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| − | |genus=Arundo | + | |familia=Poaceae |
| | + | |genus=Arundo |
| | |species=donax | | |species=donax |
| | + | |common_name=Giant Reed |
| | |Temp Metric=°F | | |Temp Metric=°F |
| | |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks! | | |jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks! |
| − | |image=Upload.png | + | |image=Arundo.donax1web.jpg |
| | |image_width=240 | | |image_width=240 |
| | + | |image_caption=Giant Reed (''Arundo donax'') |
| | }} | | }} |
| − | {{Inc|
| + | '''''Arundo donax''''' L. ('''Giant Cane''') is a tall [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[cane]] growing in damp soils, either fresh or moderately saline. Other common names include Carrizo, Spanish cane, wild cane, giant reed and arundo. It is native to eastern Asia but has been widely planted and naturalised in the temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres (Herrera & Dudley 2003), especially in the Mediterranean, [[California]] and the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Catalogue of Life 2008 | url = http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_species_details.php?record_id=726103}}</ref><ref>http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/detailreport.cfm?usernumber=8&surveynumber=182 University of California website, Agriculture and Natural Resources</ref> It forms dense stands, and can be invasive. |
| − | Arundo donax, Linn. Giant Reed. Figs. 396, 397. Tall and stout, as much as 20 ft., from large knotty root- stocks: blades numerous, cordate-clasping and hairy-tufted at base, 2-3 in. wide on main st.: panicle 1-2 ft.; spikelets 6 lines long. G. 2:419. Gn. 1, p. 391; 3, p.493; 8, p. 199; 17, p. 407; 27, p. 307. G.M. 50:253. G.W. 2:337: 3:416; 8:613.—Cult, for ornament because of the regularly placed Lvs. and the large plumes. A smaller less hardy variegated form with white-striped Lvs. is cult, under the name of var. variegata (var. versicolor; var. pícta). G. 18:137. Var. macrophylla has large glaucous Lvs. | |
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| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | | color = lightgreen
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| − | | name = ''Arundo donax''
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| − | | image = Arundo.donax1web.jpg
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| − | | image_width = 240px
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| − | | image_caption = Giant Reed (''Arundo donax'')
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| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| − | | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| − | | classis = [[Liliopsida]]
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| − | | ordo = [[Poales]]
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| − | | familia = [[Poaceae]]
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| − | | subfamilia = [[Arundinoideae]] | |
| − | | tribus = Arundineae | |
| − | | genus = ''[[Arundo]]''
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| − | | species = '''''A. donax'''''
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| − | | binomial = ''Arundo donax''
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| − | | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| − | }}
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| − | '''''Arundo donax''''' L. ('''Giant Reed''') is a tall [[perennial]] [[reed]], native to fresh waters in the [[Mediterranean region]]. Other common names include Carrizo, Spanish cane, wild cane, giant cane and arundo. It forms dense stands on disturbed sites, sand dunes, in wetlands and [[riparian]] habitats.
| + | Generally growing to 6 m, in ideal conditions it can exceed 10 m, with hollow stems 2-3 cm diameter. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, 30-60 cm long and 2-6 cm broad with a tapered tip, grey-green, and have a hairy tuft at the base. Overall, it resembles an outsize [[Phragmites|common reed]] (''Phragmites australis'') or a [[bamboo]] (Subfamily Bambusoideae). |
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| − | Generally growing to 6 m, in ideal conditions it can exceed 10 m, with hollow stems 2-3 cm diameter. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, 30-60 cm long and 2-6 cm broad with a tapered tip, grey-green, and have a hairy tuft at the base. Overall, it resembles an outsize [[Phragmites|Common Reed]] (''Phragmites australis'') or a [[bamboo]].
