Difference between revisions of "Xanthosoma"

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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|familia=Araceae
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| name = ''Xanthosoma''
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|genus=Xanthosoma
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| image = Elephantear_reduced.jpg
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|Min ht metric=cm
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| image_width = 240px
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|lifespan=perennial
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| image_caption = ''Xanthosoma roseum''
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|image=Elephantear_reduced.jpg
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| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|image_width=240
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| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
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|image_caption=''Xanthosoma roseum''
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| ordo = [[Alismatales]]
 
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| familia = [[Araceae]]
 
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| genus = '''''Xanthosoma'''''
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
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| subdivision =
 
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''About 50; see text''
 
 
}}
 
}}
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{{Inc|
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Xanthosoma (Greek, yellow body, referring to the stigma). Araceae. This group is interesting to the horticulturist as containing the handsome variegated stove foliage plant known to the trade as Phyllotaenium Lindenii, and part of the vegetables known as yautia, malanga, and tanier, a crop to which much of the arable land in Porto Rico is devoted.
  
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'''''Xanthosoma''''' is a genus of about 50 species of tropical and sub-tropical arums in the [[flowering plant]] family, [[Araceae]], all native to tropical [[Americas|America]]. Several species are grown for their [[starch]]y [[corm]]s, an important [[root vegetable|food staple]] of tropical regions, known variously as '''malanga''', '''new cocoyam''', '''tannia''', '''tannier''', '''yautía''', '''macabo''', '''taioba ''', '''dasheen''' and '''‘ape'''. Many other species (including especially ''X. roseum'') are utilized as [[ornamental plant]]s, and in popular horticultural literature are known as ‘ape or '''elephant ear''' (from the purported resemblance of the leaf to an [[elephant]]'s [[ear]]), although the latter name is sometimes also applied to members with similar appearance and uses in the closely related genera of ''[[Caladium]]'', ''[[Colocasia]]'' (i.e., [[taro]]), and ''[[Alocasia]]''.
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Milky herbs of S. and Cent. Amer. with a thick sometimes elongated corm: lvs. arrow-shaped, 3-cut or pedately cut: fls. unisexual, naked; males with 4-6 stamens connate in an inversely pyramidal synandrium with 5 or 6 faces; ovary 2-4-loculed; ovules anatropous.—A genus of 25 species, according to Engler, who has given an account of them in DC. Mon. Phaner., vol. 2 (1879).
  
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The [[leaf|leaves]] of most ''Xanthosoma'' species are 40-200 cm long, saggitate (arrowhead-shaped) or subdivided into 3 or as many as 18 segments. Unlike the leaves of ''Colocasia'', those of ''Xanthosoma'' are usually not ''peltate''—the upper v-notch extends in to the point of attachment of the leaf ''petiole'' to the blade.
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Many species of the arum family are noted for their huge corms, some of which are edible after the acrid and more or less poisonous properties are destroyed by cooking. Of this class the best known are the taros (Colocasia esculenta, Schott, the common taro of southern Asia and the Pacific islands, and C. antiquorum, Schott, the Egyptian taro, and the yautias, taniers, or malangas (Xanthosoma sagittifolium, and other species of this genus) of the West Indies. The botany of the species of Xanthosoma is confused. The corms and cormels (offsets) of some taros, and the cormels of some varieties of yautia, are free from acridity even in the raw state as cultivated in southern United States. Yautia corms are strong-flavored and are seldom eaten. The young leaves of colocasia and xanthosoma when properly cooked are said to be equal or superior to spinach.
  
