Difference between revisions of "Liriodendron"

From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
 
Line 1: Line 1:
 
{{SPlantbox
 
{{SPlantbox
 +
|familia=Magnoliaceae
 
|genus=Liriodendron
 
|genus=Liriodendron
 +
|habit=tree
 
|Min ht metric=cm
 
|Min ht metric=cm
 
|Temp Metric=°F
 
|Temp Metric=°F
−
|image=Upload.png
+
|image=Liriodendron tulipifera.jpg
−
|image_width=240
+
|image_width=200
 +
|image_caption=Liriodendron tulipifera
 
}}
 
}}
−
{{Inc|
+
:''"Tuliptree" redirects here. For the African tuliptree, see ''[[Spathodea campanulata]].
−
Liriodendron (lirion, lily, and dendron, tree; referring to the shape of the flowers). Magnoliaceae. Tulip Tree. Whitewood. Yellow Poplar. Ornamental trees grown for their handsome foliage and large tulip-like flowers.
 
  
−
Deciduous: lvs. alternate, long-petioled, 2-6-lobed, with conspicuous deciduous stipules cohering when young and inclosing the next lf.: fls. terminal, solitary, with 3 spreading sepals and 6 erect, broadly ovate petals; stamens numerous, with long and linear anthers; pistils numerous, forming a narrow column, developing into a light brown cone; at maturity the carpels, each consisting of a long, narrow wing with a 1-2- seeded nutlet at the base, separate from the slender spindle.—Two species in N. Amer. and China.
+
[[File:Tree Types and Barks 003.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Tulip tree bark]]
 +
[[File:Liriodendron tulipifera flower.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Tulip tree flower]]
 +
'''''Liriodendron''''' ({{pron-en|ˌlɪriɵˈdɛndən}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] of two [[species]] of tree in the [[Magnoliaceae]] family, known under the common name '''tulip tree''' (although it is unrelated to the [[tulip]]).  ''[[Liriodendron tulipifera]]'' is native to eastern [[North America]], while ''[[Liriodendron chinense]]'' is native to [[China]] and [[Vietnam]]. Both species are large [[deciduous]] [[tree]]s. Various extinct species have been described from the fossil record.  
  
−
Only the native species, one of the noblest trees of the American forest, is well known in cultivation. It is a hardy beautiful tree of pyramidal habit, well adapted for park-planting and for avenues, with handsome, clean foliage of unusual shape and of rather light bluish green color, rarely attacked by insects or fungi, assuming in fall a brilliant yellow color; the tulip-like flowers, though of not very showy color are conspicuous by their size and shape. The tulip tree is also an important forest tree, and the soft, fine-grained, light yellow wood is much used in carpentry for furniture, boat-building and the manufacture of small articles; it does not split easily but is readily worked and bent to any required shape. The inner bark is said to have medical properties. The tulip tree grows best in deep, rich and somewhat moist soil. Transplanting is not easy; it is best done in spring, just before the tree starts into new growth. Propagate by seeds sown in fall or stratified and sown in spring; varieties are usually grafted or budded on seedling stock, rarely propagated by layers. The seeds are sometimes hollow, especially those grown along the eastern limit of the species.
+
The tulip tree is sometimes called "tulip poplar" or "yellow [[poplar]]" although unrelated to the genus ''[[Populus]]''. The tree is also called canoewood, saddle leaf tree and white wood. The [[Onondaga tribe]] calls it Ko-yen-ta-ka-ah-tas (the white tree).
  
−
L. chinense, Sarg. (L. Tulipifera var. chinense, Hemsl.). Tree, to 50 ft.: lvs. with 4 acute or acuminate lobes, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 5-6 in. long: fls. 1-1 ½ in. long: cone slenderer, the fertile carpels obtuse or obtusish at the apcx. Cent. China. G.C. III. 34:370; 44:429. S.T.S. 1:52. H.I. 28:2785.— Seems somewhat tenderer than the native species.
+
''Liriodendron'' are easily recognized by their [[leaf|leaves]], which are distinct, having four lobes in most cases and a cross-cut notched or straight apex. Leaf size varies from 8-22&nbsp;cm long and 6-25&nbsp;cm wide.
−
}}
 
  
−
{{Taxobox
+
The Tulip Tree is a large tree, 18-32 m high and 60-120 cm in diameter. It is trunk columnar, with a long, branch-free bole forming a compact, rather than open, conical crown of slender branches. It has deep roots that are wide spread. <ref>Michigan Trees</ref>
−
| color = lightgreen
 
−
| name = ''Liriodendron''
 
−
| image = Liriodendronflower0117.JPG
 
−
| image_width = 240px
 
−
| image_caption = ''Liriodendron tulipifera'' branch with flower at [[Sumter, South Carolina]]. No orange pigment occurs in the ''L. chinense'' flower.
 
