Difference between revisions of "Copihue"

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{{Taxobox
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Lapageria rosea''
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| name = Copihue
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| common_names = Copihue, Chilean Bellflower, Chilean Glory Flower
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| growth_habit = vine
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan = perennial
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image = Chilean bellflower-lapageria rosea copihue-IMG 8109.JPG
 
| image = Chilean bellflower-lapageria rosea copihue-IMG 8109.JPG
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| image_width = 240px
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| image_width = 180px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
 
| image_caption = Copihue in flower
 
| image_caption = Copihue in flower
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
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| classis = Liliopsida
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| ordo = [[Liliales]]
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| ordo = Liliales
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| familia = [[Philesiaceae]]
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| familia = Philesiaceae
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| genus = '''''Lapageria'''''
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| genus = Lapageria
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| species = '''''L. rosea'''''
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| species = rosea
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| binomial = ''Lapageria rosea''
 
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| binomial_authority = Ruiz & Pav.
 
 
}}
 
}}
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The '''Copihue''' (''co-pee-way'') (''Lapageria rosea'') is also known as the '''Chilean Bellflower''' and '''Chilean Glory Flower'''.
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{{Inc|
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Lapageria (from a personal name, probably for the Empress Josephine, nee Tascher de La Pagerie). Liliaceae. Chilean Bellflower. A single species, a noble, half-hardy evergreen twiner, allied to the smilaxes, considered to be one of the choicest subjects to grow under glass.
  
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The '''Copihue''' (''co-pee-way'') (''Lapageria rosea''), also known as the '''Chilean Bellflower''' and '''Chilean Glory Flower''', is the national flower of [[Chile]]. It grows in [[forest]]s in the southern part of Chile, being part of the [[Valdivian temperate rain forests|Valdivian flora]]. It is the only species in the genus ''Lapageria'', and is an [[evergreen]] climbing plant reaching up to 10 m high among [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s. The [[flower]]s are red, with six [[tepal]]s; the [[fruit]] is an edible berry with numerous small [[seed]]s. In the wild the plant is pollinated by [[hummingbird]]s.
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Leaves alternate, lance-ovate or cordate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, acuminate: flowers large and showy, bell-shaped, hanging singly from the upper axils or somewhat racemose at the end of the vine, about 3 in. long; stamens 6, borne on the torus or slightly attached to the base of the inner segms., shorter than the perianth; ovary sessile and 1-loculed, with 3 parietal placenta, ripening into a 3-angled, oblong, fleshy, indehiscent, berry-like beaked fr. and bearing nearly globular seeds embedded in the pulp. L. rosea, Ruiz & Pav., is the only species. It has rose-colored or rose-crimson flowers with lighter spots. Chile.  
  
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The fruit is colloquially known in Chile as a ''pepino'' ([[cucumber]]), bearing some resemblance to a [[gherkin]], but tasting a bit like a [[cherimoya]]. In the past, the fruit was sold in markets, but the plant has now become rare through over-collection and forest clearance. The name of the fruit in [[Mapudungun]] is actually ''kopiw'', which is the etymon of Spanish ''copihue''; the Mapuche call the plant ''kolkopiw'' (''colcopihue'' in Spanish, which may also refer to the whole plant). The flower is called ''kodkülla'' in the indigenous language.  
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The species is variable in vigor, floriferousness, size, color and substance of bloom, and there are a number of named horticultural subvarieties. ''L.var.albiflora'', Hook. (''L.var.alba'', Hort.), has white or whitish flowers. ''L.var.superba'', Hort. Flowers large, brilliant rich crimson. ''L.var.flsemannii'', Hort. Flowers larger and more brightly colored than those of the type itself: vigorous and free-flowering. ''L.var.bensonii'', Hort. Flowers of lighter tint than those of type, especially in interior of the perianth. ''L.Var.gattoniensis'', Hort. Much like the type.  
  
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There are a substantial number of named garden [[cultivar]]s, mostly developed at one nursery in Chile, with flower colour varying from deep red through pink to pure white (''L. rosea'' 'Albiflora'), and some with variegated flowers. In cultivation, to obtain fruit it is generally necessary to pollinate by hand. The plants need to be cross-pollinated between two plants grown from different seeds. Propagation is also possible by division or layering.
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Lapagerias are tall-twining plants, suitable for rafters or walls in coolhouses, or for culture in the open in the milder parts of the country. They are commonly propagated by cuttings and layers, but strong plants may be secured from seeds, although varieties may not come true. The first live plants were introduced into England in 1847. Lapagerias should be seen more frequently in America. They are considered to be not easy to grow, and a good display is usually regarded as an evidence of skill. Franceschi says that in California the plant prefers shady places "where the atmosphere will never become too dry."
  