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== Pollination biology ==
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X. bataviensis, Hort. Said to have purple sts. and dark green lvs., with edible tubers.—X. belophyllum, Kunth, has a short thick erect rhizome and a cordate-hastate lf. Venezuela. Var. caracasanum, C. Koch (X. caracasanum, Schott. Colocasia caracasana, Engl.), has lvs. pale green beneath, the posterior lobes more produced at the apex and the midrib and nerves often rosy. Caracas.—X. cordatum, N. E. Br. Lvs. glabrous: tube of spathe green; blade yellow-green outside, rose-tinted at base, whitish inside. British Guiana.—X. cordifolium, N. E. Br. Allied to X. sagittifolium, but differing in lvs. being obtusely round-cordate and spadix bearing club-shaped neutral organs. British Guiana.—X. Hoffmannii, Schott. Lf.-stalk whitish with dark purple blotches: spathe with green tube, purple inside, the limb white. Costa Rica. —X. maculatum, Nichols., is described as having immense pale green lvs. variegated with creamy yellow, the petiole violet-tinted.— X. Mafaffa, Schott (Colocasia Mafaffa, Hort.). Closely allied to X. belophyllum, has a similar caudex and a cordate-ovate lf., but the posterior costae are separated by a right or acute angle, the angle in X. belophyllum being obtuse.—X. Marshallii is said to be a very rapid grower, with green lvs. and dark sts.—X. nuevoleonense. Grows to 6 ft. high, and has very large lvs. which stand almost horizontal.—X. violaceum, Schott. Lvs. primrose, finally green, sagittate-oblong-ovate, 8-10 in. long. 6-12 in. wide: spathe with a tube 4 in. long, the blade 6 in. long, 3 in. wide.
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Inflorescences of ''Xanthosoma'' are composed by a spadix with pistillate flowers
 
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at the base, a belt of sterile flowers offered as a reward for
 
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pollinators in the middle, and staminate flowers on the upper part.
 
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Prior to opening, the inflorescence is enclosed within a leaf-like
 
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spathe. When the inflorescence is ready to open, the upper part of
 
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the spathe opens and exposes the staminate area of the spadix; the
 
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basal area of the spathe remains closed, forming a spacious chamber
 
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(i.e., the spathe tube) that encloses the pistillate and sterile flowers
 
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(García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).
 
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[[Image:Arum flower.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Inflorescence of ''X. roseum'']]
 
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[[Image:Inflo_detail.jpg|thumb|left|158px|Inflorescence of ''X. daguense'']]
 
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The inflorescences last for two nights and are protogynous (but ''see'' Valerio 1988),
 
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changing from the pistillate phase that attracts pollinators on the
 
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night it opens, to a staminate phase on the second night, when pollen
 
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is shed (Garcıa-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b). When inflorescences open, produce heat and release a sweet scent attracting its pollinators, Dynastine beetles (''Cyclocephala'' spp.). Dinastines arrive covered with pollen from another inflorescence, and remain in the spathe
 
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tube for 24 h, pollinating the pistillate flowers as they feed on the
 
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sterile area of the spadix. On the second night, they come out of
 
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the tube and walk over the staminate flowers, getting covered with
 
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pollen and then flying to the nearest recently opened inflorescence (García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).
 
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[[Image:Pollination.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Beetle pollination in ''X. daguense''  A. First night B. Second night C. after third night after inflorescence anthesis]]
 
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Fruit maturation takes several months. Fruits start to grow
 
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within the shelter of the spathe tube. When the infructescence
 
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is mature, in some species it arches back and downwards. In other species it stays erect. Then, the tissue of the spathe tube rolled
 
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outwards, exhibiting the bright orange fruits and the
 
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velvety pink inner spathe surface (García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).  
 
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[[Image:Infruc Xanthosoma copy.jpg|thumb|left|350px|A. Infructescence of ''X. poeppigii'', Peruvian Amazonas B. Infructescence of ''X. daguense'' . Western Cordillera of Los Andes, Colombia]]
 
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== Crop uses ==
 
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[[Image:Bakweri cocoyam farmer from Cameroon.jpg|thumb|240px|right|A Cameroonian man works his cocoyam field.]]
 
  
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Domestication of ''Xanthosoma'' species (especially ''X. saggitifolium'' but also ''X. atrovirens'', ''X. violaceum'', ''X. maffaffa'', and others) is thought to have originated in northern lowland [[South America]] then spread to the [[Antilles]] and [[Mesoamerica]].  Today ''Xanthosoma'' is still grown in all those regions but is especially popular in [[Cuba]] and [[Puerto Rico]], where it is used in [[Alcapurria]]s. It is grown in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]] and [[Jamaica]] to make the popular [[callaloo]] dish.It is also grown in [[West Africa]], now a major producer, where it can be used as a replacement for [[yam (vegetable)|yams]] in a popular regional dish called ''[[fufu]]''. ''Xanthosoma'' is also grown as a crop in the [[Philippines]].
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{{edit-desc}}<!--- Type GENERAL genus/plant description below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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{| class="wikitable" align=left style="clear:left"
 