−
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
−
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
 
−
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
 
−
| ordo = [[Magnoliales]]
 
−
| familia = [[Magnoliaceae]]
 
−
| genus = '''''Liriodendron'''''
 
−
| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
−
| subdivision =
 
−
''[[Liriodendron chinense]]'' (Hemsl.) Sarg.<br/>
 
−
''[[Liriodendron tulipifera]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
−
}}
 
  
 +
Leaves are slightly larger in ''L. chinense'' but with considerable overlap between the species; the [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] is 4-18&nbsp;cm long. Leaves on young trees tend to be more deeply lobed and larger size than those on mature trees.  In autumn, the leaves turn yellow or brown and yellow.  Both species grow rapidly in rich, moist soils of temperate climates. They [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]ize easily, and the progeny often grow faster than either parent.
  
−
''Liriodendron'' '''Tulip tree''' is a genus of two species of tree in the [[Magnoliaceae]] family. Both species are large [[deciduous]] [[tree]]s.  
+
[[Flower]]s are 3-10&nbsp;cm in diameter and have nine [[tepal]]s — three green outer [[sepals]] and six inner [[petals]] which are yellow-green with an orange flare at the base. They start forming after around 15 years and are superficially similar to a [[tulip]] in shape, hence the tree's name. Flowers of ''L. tulipifera'' have a faint [[cucumber]] odor. The [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]]s are arranged spirally around a central spike or [[gynaecium]]; the stamens fall off, and the pistils become the [[Samara (fruit)|samara]]s. The [[fruit]] is a cone-like aggregate of samaras 4-9&nbsp;cm long, each of which has a roughly tetrahedral seed with one edge attached to the central conical spike and the other edge attached to the wing.
  
−
''[[Liriodendron tulipifera]]'' is native to eastern [[North America]].
+
{{Inc|
−
''[[Liriodendron chinense]]'' is native to [[China]] and [[Vietnam]].  
+
Liriodendron (lirion, lily, and dendron, tree; referring to the shape of the flowers). Magnoliaceae. Tulip Tree. Whitewood. Yellow Poplar. Ornamental trees grown for their handsome foliage and large tulip-like flowers.
  
 +
Deciduous: lvs. alternate, long-petioled, 2-6-lobed, with conspicuous deciduous stipules cohering when young and inclosing the next lf.: fls. terminal, solitary, with 3 spreading sepals and 6 erect, broadly ovate petals; stamens numerous, with long and linear anthers; pistils numerous, forming a narrow column, developing into a light brown cone; at maturity the carpels, each consisting of a long, narrow wing with a 1-2- seeded nutlet at the base, separate from the slender spindle.—Two species in N. Amer. and China.
  
−
== Description ==
+
Only the native species, one of the noblest trees of the American forest, is well known in cultivation. It is a hardy beautiful tree of pyramidal habit, well adapted for park-planting and for avenues, with handsome, clean foliage of unusual shape and of rather light bluish green color, rarely attacked by insects or fungi, assuming in fall a brilliant yellow color; the tulip-like flowers, though of not very showy color are conspicuous by their size and shape. The tulip tree is also an important forest tree, and the soft, fine-grained, light yellow wood is much used in carpentry for furniture, boat-building and the manufacture of small articles; it does not split easily but is readily worked and bent to any required shape. The inner bark is said to have medical properties. The tulip tree grows best in deep, rich and somewhat moist soil. Transplanting is not easy; it is best done in spring, just before the tree starts into new growth. Propagate by seeds sown in fall or stratified and sown in spring; varieties are usually grafted or budded on seedling stock, rarely propagated by layers. The seeds are sometimes hollow, especially those grown along the eastern limit of the species.
  
−
Tulip tree is sometimes called "yellow [[poplar]]", but this name should be avoided, as the plants are not closely related. The tree is also called canoewood, saddle leaf tree and white wood. The [[Onondaga tribe]] calls it Ko-yen-ta-ka-ah-tas (the white tree).
+
L. chinense, Sarg. (L. Tulipifera var. chinense, Hemsl.). Tree, to 50 ft.: lvs. with 4 acute or acuminate lobes, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 5-6 in. long: fls. 1-1 ½ in. long: cone slenderer, the fertile carpels obtuse or obtusish at the apcx. Cent. China.— Seems somewhat tenderer than the native species.
 +
}}
  