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''Lapageria rosea'' is related to ''Philesia magellanica'' (syn. ''P. buxifolia''), another plant from the Valdivian flora, closely related to ''L. rosea'', having similar flowers, but is a shrubby plant bearing some similarity to a heath.
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''Lapageria rosea'' and ''Philesia buxifolia'' have been hybridized by Veitch, producing a plant known as ''Philageria Veitchii'', Philesia afforded the pollen. It is not in the American trade, but is a most interesting hybrid. For an anatomical study of it, bearing on problems of hybridity.  
  
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The rare plant ''× Philageria veitchii'' is a natural hybrid between ''L. rosea'' and ''P. magellanica''. It is more similar in appearance to the former.
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''Lapageria rosea'' and ''L. var.albiflora'' should occupy a position in all cool greenhouse collections. We have no cool greenhouse twining plants that can be compared with them. They can be grown in large pots, trained on a trellis as specimen plants, or if for cut-flowers, they may be planted out on a bench or in a border. Strict attention must be paid to drainage, and the soil must not get into a "sour" condition.—Layering is the best way to propagate lapagerias. When a shoot gets somewhat bare of foliage, it may be twisted backward and forward in a box near where the plant is growing. The box should be filled first, with sand and fine peat, in equal proportion, to the depth of about 3 inches. Peg the shoot to keep it in position and cover with some of the compost. If there are leaves on the shoot, cover them only about one-third. Keep the soil moderately moist; and in time growths will start from the joints, which after a while will throw out roots, and when a sufficient number are formed to support the plants, separate them from the stem and place them in pots large enough to receive the roots without breaking them. The potting material should be one part fiber of loam, out of which all the fine loam has been shaken, one part osmunda fern root (osmundine), one part charcoal, and one part sharp sand. Water carefully until they get a good hold on the compost, after which they may be kept moderately moist. Lapagerias require to be at all times shaded from the sun, and kept in as cool a temperature as possible. A north house, from which the frost is kept, is an ideal position. If the plants are to be grown in pots, they must be shifted into larger pots before they get too well rooted. This will encourage strong breaks to start, from the bottom. These shoots, as soon as they emerge from the soil, should have a piece of cotton-wool twisted around them, for if there are any snails nearby, they will be sure to eat the tender tops, which will ruin the plants. A few stakes should be placed around the pot, to which to tie the shoots, until such time as the plants are big enough to train on the permanent trellis. Be sure to tie them in a regular way, as they will be easier untwisted when the time arrives for their removal.If lapagerias are intended to be planted on a bench or in a border, they should be well established in pots first. Do not fill all the bench or border at once; it is better to supply only enough material to last for one season, adding a little each year as they require it. The compost should be same as advised for potting, and it should be in rather a lumpy state, as lapagerias do not thrive in any soil of an adhesive nature. The bench or border should be well drained, so that the water may pass through freely, copious supplies being necessary when they are in active growth. After they are well established, treat with manure-water as advised for ixoras. Insect pests may be destroyed by fumigating with hydrocyanic gas in cool weather, and a free use of the syringe at all times.
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{{SCH}}
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}}
  
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There are several legends in Chile relating to the origin of the Copihue. One tells of how, after a great battle of the mapuche people, some survivors climbed trees to see the outcome of the battle. Seeing that all their friends were dead, they wept, and their tears became flowers of blood, to honor the souls of their dead friends.
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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Another legend tells of two leaders of the mapuche people: Hues, the daughter of Copiñiel, the leader of all the mapuches; and Copih, the chieftain of the pehuenche tribe. The two young people secretly fell in love. One day, Copiñiel found them exchanging vows on the banks of the Nahuel lake, and, in a fit of rage, ordered them both stabbed through the heart by spears. His guards obeyed, and the two lovers were killed, fell into the lake, and disappeared in the water.
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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Some time later, both the mapuche and pehuenche tribes met on the banks of the lake to mourn the deaths of the two. At sunrise, they saw two spears rise from the water, intertwined by a vine, on which grew two large flowers, one as red as blood, and the other as white as snow. They called these flowers copihue, in honor of the two lovers, Copih and Hues.
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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==Species==
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<!--  This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
  
 
==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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<gallery>
 
<gallery>
 
Image:Chilean bellflower-lapageria rosea copihue-IMG 8108.JPG|Lapageria rosea copihue
 
Image:Chilean bellflower-lapageria rosea copihue-IMG 8108.JPG|Lapageria rosea copihue
 
Image:Lapageria rosea.jpg|Lapageria rosea
 
Image:Lapageria rosea.jpg|Lapageria rosea
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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Image:Upload.png| photo 4
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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* [http://www.chilebosque.cl/epiv/lrose.html ''Lapageria rosea'' in Chilebosque]
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*{{wplink}}
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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<!--  in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions!    -->

Latest revision as of 04:28, 10 July 2009


Copihue in flower


Plant Characteristics
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Origin: ✈ ?
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ ?"?" is not in the list (sun, part-sun, shade, unknown) of allowed values for the "Exposure" property.
Water: ◍ ?"?" is not in the list (wet, moist, moderate, dry, less when dormant) of allowed values for the "Water" property.
Scientific Names

Philesiaceae >

Lapageria >

rosea >


The Copihue (co-pee-way) (Lapageria rosea) is also known as the Chilean Bellflower and Chilean Glory Flower.