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! colspan=2|Top Yautía (Cocoyam) Producers - 2005<br>(million metric ton)
 
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|-
 
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| {{CUB}} || align="right" | 0.25
 
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|-
 
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| {{DOM}} || align="right" | 0.07
 
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|-
 
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| {{ESA}}|| align="right" | 0.05
 
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|-
 
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| {{VEN}} || align="right" | 0.05
 
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|-
 
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| {{PER}}  || align="right" | 0.04
 
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|-
 
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|'''World Total''' || align="right" | '''0.47'''
 
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|-
 
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|colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[UN Food & Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN]
 
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|}
 
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Traditionally ''Xanthosoma'' has been a subsistence crop with excess sold at local markets, but in the [[United States]], large numbers of [[Latin American]] immigrants have created a market for commercial production. In general, production has yet to meet demand in some areas. In Polynesia, ''Xanthosoma'' (&lsquo;ape) was considered a [[famine food]], utilized only in the event of failure of the much preferred taro (''kalo'') crop.
 
  
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The typical ''Xanthosoma'' plant has a growing cycle of 9 to 11 months, during which time it produces a large stem called a [[corm]], this surrounded by smaller edible ''cormels'' about the size of [[potato]]es. These cormels (like the corm) are rich in starch. Their taste has been described as earthy and nutty and they are a common ingredient in soups and stews. They may also be eaten [[grilling|grilled]], [[frying|fried]], or [[purée]]d.  The young, unfurled leaves of some varieties can be eaten as boiled [[leafy vegetable]]s or used in [[soup]]s and [[stew]]s, such as the Caribbean [[callaloo]].
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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''Xanthosoma'' starch is highly [[hypoallergenic]] due to the small size of the starch grains.
 
  
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[[Image:Cocoyams for sale.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Cocoyam corms for sale in a Cameroonian market]]
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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== References ==  
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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'''García -Robledo, C., '''G. Kattan, C. Murcia, P. Quintero.2005a. Equal and opposite effects of floral offer and spatial distribution on fruit production and pre-dispersal seed predation in ''Xanthosoma daguense'' (Araceae). Biotropica. 37: 373-380
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==Species==
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Genus of around 50 species, including:
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*''[[Xanthosoma saggittifolium]]''
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*''[[Xanthosoma undipes]]''
  
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'''García–Robledo, C., '''P. Quintero-Marín. F. Mora-Kepfer. 2005b. Geographic Variation and Succession of Arthropod Communities in Inflorescences and Infructescences of ''Xanthosoma'' (Araceae). Biotropica. 37: 650-656
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
  
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'''García-Robledo, C. , '''G. Kattan, C. Murcia and P. Quintero. 2004. Beetle pollination and fruit predation in ''Xanthosoma daguense'' (Araceae). Journal of Tropical Ecology. 20: 459 – 469
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<gallery>
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Image:Arum flower.jpg|Inflorescence of ''X. roseum''
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Image:Inflo_detail.jpg|Inflorescence of ''X. daguense''
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Image:Pollination.jpg|Beetle pollination in ''X. daguense'' A. First night B. Second night C. after third night after inflorescence anthesis
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Image:Infruc Xanthosoma copy.jpg|A. Infructescence of ''X. poeppigii'', Peruvian Amazonas B. Infructescence of ''X. daguense'' . Western Cordillera of Los Andes, Colombia
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Image:Cocoyams for sale.jpg|Cocoyam corms for sale in a Cameroonian market
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Image:Bakweri cocoyam farmer from Cameroon.jpg|A Cameroonian man works his cocoyam field.
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</gallery>
  
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'''Valerio, C. E.''' 1988. Notes on the phenology and pollination of
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==References==
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''Xanthosoma wendlandii'' (Araceae) in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologıa
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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Tropical 36:55–61.
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
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== External links ==
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==External links==
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* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Xanthosoma_nex.html ''Xanthosoma'' spp. at Purdue University, Center for New Crops &amp; Plants Products]
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*{{wplink}}
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* [http://www.kallus.com/aroids/ediblescientific.htm Distribution and names of edible aroids]
 