| + | ''Arundo donax'' [[flower]]s in late summer, bearing upright, feathery plumes 40-60 cm long, but the seeds are rarely fertile. Instead, it mostly reproduces vegetatively, by underground [[rhizome]]s. The rhizomes are tough and fibrous and form knotty, spreading mats that penetrate deep into the soil up to one metre deep (Alden et al., 1998; Mackenzie, 2004). Stem and rhizome pieces less than 5 cm long and containing a single [[Node (botany)|node]] readily sprouted under a variety of conditions (Boose and Holt, 1999). This vegetative growth appears to be well adapted to floods, which may break up individual ''A. donax'' clumps, spreading the pieces, which may sprout and colonise further downstream (Mackenzie 2004). |
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| − | ''Arundo donax'' [[flower]]s in late summer, bearing upright, feathery plumes 40-60 cm long, but the seeds are rarely fertile. Instead, it mostly reproduces vegetatively, by underground [[rhizome]]s. The rhizomes are tough and fibrous and form knotty, spreading mats that penetrate deep into the soil up to one metre deep (Alden et al., 1998; Mackenzie, 2004). Stem and rhizome pieces less than 5 cm long and containing a single [[node]] readily sprouted under a variety of conditions (Boose and Holt, 1999). This vegetative growth appears to be well adapted to floods, which may break up individual ''A. donax'' clumps, spreading the pieces, which may sprout and colonise further downstream (Mackenzie 2004).
| + | It uses large amounts of water from its wet habitat to supply the rapid rate of growth, up to 5 cm per day in spring (Perdue 1958). It is capable of growing in dense stands, which may crowd out other plants and prevent their growth. |
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| − | It uses large amounts of water from its wet habitat to supply the rapid rate of growth, up to 5 cm per day in spring (Perdue 1958). It is very space-competitive, capable of growing in dense stands, which may crowd out other plants and prevent their recruitment.
| + | {{Inc| |
| − | | + | Arundo donax, Linn. Giant Reed. Tall and stout, as much as 20 ft., from large knotty root- stocks: blades numerous, cordate-clasping and hairy-tufted at base, 2-3 in. wide on main st.: panicle 1-2 ft.; spikelets 6 lines long.—Cult, for ornament because of the regularly placed Lvs. and the large plumes. A smaller less hardy variegated form with white-striped Lvs. is cult, under the name of var. variegata (var. versicolor; var. pícta). Var. macrophylla has large glaucous Lvs. |
| − | ===Cultivation and uses===
| + | }} |
| − | ''Arundo donax'' has been cultivated throughout Asia, southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East for thousands of years. [[Ancient Egyptians]] wrapped their dead in the leaves. The canes contain [[silica]], perhaps the reason for their durability, and have been used to make [[fishing rod]]s, [[walking stick]]s, and [[paper]].
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| − | The stem material is both flexible and strong enough to be used as a [[reed (music)|reed]] for [[woodwind]] instruments such as the [[oboe]], [[bassoon]], [[clarinet]], [[ney]], and [[saxophone]]. It is also often used for the chanter reed of the [[Great Highland Bagpipes]]. Giant reed has been used to make [[flute]]s for over 5,000 years. The [[pan pipe]]s consist of ten or more reed pipes. Its stiff stems are also used as support for climbing plants or for [[vine]]s. Further uses are walking sticks, and fishing poles. Since ''Arundo'' species grow very rapidly, their use has been suggested for [[biomass]] for energy and a source of [[cellulose]] for [[paper]]; at least one North American paper mill was considering planting it for a source of pulp fibre (Samoa Pacific, on Humboldt Bay, CA, in 2002), but abandoned the plan by early 2003.
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| − | Arundo donax is a giant perennial grass that produces more biomass per acre per year than any other known biomass plant. Arundo donax has long been recognized as important non-wood industrial biomass-producing plants that can be grown on a wide variety of soil types and climatic conditions. Arundo donax reaches maturity (15 to 25 feet) in about a year, can be harvested, depending on climate, once to three times annually.
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| − | Arundo produces an average of 25 tons of high quality fiber per acre twice annually. One of Its most significant uses will be to produce chips for the manufacture of high-grade biofuel pellets or dried chips. Highly significant also is the importance of a crop with a greater than 20 to 25 year growing cycle without annual replant
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| − | ing, and the ability to exclude many costly fertilizers and weed killers which are also an environmental concern, that will return agriculture to a more profitable basis than many crops.