−
''Liriodendron'' are easily recognized by their [[leaf|leaves]], which are distinct, having four lobes in most cases and a cross-cut notched or straight apex. Leaf size varies from 8-22 cm long and 6-25 cm wide.
+
==Cultivation==
−
 
+
''Liriodendron'' sp. prefer a [[temperate]] climate, sun or part shade and deep, [[fertile]], well drained and slightly [[acidic]] [[soil]]. Propagation is via seed or [[grafting]]. Plants grown from seed may take more than eight years to flower. Grafted plants will flower earlier depending on the age of the [[scion]] plant.
−
Leaves are slightly larger in ''L. chinense'' but with considerable overlap between the species; the [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] is 4-18 cm long. Leaves on young trees tend to be more deeply lobed and larger size than those on mature trees. In autumn the leaves turn yellow, or yellow and brown. Both species grow rapidly in rich moist soils of temperate climates. They [[hybrid]]ize easily and the prodigy often grow faster than either parent.
 
−
 
 
−
[[Flower]]s are 3-10 cm in diameter and have nine [[tepal]]s, three short outer [[sepals]], and six inner [[petals]], yellow-green with an orange flare at the base. They are superficially similar to a [[tulip]] in shape, hence the tree's name. Flowers of ''L. tulipifera'' have a faint cucumber odor. The [[stamen]]s and [[pistil]]s are arranged spirally around a central spike or gynaecium; the stamens fall off, and the pistils become the [[Samara (fruit)|samara]]s. The [[fruit]] is a cone-like aggregate of samaras 4-9 cm long, each of which has a roughly tetrahedral seed with one edge attached to the central conical spike and the other edge attached to the wing.  
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
== Distribution ==
 
−
''Liriodendron'' are also easily recognized by their general shape, with the higher branches sweeping together in one direction, and they are also recognizable by their height, as the taller ones usually protrude above the canopy of oaks, maples, and other trees -- more markedly with the American species. [[Appalachian]] cove forests often contain several tuliptrees of height and girth not seen in other species of eastern hardwood.
 
−
 
 
−
In the Appalachian cove forests, trees 150 to 165 feet in height are common, and trees from 166 to nearly 180 feet are also found. More ''Liriodendron'' over 170 feet in height have been measured by the Eastern Native Tree Society than for any other eastern species. The current height champion is approximately 178.5 feet in height and grows along Baxter Creek in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The tallest tuliptrees on record probably reached 190 feet in height, taller than any other eastern hardwood. Today the tuliptree is rivaled in eastern forests only by white pine, loblolly pine, and eastern hemlock. There are reports of tuliptrees over 200 feet in height, but none of the measurements have been confirmed by the Eastern Native Tree Society. Most reflect measurement errors attributable to not accurately locating the highest crown point relative to the base of the tree - a common error made by the users employing only clinometers/hypsometers when measuring height.
 
  
−
Maximum circumferences for the species are between 24 and 30 feet at breast height, although a few historical specimens m
+
===Propagation===
−
ay have been slightly larger. Today, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park has the greatest population of tuliptrees 20-feet and over in circumference. The largest volume tuliptree known anywhere is the Sag Branch Giant which has a trunk and limb volume approaching 4,000 cubic feet. 
+
<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Like many "Arcto-Tertiary" genera, ''Liriodendron'' became extinct in [[Europe]] due to large-scale [[glaciation]]. It is known widely as [[fossil]]s in Europe and well outside its natural range in Asia and North America, showing a once circumpolar distribution.
 
−
 
 
−
==Cultivation & Use==
 
−
''Liriodendron'' sp. prefer a [[temperate]] climate, sun or part shade and deep, [[fertile]], well drained and slightly [[acidic]] [[soil]]. Propagation is via seed or [[grafting]]. Plants grown from seed may take more than eight years to flower. Grafted plants will flower earlier depending on the age of the [[scion]] plant.
 
  
−
Tuliptree wood is fine grained and stable. It is easy to work and commonly used for cabinet and furniture framing. The wood is only moderately rot resistant, and is not commonly used in shipbuilding, but has found some recent use in light craft construction. The wood is readily available and in trade often called yellow poplar. When air dried its density is approximately 24 pounds per cubic foot.
+
===Pests and diseases===
 +
<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
−
The name canoewood probably refers to the tree's use for construction of [[dugout canoe]]s by Eastern Native Americans, for which its fine grain and large trunk size is eminently suited.
+
==Species==
 +
[[File:Liriodendron.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lioriodendron Tree at Hingham Center Cemetery, [[Hingham, Massachusetts]]]]
 +
Species and cultivars:<br>
 +
''[[Liriodendron tulipifera]]''<br />
 +
''[[Liriodendron chinense]]''<br />
 +
''Liriodendron'' ''''Chapel Hill'''' and ''''Doc Deforce's Delight'''' are hybrids of the above two species <br />
 +
''L. tulipifera'' ''''Ardis'''' is a small-leaf, compact cultivar that is rarely seen <br />
 +
''L. tulipifera'' ''''Aureomarginatum'''' is variegated with yellow-margined leaves <br />
 +
''L. tulipifera'' ''''Fastigiatum'''' grows with an erect or columnar habit ([[fastigiate]]) <br />
 +
''L. tulipifera'' ''''Glen Gold'''' bears yellow-gold colored leaves <br />
 +
''L. tulipifera'' ''''Mediopictum'''' is a variegated cultivar with gold-centered leaves <br />
  