  
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[[Category:Araceae]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Root vegetables]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
 
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[[Category:Staple foods]]
 
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[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
 

Latest revision as of 20:14, 2 December 2009


Xanthosoma roseum


Plant Characteristics
Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Araceae >

Xanthosoma >



Read about Xanthosoma in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Xanthosoma (Greek, yellow body, referring to the stigma). Araceae. This group is interesting to the horticulturist as containing the handsome variegated stove foliage plant known to the trade as Phyllotaenium Lindenii, and part of the vegetables known as yautia, malanga, and tanier, a crop to which much of the arable land in Porto Rico is devoted.

Milky herbs of S. and Cent. Amer. with a thick sometimes elongated corm: lvs. arrow-shaped, 3-cut or pedately cut: fls. unisexual, naked; males with 4-6 stamens connate in an inversely pyramidal synandrium with 5 or 6 faces; ovary 2-4-loculed; ovules anatropous.—A genus of 25 species, according to Engler, who has given an account of them in DC. Mon. Phaner., vol. 2 (1879).

Many species of the arum family are noted for their huge corms, some of which are edible after the acrid and more or less poisonous properties are destroyed by cooking. Of this class the best known are the taros (Colocasia esculenta, Schott, the common taro of southern Asia and the Pacific islands, and C. antiquorum, Schott, the Egyptian taro, and the yautias, taniers, or malangas (Xanthosoma sagittifolium, and other species of this genus) of the West Indies. The botany of the species of Xanthosoma is confused. The corms and cormels (offsets) of some taros, and the cormels of some varieties of yautia, are free from acridity even in the raw state as cultivated in southern United States. Yautia corms are strong-flavored and are seldom eaten. The young leaves of colocasia and xanthosoma when properly cooked are said to be equal or superior to spinach.

X. bataviensis, Hort. Said to have purple sts. and dark green lvs., with edible tubers.—X. belophyllum, Kunth, has a short thick erect rhizome and a cordate-hastate lf. Venezuela. Var. caracasanum, C. Koch (X. caracasanum, Schott. Colocasia caracasana, Engl.), has lvs. pale green beneath, the posterior lobes more produced at the apex and the midrib and nerves often rosy. Caracas.—X. cordatum, N. E. Br. Lvs. glabrous: tube of spathe green; blade yellow-green outside, rose-tinted at base, whitish inside. British Guiana.—X. cordifolium, N. E. Br. Allied to X. sagittifolium, but differing in lvs. being obtusely round-cordate and spadix bearing club-shaped neutral organs. British Guiana.—X. Hoffmannii, Schott. Lf.-stalk whitish with dark purple blotches: spathe with green tube, purple inside, the limb white. Costa Rica. —X. maculatum, Nichols., is described as having immense pale green lvs. variegated with creamy yellow, the petiole violet-tinted.— X. Mafaffa, Schott (Colocasia Mafaffa, Hort.). Closely allied to X. belophyllum, has a similar caudex and a cordate-ovate lf., but the posterior costae are separated by a right or acute angle, the angle in X. belophyllum being obtuse.—X. Marshallii is said to be a very rapid grower, with green lvs. and dark sts.—X. nuevoleonense. Grows to 6 ft. high, and has very large lvs. which stand almost horizontal.—X. violaceum, Schott. Lvs. primrose, finally green, sagittate-oblong-ovate, 8-10 in. long. 6-12 in. wide: spathe with a tube 4 in. long, the blade 6 in. long, 3 in. wide.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


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Cultivation

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Propagation

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Pests and diseases

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Species

Genus of around 50 species, including:

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • Inflorescence of X. roseum

  • Inflorescence of X. daguense

  • Beetle pollination in X. daguense A. First night B. Second night C. after third night after inflorescence anthesis

  • A. Infructescence of X. poeppigii, Peruvian Amazonas B. Infructescence of X. daguense . Western Cordillera of Los Andes, Colombia

  • Cocoyam corms for sale in a Cameroonian market

  • A Cameroonian man works his cocoyam field.

References

External links


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