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| − | Arundo is an ideal biofuel (8,000 BTU’s/lb) that produces methanol from gas diffusion as a bi-product in manufacturing cellulose. The option to gasify this product is to produce independently a valuable energy product.It is possible to utilize new high efficiency gasification systems to convert Arundo into a multitude of different energy sources, such as syngas, standard steam turbine electrical generation, ethanol and bio-diesel.
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| − | ===''Arundo donax'' as an invasive species=== | + | ==Cultivation== |
| − | It was introduced from the Mediterranean to [[California]] in the [[1820s]] for roofing material and erosion control in drainage canals in the Los Angeles area (Bell 1997; Mackenzie 2004). Through spread and subsequent plantings as an [[ornamental plant]], and for use as reeds in woodwind instruments, it has become invasive throughout warm coastal freshwaters of [[North America]], and its range continues to spread. It has also been planted widely through [[South America]] and [[Australasia]] (Boose and Holt 1999; Bell 1997).
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| − | It is among the fastest growing terrestrial plants in the world (nearly 10 cm/ day; Dudley, 2000) and out-competes native vegetation in most settings. To present knowledge Arundo does not provide any food sources or nesting habitats for wildlife. This results in resources provided by the crowded-out native plants not being replaced by the Arundo (Bell 1997; Mackenzie 2004). For example, it damages California's riparian ecosystems by outcompeting native species, such as willows, for water. ''A. donax'' stems and leaves contain a variety of harmful chemicals, including silica and various [[alkaloids]], which protect it from most insect [[herbivores]] and deter wildlife from feeding on it (Bell 1997; Miles et al. 1993; Mackenzie 2004). Grazing animals such as [[cattle]], [[sheep]], and [[goat]]s may have some effect on it, but are unlikely to be useful in keeping it under control (Dudley 2000).
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| − | ''A. donax'' appears to be highly adapted to fires, which are unusual in native Californian riparian habitat. It is highly flammable throughout the year, and during the drier months of the year (July to October), it can increase the probability, intensity, and spread of wildfires through the riparian environment, changing the communities from flood-defined to fire-defined communities. After fires, ''A. donax'' rhizomes can resprout quickly, outgrowing native plants, which can result in large stands of ''A. donax'' along riparian corridors (Bell 1997; Scott 1994). Fire events thus push the system further toward mono-specific stands of A. donax.
| + | ===Propagation=== |
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| − | A waterside plant community dominated by ''A.donax'' may also have reduced canopy shading of the in-stream habitat, which may result in increased water temperatures. This may lead to decreased oxygen concentrations and lower diversity of aquatic animals (Bell 1997).
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| − | ;Biological control
| + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
| − | [[Biological control]] by insect herbivores or grazers is not a tenable option due to the variety of noxious chemicals in its stems and leaves, which protect it from most insect herbivores and deter wildlife from feeding on it (Bell, 1997; Miles et al. 1993; Mackenzie 2004).
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| − | ;Mechanical control
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| − | Minor infestations can be removed manually, as long as the entire root mass and all rhizome parts are removed. Its dense growth and thick root masses make manual or mechanical removal of above-ground mass of large clonal monocultures a slow, inefficient, and difficult process. Rhizome pieces buried under 1-3 m of soil may resprout, and the disturbance caused by physical removal to the soil and surrounding communities may be severe.
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| − | Pull or dig plants, from seedlings to 2 m tall, ideally after heavy rains loosen the soil. Cut the stems of larger plants with a chainsaw or [[brushcutter]], and dig up the roots with a shovel, pickax, or [[brush ax]]. Alternatively, use heavy equipment, such as an [[excavator]].
| + | ==Varieties== |
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| − | Another method is
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| − | to smother the plant with [[tarpaulin]]. The stems are cut as close to the ground as possible in May, and the clump covered with a very thick tarpaulin or with several tarpaulins for an entire growing season. This prevents light from reaching the plant, reducing its ability to photosynthesize, and keeps resprouts from tearing the tarpaulin. The lack of light will eventually deplete the plant's energy reserves and it will die back (Mackenzie 2004).