 +
==Gallery==
 +
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
  
−
== Species & Cultivars ==
+
<gallery>
−
''Liriodendron tulipifera''<br />
+
Image:Liriodendronflower0117.JPG|flower
−
''Liriodendron chinense''<br />
+
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
−
''L. tulipifera'' '''Aureomarginatum''' has green leaves heavily edged in yellow<br />
+
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
−
''L. tulipifera'' '''Fastigiatum''' is half the size of ''L. tulipifera'' and ''L. chinense'', with an erect, columnar formation ([[fastigiate]])
+
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
 +
</gallery>
  
 +
==References==
 +
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
−
==References and external links==
+
==External links==
−
* Hunt, D. (ed). 1998. ''Magnolias and their allies''. International Dendrology Society & Magnolia Society. (ISBN 0-9517234-8-0)
+
*{{wplink}}
−
* Parks, C.R., Wendel, J.F., Sewell, M.M., & Qiu, Y.-L. (1994). The significance of allozyme variation and introgression in the Liriodendron tulipifera complex (Magnoliaceae). ''Amer. J. Bot.'' 81 (7): 878-889 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9122%28199407%2981%3A7%3C878%3ATSOAVA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R&size=LARGE abstract and first page]
 
−
* Parks, C.R., Miller, N.G., Wendel, J.F. and McDougal, K.M. (1983). Genetic diversity within the genus Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae). ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 70 (4): 658-666
 
−
* Collingwood, G.H., Brush, W.D. (1984) ''Knowing your trees''. American Forestry Association. (L.O.C. card no. 78-52994):286-287
 
−
* [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-6493(1983)70%3A4%3C658%3AGDWTGL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C abstract and first page]
 
−
* [http://www.floridata.com/tracks/trees/TulipPoplarCentFla.htm Moriaty, William. The Tulip Tree in Central Florida]
 
−
* [http://www.asianflora.com/Magnoliaceae/Liriodendron-chinense.htm ''Liriodendron chinense'']
 
−
* [http://www.losn.com.cn/hjbh/plant/magnoliaceae/1-67.htm ''Liriodendron chinense'' trunk and flowers]
 
−
* [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/plants/trees/tuliptree.html Kew: Plants: Tulip Trees, Liriodendron tulipifera & Liriodendron chinense]
 
−
* [http://www.fna.org/china/mss/volume07/Magnoliaceae-CAS_coauthoring.htm ''Flora of China'' draft account of Magnoliaceae] (site currently down; see [http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:tpeOaH2KG5wJ:www.fna.org/china/mss/volume07/Magnoliaceae-CAS_coauthoring.htm+draft+flora+china+magnoliaceae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2 google cache])
 
−
*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/litu.htm ''Liriodendron tulipifera'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
 
−
* ''Botanicas Trees & Shrubs'', Random House, Sydney, 2005 http://hazardkentucky.com/more/tuliptree.htm
 
  
−
[[Category:Magnoliaceae]]
+
{{stub}}
−
[[Category:Horticulture]]
+
__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 00:42, 12 December 2009


Liriodendron tulipifera


Plant Characteristics
Habit   tree
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Magnoliaceae >

Liriodendron >


"Tuliptree" redirects here. For the African tuliptree, see Spathodea campanulata.
File:Tree Types and Barks 003.jpg
Tulip tree bark
Tulip tree flower

Liriodendron (pronounced /ˌlɪriɵˈdɛndən/)[1] is a genus of two species of tree in the Magnoliaceae family, known under the common name tulip tree (although it is unrelated to the tulip). Liriodendron tulipifera is native to eastern North America, while Liriodendron chinense is native to China and Vietnam. Both species are large deciduous trees. Various extinct species have been described from the fossil record.

The tulip tree is sometimes called "tulip poplar" or "yellow poplar" although unrelated to the genus Populus. The tree is also called canoewood, saddle leaf tree and white wood. The Onondaga tribe calls it Ko-yen-ta-ka-ah-tas (the white tree).

