 70 species, including
Subgenus Machilus - Asia. About 80 species, including
  • Persea edulis
  • Persea ichangensis
  • Persea japonica
  • Persea macrantha
  • Persea nanmu
  • Persea thunbergii
  • Persea yunnanensis

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

External links


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