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| − | ;Chemical control
| + | ==Gallery== |
| − | Systemic herbicides may be applied after flowering as a cut-stump treatment or foliar spray to kill the root mass (Bell 1997). [[Glyphosate]] is used in EPA-approved formulations for use in wetlands. For detailed information on the use and effects of glyphosate, see Tu et al., 2001. Always follow the label when using herbicides to avoid harm to other organisms.
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| − | ;Disposal
| + | <gallery perrow=5> |
| − | Both treated and non-treated stems can be left on-site to [[decompose]], although they break down very slowly. If left to compost, keep the debris well away from water. For stems that have not been chemically treated and in areas where it is feasible, the debris can be burned. Otherwise, the canes can be chipped into very small pieces for [[mulch]]ing. Chipped material can be disposed of either in green waste containers, or spread out to dry and possibly sprayed with herbicide if any regrowth occurs from chipped debris (Mackenzie 2004).
| + | Image:Arundo donax 3.jpg| photo 1 |
| − | | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 |
| − | ==''Arundo donax'' as a drug==
| + | Image:Upload.png| photo 3 |
| − | Numerous studies have found this plant to be rich in active tryptamine compounds.
| + | </gallery> |
| − | Nearly all the published reports have located these alkaloids in the blossom and roots of this plant.
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| − | The flowers are also known to have DMT and the 5-methoxylated N-demethylated analogue, also 5-MeO-NMT. The roots are known to contain these active tryptaminesas well as Bufotenine. The quaternary methylated salt of DMT is in the flowers, bufitenidine and the cyclic dehydrobufotenidine are in the roots. Another study claims 5-MeO-DMT is in all of the plants extracts.
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | #Alden, P., F. Heath, A. Leventer, R. Keen, W. B. Zomfler, eds. 1998. National Audubon Society Field Guide to California. Knopf, New York.
| + | <references/> |
| − | #Bell, G. P. 1997. Ecology and Management of Arundo donax, and approaches to riparian habitat restoration in southern California. In ''Plant Invasions: Studies from North America and Europe'', eds. J. H. Brock, M. Wade, P. Pysêk, and D. Green. Pp. 103-113. Backhuys, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| + | *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 |
| − | #Boose, A. B., and J. S. Holt. 1999. Environmental effects on asexual reproduction in Arundo donax. ''Weeds Research'' 39: 117-127.
| + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| − | #Dudley, T. L. 2000. Noxious wildland weeds of California: Arundo donax. In: ''Invasive plants of California's wildlands''. C. Bossard, J. Randall, & M. Hoshovsky (eds.).
| + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| − | #Mackenzie, A. 2004. Giant Reed. In: ''The Weed Workers' Handbook''. C. Harrington and A. Hayes (eds.) www.cal-ipc.org/file_library/19646.pdf
| + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
| − | #Miles, D. H., K. Tunsuwan, V. Chittawong, U. Kokpol, M. I. Choudhary, and J. Clardy. 1993. Boll weevil antifeedants from Arundo donax. ''Phytochemistry'' 34: 1277-1279.
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| − | #Perdue, R. E. 1958. Arundo donax – source of musical reeds and industrial cellulose. ''Economic Botany'' 12: 368-404.
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| − | #Scott, G. 1994. Fire threat from Arundo donax. pp. 17-18 in: ''November 1993 Arundo donax workshop proceedings'', Jackson, N.E. P. Frandsen, S. Douthit (eds.). Ontario, CA.
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| − | #Tu, M., C. Hurd, and J. M. Randall. 2001. ''Weed Control Methods Handbook: Tools and Techniques for Use in Natural Areas''. The Nature Conservancy.
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| − | # Excerpted from Chapter 15 of TIHKAL, 1997
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| | ==External links== | | ==External links== |
| − | *[http://www.teamarundo.org Arundo as an invasive species in California] | + | *{{wplink}} |
| − | *[http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/arundona.html The Nature Conservancy: ''Arundo donax'' Info]
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| − | *[http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/handbook.html The Nature Conservancy Weed Control Methods Handbook]
| + | {{stub}} |
| − | [[Category:Grasses]]
| + | __NOTOC__ |
| − | [[Category:Invasive species]]
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