Liriodendron are easily recognized by their leaves, which are distinct, having four lobes in most cases and a cross-cut notched or straight apex. Leaf size varies from 8-22 cm long and 6-25 cm wide.

The Tulip Tree is a large tree, 18-32 m high and 60-120 cm in diameter. It is trunk columnar, with a long, branch-free bole forming a compact, rather than open, conical crown of slender branches. It has deep roots that are wide spread. [2]

Leaves are slightly larger in L. chinense but with considerable overlap between the species; the petiole is 4-18 cm long. Leaves on young trees tend to be more deeply lobed and larger size than those on mature trees. In autumn, the leaves turn yellow or brown and yellow. Both species grow rapidly in rich, moist soils of temperate climates. They hybridize easily, and the progeny often grow faster than either parent.

Flowers are 3-10 cm in diameter and have nine tepals — three green outer sepals and six inner petals which are yellow-green with an orange flare at the base. They start forming after around 15 years and are superficially similar to a tulip in shape, hence the tree's name. Flowers of L. tulipifera have a faint cucumber odor. The stamens and pistils are arranged spirally around a central spike or gynaecium; the stamens fall off, and the pistils become the samaras. The fruit is a cone-like aggregate of samaras 4-9 cm long, each of which has a roughly tetrahedral seed with one edge attached to the central conical spike and the other edge attached to the wing.


Read about Liriodendron in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Liriodendron (lirion, lily, and dendron, tree; referring to the shape of the flowers). Magnoliaceae. Tulip Tree. Whitewood. Yellow Poplar. Ornamental trees grown for their handsome foliage and large tulip-like flowers.

Deciduous: lvs. alternate, long-petioled, 2-6-lobed, with conspicuous deciduous stipules cohering when young and inclosing the next lf.: fls. terminal, solitary, with 3 spreading sepals and 6 erect, broadly ovate petals; stamens numerous, with long and linear anthers; pistils numerous, forming a narrow column, developing into a light brown cone; at maturity the carpels, each consisting of a long, narrow wing with a 1-2- seeded nutlet at the base, separate from the slender spindle.—Two species in N. Amer. and China.

Only the native species, one of the noblest trees of the American forest, is well known in cultivation. It is a hardy beautiful tree of pyramidal habit, well adapted for park-planting and for avenues, with handsome, clean foliage of unusual shape and of rather light bluish green color, rarely attacked by insects or fungi, assuming in fall a brilliant yellow color; the tulip-like flowers, though of not very showy color are conspicuous by their size and shape. The tulip tree is also an important forest tree, and the soft, fine-grained, light yellow wood is much used in carpentry for furniture, boat-building and the manufacture of small articles; it does not split easily but is readily worked and bent to any required shape. The inner bark is said to have medical properties. The tulip tree grows best in deep, rich and somewhat moist soil. Transplanting is not easy; it is best done in spring, just before the tree starts into new growth. Propagate by seeds sown in fall or stratified and sown in spring; varieties are usually grafted or budded on seedling stock, rarely propagated by layers. The seeds are sometimes hollow, especially those grown along the eastern limit of the species.

L. chinense, Sarg. (L. Tulipifera var. chinense, Hemsl.). Tree, to 50 ft.: lvs. with 4 acute or acuminate lobes, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, 5-6 in. long: fls. 1-1 ½ in. long: cone slenderer, the fertile carpels obtuse or obtusish at the apcx. Cent. China.— Seems somewhat tenderer than the native species.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Liriodendron sp. prefer a temperate climate, sun or part shade and deep, fertile, well drained and slightly acidic soil. Propagation is via seed or grafting. Plants grown from seed may take more than eight years to flower. Grafted plants will flower earlier depending on the age of the scion plant.

Propagation

Pests and diseases

Species

Lioriodendron Tree at Hingham Center Cemetery, Hingham, Massachusetts

Species and cultivars:
Liriodendron tulipifera
Liriodendron chinense
Liriodendron 'Chapel Hill' and 'Doc Deforce's Delight' are hybrids of the above two species
L. tulipifera 'Ardis' is a small-leaf, compact cultivar that is rarely seen
L. tulipifera 'Aureomarginatum' is variegated with yellow-margined leaves
L. tulipifera 'Fastigiatum' grows with an erect or columnar habit (fastigiate)
L. tulipifera 'Glen Gold' bears yellow-gold colored leaves
L. tulipifera 'Mediopictum' is a variegated cultivar with gold-centered leaves

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • flower

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

External links


  1. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ↑ Michigan Trees
Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/w/index.php?title=Liriodendron&oldid=90489"