Difference between revisions of "Spondias"

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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| name = ''Spondias''
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| common_names =    <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
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| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
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| image = Spondias dulcis.jpg
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| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption = Spondia dulcis
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = Sapindales
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| familia = Anacardiaceae
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| genus = Spondias
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}}
 
{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
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[[Image:Spondias dulcis3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''Spondias dulcis'', fruit, section and seed]]
 
Spondias (from a Greek word used by Theophrastus). Anacardiaceae. A small genus of tropical trees, allied to the mango (Mangifera indica) and the cashew (Anacardium occidentale), cultivated for their fruits and often used for hedges because of the readiness with which large branches, when cut and used as posts, take root and grow.
 
Spondias (from a Greek word used by Theophrastus). Anacardiaceae. A small genus of tropical trees, allied to the mango (Mangifera indica) and the cashew (Anacardium occidentale), cultivated for their fruits and often used for hedges because of the readiness with which large branches, when cut and used as posts, take root and grow.
  
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This genus is of very simple culture. All the species are easily propagated by cuttings of large wood, which may be set in permanent locations immediately upon removal from the parent tree. Seeds can easily be grown in flats of light soil, covering them to the depth of an inch. They usually germinate within four to six weeks. Most of the species seem adapted to a variety of soils. They can readily be inarched, but this is not often practised in this country because of the ease with which cuttings can be grown. Improvement of all the species should be carried on by means of selection.
 
This genus is of very simple culture. All the species are easily propagated by cuttings of large wood, which may be set in permanent locations immediately upon removal from the parent tree. Seeds can easily be grown in flats of light soil, covering them to the depth of an inch. They usually germinate within four to six weeks. Most of the species seem adapted to a variety of soils. They can readily be inarched, but this is not often practised in this country because of the ease with which cuttings can be grown. Improvement of all the species should be carried on by means of selection.
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{{SCH}}
 
}}
 
}}
  
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{{Taxobox
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==Cultivation==
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| color = lightgreen
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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| name = ''Spondias''
 
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| image = Spondias dulcis.jpg
 
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| image_width = 240px
 
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| image_caption = ''Spondia dulcis''
 
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
 
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| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
 
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| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
 
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| familia = [[Anacardiaceae]]
 
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| genus = '''''Spondias'''''
 
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
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| subdivision = See text
 
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}}
 
  
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'''''Spondias''''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s of the family [[Anacardiaceae]]. The genus consists of 17 described species, 7 of which are native to the [[Neotropics]] and about 10 are native to tropical [[Asia]].
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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[[Image:Spondias dulcis3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''Spondias dulcis'', fruit, section and seed]]
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===Pests and diseases===
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They are [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen|semi-evergreen]] [[tree]]s growing to 25 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are spirally arranged, pinnate, rarely bipinnate or simple. The [[fruit]] is a [[drupe]] similar to a small [[mango]] (in the related genus ''Mangifera''), 4-10 cm long, ripening yellow or orange.
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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About 10 species of ''Spondias'' bear edible fruits and have been domesticated for fruit production. The fruit has a single [[seed]]. <br clear = left>
 
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The name of the city of [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] is believed to derive from ''makok'' (มะกอก), the [[Thai language|Thai]] name for the fruit of ''[[Spondias mombin]]''.
 
  
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;Selected species
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==Species==
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;Selected species{{wp}}
 
*''[[Tahitian apple|Spondias dulcis]]'' Tahitian apple
 
*''[[Tahitian apple|Spondias dulcis]]'' Tahitian apple
 
*''[[Spondias haplophylla]]''
 
*''[[Spondias haplophylla]]''
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*''[[Spondias tuberosa]]'' - umbú
 
*''[[Spondias tuberosa]]'' - umbú
 
*''[[Spondias venulosa]]''
 
*''[[Spondias venulosa]]''
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
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==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
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*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?11429 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Spondias'']
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*{{wplink}}
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*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=131065 Flora of China: list of ''Spondias'' species in China]
 
  
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[[Category:Sapindales]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Thai cuisine]]
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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[[Category:Vietnamese cuisine]]
 
  
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{{fruit-stub}}
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{{Sapindales-stub}}
 

Latest revision as of 00:35, 18 July 2009


Spondia dulcis


Plant Characteristics
Origin: ✈ ?
Cultivation
Exposure: ☼ ?"?" is not in the list (sun, part-sun, shade, unknown) of allowed values for the "Exposure" property.
Water: ◍ ?"?" is not in the list (wet, moist, moderate, dry, less when dormant) of allowed values for the "Water" property.
Scientific Names

Anacardiaceae >

Spondias >



Read about Spondias in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 
Spondias dulcis, fruit, section and seed

Spondias (from a Greek word used by Theophrastus). Anacardiaceae. A small genus of tropical trees, allied to the mango (Mangifera indica) and the cashew (Anacardium occidentale), cultivated for their fruits and often used for hedges because of the readiness with which large branches, when cut and used as posts, take root and grow.

