Difference between revisions of "Santalum"

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| name = ''LATINNAME''  <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
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|familia=Santalaceae
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|genus=Santalum
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| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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|taxo_author=L.
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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|features=evergreen
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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|image=Sandalwood.jpg
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|image_caption=The branches of a young ''[[Santalum paniculatum]]''
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'''''Santalum''''' is a genus of woody [[flowering plant]]s, the most well known and commercially valuable of which is the Indian [[Sandalwood]] tree, ''[[Santalum album|S.&nbsp;album]]''. Members of the genus are [[tree]]s or [[shrub]]s. Most are root [[Parasitic plant|parasites]] which [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesize]] their own food but tap the roots of other species for water and inorganic [[Plant nutrition|nutrients]]. Several species, most notably ''S.&nbsp;album'', produce highly aromatic wood, used for scents and [[perfume]]s and for [[Herbalism|herbal medicine]]. There are approximately 25 species, ranging across the [[Indomalaya ecozone|Indomalaya]], [[Australasia ecozone|Australasia]], and [[Oceania ecozone]]s, from [[India]] through [[Malesia]] to the Pacific Islands, as far as [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]] and the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] off the coast of [[South America]].
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Indian Sandalwood (''S.&nbsp;album'') is found in the [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry deciduous forests]] of India, the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] of [[Indonesia]], and [[Arnhem Land]] of northern [[Australia]]. It is the only species found on the [[Asia]]n mainland, and may have been introduced to India from the Lesser Sundas centuries ago. Indian Sandalwood has been stripped from most of India's forests, and is now rare in the wild. Five species, including ''S. album'', are native to Australia. ''[[Santalum acuminatum|S.&nbsp;acuminatum]]'', known as the sweet [[quandong]] or native peach, produces a shiny bright red fruit used increasingly in Australia for jams, jellies, [[chutney]]s and in pies. Four species, commonly called ''{{okina}}iliahi'', are [[Endemism|endemic]] to Hawai{{okina}}i. ''[[Santalum fernandezianum|S.&nbsp;fernandezianum]]'', endemic to the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] off the coast of [[Chile]], was [[overexploited]] for its aromatic wood, and may now be [[Extinction|extinct]].
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Santalum (from the Persian Chandal which in turn is derived from the Sanscrit Chandana, the name of the tree). Santalaceae. Evergreen glabrous trees or shrubs, and one species, S. album, yields the sandalwood: lvs. opposite, rarely alternate, coriaceous: fls. axillary or in terminal trichotomous paniculate cymes, dioecious; perianth campanulate or ovoid, lobes 4, rarely 5, valvate with a tuft of hair on their face; stamens 5-4, short; disk of scales between the stamens; ovary at first free, finally half-inferior: drupe subglobose.—About 10 species, India, Malaya, Austral, and Pacific Islands. Plants more or less parasitic.
 
Santalum (from the Persian Chandal which in turn is derived from the Sanscrit Chandana, the name of the tree). Santalaceae. Evergreen glabrous trees or shrubs, and one species, S. album, yields the sandalwood: lvs. opposite, rarely alternate, coriaceous: fls. axillary or in terminal trichotomous paniculate cymes, dioecious; perianth campanulate or ovoid, lobes 4, rarely 5, valvate with a tuft of hair on their face; stamens 5-4, short; disk of scales between the stamens; ovary at first free, finally half-inferior: drupe subglobose.—About 10 species, India, Malaya, Austral, and Pacific Islands. Plants more or less parasitic.
 
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==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
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There are numerous initial challenges to cultivating ''Santalum'', not only due to its [[germination]] and growth needs, but also the amount of growing time required for the tree to properly mature. Germination of ''Santalum'' [[seed]]s is not completely understood. Seeds cannot be effectively stored, and must be planted upon harvesting them from a fruiting tree. Even in doing this, the seeds may not germinate. As such, growing saplings can be quite labour intensive.
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Furthermore, although ''Santalum'' trees [[photosynthesis|photosynthesizes]] on their own, the trees are semi-[[Parasitic plant|parasitic]], with roots that seek out and tap the root systems of surrounding trees for water and nutrients. As such each sapling are usually grown together next to ''four'' to ''five'' host trees. [[Pruning]] of host trees are also needed at times since ''Santalum'' trees require much sunlight for growth.
  
 
===Propagation===
 
===Propagation===
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===Pests and diseases===
 
===Pests and diseases===
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becomes more resistant to environmental stresses, pest, and disease as it matures.
  