Read about Copihue in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Lapageria (from a personal name, probably for the Empress Josephine, nee Tascher de La Pagerie). Liliaceae. Chilean Bellflower. A single species, a noble, half-hardy evergreen twiner, allied to the smilaxes, considered to be one of the choicest subjects to grow under glass.

Leaves alternate, lance-ovate or cordate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, acuminate: flowers large and showy, bell-shaped, hanging singly from the upper axils or somewhat racemose at the end of the vine, about 3 in. long; stamens 6, borne on the torus or slightly attached to the base of the inner segms., shorter than the perianth; ovary sessile and 1-loculed, with 3 parietal placenta, ripening into a 3-angled, oblong, fleshy, indehiscent, berry-like beaked fr. and bearing nearly globular seeds embedded in the pulp. L. rosea, Ruiz & Pav., is the only species. It has rose-colored or rose-crimson flowers with lighter spots. Chile.

The species is variable in vigor, floriferousness, size, color and substance of bloom, and there are a number of named horticultural subvarieties. L.var.albiflora, Hook. (L.var.alba, Hort.), has white or whitish flowers. L.var.superba, Hort. Flowers large, brilliant rich crimson. L.var.flsemannii, Hort. Flowers larger and more brightly colored than those of the type itself: vigorous and free-flowering. L.var.bensonii, Hort. Flowers of lighter tint than those of type, especially in interior of the perianth. L.Var.gattoniensis, Hort. Much like the type.

Lapagerias are tall-twining plants, suitable for rafters or walls in coolhouses, or for culture in the open in the milder parts of the country. They are commonly propagated by cuttings and layers, but strong plants may be secured from seeds, although varieties may not come true. The first live plants were introduced into England in 1847. Lapagerias should be seen more frequently in America. They are considered to be not easy to grow, and a good display is usually regarded as an evidence of skill. Franceschi says that in California the plant prefers shady places "where the atmosphere will never become too dry."

Lapageria rosea and Philesia buxifolia have been hybridized by Veitch, producing a plant known as Philageria Veitchii, Philesia afforded the pollen. It is not in the American trade, but is a most interesting hybrid. For an anatomical study of it, bearing on problems of hybridity.

Lapageria rosea and L. var.albiflora should occupy a position in all cool greenhouse collections. We have no cool greenhouse twining plants that can be compared with them. They can be grown in large pots, trained on a trellis as specimen plants, or if for cut-flowers, they may be planted out on a bench or in a border. Strict attention must be paid to drainage, and the soil must not get into a "sour" condition.—Layering is the best way to propagate lapagerias. When a shoot gets somewhat bare of foliage, it may be twisted backward and forward in a box near where the plant is growing. The box should be filled first, with sand and fine peat, in equal proportion, to the depth of about 3 inches. Peg the shoot to keep it in position and cover with some of the compost. If there are leaves on the shoot, cover them only about one-third. Keep the soil moderately moist; and in time growths will start from the joints, which after a while will throw out roots, and when a sufficient number are formed to support the plants, separate them from the stem and place them in pots large enough to receive the roots without breaking them. The potting material should be one part fiber of loam, out of which all the fine loam has been shaken, one part osmunda fern root (osmundine), one part charcoal, and one part sharp sand. Water carefully until they get a good hold on the compost, after which they may be kept moderately moist. Lapagerias require to be at all times shaded from the sun, and kept in as cool a temperature as possible. A north house, from which the frost is kept, is an ideal position. If the plants are to be grown in pots, they must be shifted into larger pots before they get too well rooted. This will encourage strong breaks to start, from the bottom. These shoots, as soon as they emerge from the soil, should have a piece of cotton-wool twisted around them, for if there are any snails nearby, they will be sure to eat the tender tops, which will ruin the plants. A few stakes should be placed around the pot, to which to tie the shoots, until such time as the plants are big enough to train on the permanent trellis. Be sure to tie them in a regular way, as they will be easier untwisted when the time arrives for their removal.If lapagerias are intended to be planted on a bench or in a border, they should be well established in pots first. Do not fill all the bench or border at once; it is better to supply only enough material to last for one season, adding a little each year as they require it. The compost should be same as advised for potting, and it should be in rather a lumpy state, as lapagerias do not thrive in any soil of an adhesive nature. The bench or border should be well drained, so that the water may pass through freely, copious supplies being necessary when they are in active growth. After they are well established, treat with manure-water as advised for ixoras. Insect pests may be destroyed by fumigating with hydrocyanic gas in cool weather, and a free use of the syringe at all times. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

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Propagation

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Pests and diseases

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Species

Gallery

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  • Lapageria rosea copihue

  • Lapageria rosea

  • photo 3

  • photo 4

References

External links


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