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Although they are grown as [[ornamental tree]]s in many areas of the [[Old World]] tropics of [[Malaysia]] and the Philippines, only the Philippines produces and processes pili nuts commercially. Production centers are located in the [[Bicol]] region, provinces of [[Sorsogon]], [[Albay]], and [[Camarines Sur]], southern Tagalog, and eastern [[Visaya]]. There is no commercial planting of this crop, fruits are collected from natural stands in the mountains near these provinces. In 1977, the Philippines exported approximately 3.8 t of pili preparation to [[Guam]] and [[Australia]].  

Although they are grown as [[ornamental tree]]s in many areas of the [[Old World]] tropics of [[Malaysia]] and the Philippines, only the Philippines produces and processes pili nuts commercially. Production centers are located in the [[Bicol]] region, provinces of [[Sorsogon]], [[Albay]], and [[Camarines Sur]], southern Tagalog, and eastern [[Visaya]]. There is no commercial planting of this crop, fruits are collected from natural stands in the mountains near these provinces. In 1977, the Philippines exported approximately 3.8 t of pili preparation to [[Guam]] and [[Australia]].  

Pili is a tropical tree preferring deep, fertile, well drained [[soil]], warm temperatures, and well distributed [[rainfall]]. It can not tolerate the slightest frost or low temperature. Refrigeration of seeds at 4 °C to 13 °C resulted in loss of viability after 5 days. Seed germination is highly recalcitrant, reduced from 98 to 19% after 12 weeks of storage at room temperature; seeds stored for more than 137 days did not germinate.

Pili is a tropical tree preferring deep, fertile, well drained [[soil]], warm temperatures, and well distributed [[rainfall]]. It can not tolerate the slightest frost or low temperature. Refrigeration of seeds at 4 °C to 13 °C resulted in loss of viability after 5 days. Seed germination is highly recalcitrant, reduced from 98 to 19% after 12 weeks of storage at room temperature; seeds stored for more than 137 days did not germinate.

[[Asexual]] propagations using [[marcotting]], budding, and grafting were too inconsistent to be used in commercial production. Young shoots of pili were believed to have functional internal [[phloem]]s, which rendered [[bark]] ringing ineffective as a way of building up carbohydrate levels in the wood. Success in marcottage may be cultivar dependent. Production standards for a mature pili tree is between 100 to 150 kg of in-shell [[Nut (fruit)|nut]] with the harvest season from May to October and peaking between June and August. There are high variations in kernel qualities and production between seedling trees.  

[[Asexual]] propagations using [[marcotting]], budding, and grafting were too inconsistent to be used in commercial production. Young shoots of pili were believed to have functional internal [[phloem]]s, which rendered [[bark]] ringing ineffective as a way of building up carbohydrate levels in the wood. Success in marcottage may be cultivar dependent. Production standards for a mature pili tree is between 100 to 150 kg of in-shell [[Nut (fruit)|nut]] with the harvest season from May to October and peaking between June and August. There are high variations in kernel qualities and production between seedling trees.  

Most pili kernels tend to stick to the shell when fresh, but come off easily after being dried to 3 to 5% moisture (30 °C for 27 to 28 h). Shell nuts, with a moisture content of 2.5 to 4.6%, can be stored in the shade for one year without deterioration of quality (Coronel et al. 1983).

Most pili kernels tend to stick to the shell when fresh, but come off easily after being dried to 3 to 5% moisture (30 °C for 27 to 28 h). Shell nuts, with a moisture content of 2.5 to 4.6%, can be stored in the shade for one year without deterioration of quality (Coronel et al. 1983).

The most important product from pili is t

The most important product from pili is t

===Future Prospects===

===Future Prospects===

According to Richard A. Hamilton, [[University of Hawaii]] at [[Manoa]] (macadamia breeder), the current status of the pili is equivalent to that of the [[macadamia]] some 30 years ago. It has great potential to develop into a major industry. The immediate concern in pili production is the difficulty of propagation. The lack of an effective clonal propagation method not only hampers the collection of superior [[germplasm]] but also makes it almost impossible to conduct feasibility trials of this crop. Few elite pili trees, such as 'Red', 'Albay', and 'Katutubo' were selected in the Philippines. [[The National Clonal Germplasm Repository at Hilo]], USDA/ARS, has initiated studies in [[in vitro]] and vegetative propagation for the multiplication and long-term preservation of pili. A recently released pili cultivar in [[Hawaii]] may further stimulate the interest in this crop. This new selection, known as '''Poamoho''', was released by R.A. Hamilton. Besides the desirable production and quality attributes, its kernels separate easily from the hard shell without the need of prior drying (30°C for 27 to 28 h). This is an important cost saving feature for processing.

According to Richard A. Hamilton, [[University of Hawaii]] at [[Manoa]] (macadamia breeder), the current status of the pili is equivalent to that of the [[macadamia]] some 30 years ago. It has great potential to develop into a major industry. The immediate concern in pili production is the difficulty of propagation. The lack of an effective clonal propagation method not only hampers the collection of superior [[germplasm]] but also makes it almost impossible to conduct feasibility trials of this crop. Few elite pili trees, such as 'Red', 'Albay', and 'Katutubo' were selected in the Philippines. [[The National Clonal Germplasm Repository at Hilo]], USDA/ARS, has initiated studies in [[in vitro]] and vegetative propagation for the multiplication and long-term preservation of pili. A recently released pili cultivar in [[Hawaii]] may further stimulate the interest in this crop. This new selection, known as '''Poamoho''', was released by R.A. Hamilton. Besides the desirable production and quality attributes, its kernels separate easily from the hard shell without the need of prior drying (30°C for 27 to 28 h). This is an important cost saving feature for processing.

== References and external links==

== References and external links==