 
==Species==
 
==Species==
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* ''[[Santalum acuminatum|S.&nbsp;acuminatum]]'' <small>[[Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle|A.DC.]]</small> — Desert Quandong, Sweet Quandong, Native Peach ([[Australia]])
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* ''[[Santalum album|S.&nbsp;album]]'' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]</small> — Indian Sandalwood, White Sandalwood, Chandana ([[India]], [[Indonesia]], northern Australia)
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* ''[[Santalum austrocaledonicum|S.&nbsp;austrocaledonicum]]'' <small>[[Eugène Vieillard|Vieill.]]</small> ([[New Caledonia]], [[Vanuatu]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?450430 |title=''Santalum austrocaledonicum'' Vieill. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=2006-05-12 |accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref>
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* ''[[Santalum ellipticum|S.&nbsp;ellipticum]]'' <small>[[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]]</small> — ''{{okina}}Iliahialo{{okina}}e'', Coast Sandalwood ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])<ref>{{cite paper |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Santalum_ellipticum.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |title={{okina}}Iliahi-a-lo e, coast sandalwood |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |coauthors=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref>
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* ''[[Santalum fernandezianum|S.&nbsp;fernandezianum]]'' <small>[[Rodolfo Armando Philippi|Phil.]]</small> ([[Juan Fernández Islands]])
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* ''[[Santalum freycinetianum|S.&nbsp;freycinetianum]]'' <small>[[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudich.]]</small> — ''{{okina}}Iliahi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)<ref>{{cite paper |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Santalum_freycinetianum.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |title={{okina}}Iliahi, Freycinet sandalwood |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |coauthors=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989}}</ref><ref name="RNGR">{{cite web |url=http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-03-16.2407/file |format=[[PDF]] |first=James A. |last=Allen |title=''Santalum freycinetianum'' Gaudich. |work=Tropical Tree Seed Manual |publisher=Reforestation, Nurseries & Genetics Resources |date=2003-01-01 |accessdate=2009-03-01}}</ref>
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* ''[[Santalum haleakalae|S.&nbsp;haleakalae]]'' <small>[[William Hillebrand|Hillebr.]]</small> — ''{{okina}}Iliahi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
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* ''[[Santalum lanceolatum|S.&nbsp;lanceolatum]]'' <small>[[Robert Brown (botanist)|R.Br.]]</small> — Northern Sandalwood (Australia)
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* ''[[Santalum macgregorii|S.&nbsp;macgregorii]]'' <small>F.Muell</small> ([[Papua New Guinea]], [[Indonesia]])
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* ''[[Santalum murrayanum|S.&nbsp;murrayanum]]'' <small>[[Charles Austin Gardner|C.A.Gardner]]</small> — Bitter Quandong (Australia)
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* ''[[Santalum obtusifolium|S.&nbsp;obtusifolium]]'' (Australia)
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* ''[[Santalum paniculatum|S.&nbsp;paniculatum]]'' <small>[[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]</small> — ''{{okina}}Iliahi'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)
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* ''[[Santalum salicifolium|S.&nbsp;salicifolium]]'' — Willowleaf Sandalwood
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* ''[[Santalum spicatum|S.&nbsp;spicatum]]'' <small>(R.Br.) [[Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle|A.DC.]]</small> — Australian sandalwood (Australia)
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* ''[[Santalum yasi|S.&nbsp;yasi]]'' <small>[[Berthold Carl Seemann|Seem.]]</small> - ''Yasi'' ([[Fiji]], [[Niue]], [[Tonga]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?450430 |title=''Santalum yasi'' Seem. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1999-08-19 |accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref>
  
 
==Gallery==
 
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==References==
 
==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
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Latest revision as of 03:40, 14 May 2010


The branches of a young Santalum paniculatum


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Features: ✓ evergreen
Scientific Names

Santalaceae >

Santalum >

L. >


If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!


Santalum is a genus of woody flowering plants, the most well known and commercially valuable of which is the Indian Sandalwood tree, S. album. Members of the genus are trees or shrubs. Most are root parasites which photosynthesize their own food but tap the roots of other species for water and inorganic nutrients. Several species, most notably S. album, produce highly aromatic wood, used for scents and perfumes and for herbal medicine. There are approximately 25 species, ranging across the Indomalaya, Australasia, and Oceania ecozones, from India through Malesia to the Pacific Islands, as far as [[Hawaii|HawaiTemplate:Okinai]] and the Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of South America.

Indian Sandalwood (S. album) is found in the tropical dry deciduous forests of India, the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia, and Arnhem Land of northern Australia. It is the only species found on the Asian mainland, and may have been introduced to India from the Lesser Sundas centuries ago. Indian Sandalwood has been stripped from most of India's forests, and is now rare in the wild. Five species, including S. album, are native to Australia. S. acuminatum, known as the sweet quandong or native peach, produces a shiny bright red fruit used increasingly in Australia for jams, jellies, chutneys and in pies. Four species, commonly called Template:Okinailiahi, are endemic to HawaiTemplate:Okinai. S. fernandezianum, endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of Chile, was overexploited for its aromatic wood, and may now be extinct.


Read about Santalum in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Santalum (from the Persian Chandal which in turn is derived from the Sanscrit Chandana, the name of the tree). Santalaceae. Evergreen glabrous trees or shrubs, and one species, S. album, yields the sandalwood: lvs. opposite, rarely alternate, coriaceous: fls. axillary or in terminal trichotomous paniculate cymes, dioecious; perianth campanulate or ovoid, lobes 4, rarely 5, valvate with a tuft of hair on their face; stamens 5-4, short; disk of scales between the stamens; ovary at first free, finally half-inferior: drupe subglobose.—About 10 species, India, Malaya, Austral, and Pacific Islands. Plants more or less parasitic. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

There are numerous initial challenges to cultivating Santalum, not only due to its germination and growth needs, but also the amount of growing time required for the tree to properly mature. Germination of Santalum seeds is not completely understood. Seeds cannot be effectively stored, and must be planted upon harvesting them from a fruiting tree. Even in doing this, the seeds may not germinate. As such, growing saplings can be quite labour intensive.

Furthermore, although Santalum trees photosynthesizes on their own, the trees are semi-parasitic, with roots that seek out and tap the root systems of surrounding trees for water and nutrients. As such each sapling are usually grown together next to four to five host trees. Pruning of host trees are also needed at times since Santalum trees require much sunlight for growth.

Propagation

Pests and diseases

becomes more resistant to environmental stresses, pest, and disease as it matures.

Species

Gallery

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

  1. ↑ "Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieill.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture (2006-05-12). Retrieved on 2009-04-05.
  2. ↑ Template:Cite paper
  3. ↑ Template:Cite paper
  4. ↑ Allen, James A. (2003-01-01). "Santalum freycinetianum Gaudich." (PDF). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. Reforestation, Nurseries & Genetics Resources. Retrieved on 2009-03-01.
  5. ↑ "Santalum yasi Seem.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture (1999-08-19). Retrieved on 2009-04-05.

External links


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