Leaves usually clustered toward the ends of the branchlets, alternate, imparipinnate, with opposite lfts.: fls. polygamous, small, shortly pedicellate, disposed in racemes or panicles; calyx small, deciduous, with 4 or 5 valvate segms.; petals 4 or 5, valvate; stamens 8-10, inserted at the base of the disk; styles 3-5, free at the apex; ovary sessile, 3-5-loculed, with 1 ovule in each locule: fr. a fleshy drupe, with a 1-5-loculed woody endocarp.—Species about 12, several of which are common in the W. Indies, Mex., and elsewhere in Trop. Amer.; one species comes from the Society Isls., another from India.

Cultivation and uses.

The Otaheite-apple, S. cytherea, is said to have been introduced to Jamaica in 1782, and again in 1792 by the famous Captain Bligh, who brought the bread-fruit from Tahiti to the West Indies. It has not become popular in Cuba, nor is it very extensively grown on the mainland of tropical America. In south Florida it succeeds well, and fine specimens can be seen at Miami and other points. In California it has not yet fruited, so far as known, and seems to be too tender for successful culture in any but the most favored locations. Some of the early travelers who visited Polynesia spoke of it in very high terms, and more recently it has been recommended as worthy of culture by numerous writers. Firminger, however, likens it to a "very bad mango." Probably a great deal depends on the variety. At its best the fruit is the size of a lemon; it is of deep golden yellow color when ripe, aromatic, with a thin but tough skin surrounding the soft, juicy, yellow pulp. The seed is large and oval, furnished with long woody spines over its entire surface. The flavor is sprightly, subacid, aromatic, suggesting the pineapple, but sometimes resinous and disagreeable. It is eaten out of hand, and also used to prepare jams and preserves.

The Spanish plum, S. Mombin, is much more common in tropical America, and occurs in a large number of varieties, some of which are of excellent flavor and quality, others rather inferior. In Cuba, where this fruit is called ciruela, the different varieties are distinguished by the addition of such words as roja (red), amarilla (yellow), and the like. In Brazil the species seems to be little known, but in Mexico and Central America it is widely grown. It is successfully cultivated in south Florida, but so far as known has never fruited in California, though it may be possible to grow it successfully in favored locations. The tree, which is much smaller than the Otaheite-apple, is deciduous during a portion of the year, as are the other species. The fruit is oval, about an inch long, usually purplish red in color, with a bright yellow, very juicy pulp of aromatic, subacid flavor. It is used like the Otaheite-apple.

The hog-plum, S. lutea, is one of the least esteemed of the genus. Its fruits are slightly larger than those of S. Mombin, but of a rank, pungent flavor which is not especially agreeable. Jumelle says that it makes an excellent refreshing drink. The tree is large and handsome, and is a conspicuous feature of many Cuban landscapes. S. pinnata, the hog-plum or amra of India, is scarcely known in America. Indian writers, who do not usually speak highly of it, state that it is used for pickles, preserves, and tarts. Firminger advises using it as a stock for S. cytherea.

The imbu of Brazil, S. tuberosa, is a little-known species introduced to the United States in 1914 by the Bureau of Plant Industry. Previous to this time it seems to have been unknown outside of its native home, but on the dry lands of interior northeastern Brazil (states of Bahia, Pernambuco, and so on) it is exceedingly abundant and the fruits are highly esteemed by the natives. Its tuberous roots are an adaptation to arid regions. The fruits are the size of large plums, with a pale yellow skin, soft, juicy pulp and a large, nearly smooth seed. The flavor slightly resembles that of a sweet orange, and is very agreeable. An excellent jelly is made from this species, and also a sweet custard called imbuzada, prepared by mixing the strained and sweetened pulp with boiled milk. For eating out of hand it is probably superior to the other species, with the exception of the best varieties of the Spanish plum.

This genus is of very simple culture. All the species are easily propagated by cuttings of large wood, which may be set in permanent locations immediately upon removal from the parent tree. Seeds can easily be grown in flats of light soil, covering them to the depth of an inch. They usually germinate within four to six weeks. Most of the species seem adapted to a variety of soils. They can readily be inarched, but this is not often practised in this country because of the ease with which cuttings can be grown. Improvement of all the species should be carried on by means of selection. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

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Propagation

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Pests and diseases

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Species

Selected specieswp

Gallery

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References

External links


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