Difference between revisions of "Thelymitra"

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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|familia=Orchidaceae
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| name = Sun Orchids
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|genus=Thelymitra
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| image = Thelymitra rubra 220404.jpg
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|common_name=Sun orchid
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| image_width = 250px
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|habit=orchid
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| image_caption = Salmon Sun orchid (''Thelymitra rubra'')<br />clearly showing the mitra
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|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|features=flowers
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
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|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
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| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
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|image=Thelymitra rubra 220404.jpg
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| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
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|image_width=240
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| subfamilia = [[Orchidoideae]]
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|image_caption=Salmon Sun orchid (''Thelymitra rubra'')
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| tribus = Diuridiae
 
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| subtribus = Thelymitrinae
 
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| genus = '''''Thelymitra'''''
 
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| genus_authority = J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., 1775
 
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| type_species = ''Thelymitra longifolia''  
 
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| type_species_authority = J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char. Gen. Pl.: 49 (1775).
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
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| subdivision =
 
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See text.
 
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Thelymitra''' is a genus of [[orchid]]s known as 'sun orchids' in reference to their habit of only opening in warm weather.   
 
'''Thelymitra''' is a genus of [[orchid]]s known as 'sun orchids' in reference to their habit of only opening in warm weather.   
  
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== Description ==
 
 
They are about 100 species distributed in higher rainfall areas across [[Australia]] (with 50 or so species), [[New Zealand]] (10+ endemic species), [[New Caledonia]] (2), [[Timor]], [[Java (island)|Java]], and the [[Philippines]].   
 
They are about 100 species distributed in higher rainfall areas across [[Australia]] (with 50 or so species), [[New Zealand]] (10+ endemic species), [[New Caledonia]] (2), [[Timor]], [[Java (island)|Java]], and the [[Philippines]].   
  
 
The [[type species]] is ''Thelymitra longifolia'' J.& G. Forst. 1775 from the South Island of New Zealand. The scientific name Thelymitra was given by  J. R. and G. Forster, [[botanist]]s on [[Captain Cook]]'s second voyage. The genus name is derived from the Greek words ''thely'' (woman) and ''mitra'' (mitre hat), referring to elaborate shape of the staminodal (staminode = sterile [[stamen]]) structure at the top of the [[column (botany)|column]], called a mitra.  
 
The [[type species]] is ''Thelymitra longifolia'' J.& G. Forst. 1775 from the South Island of New Zealand. The scientific name Thelymitra was given by  J. R. and G. Forster, [[botanist]]s on [[Captain Cook]]'s second voyage. The genus name is derived from the Greek words ''thely'' (woman) and ''mitra'' (mitre hat), referring to elaborate shape of the staminodal (staminode = sterile [[stamen]]) structure at the top of the [[column (botany)|column]], called a mitra.  
  
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These terrestrial orchids are only above ground during [[Spring (season)|spring]] and early [[summer]], usually with a single [[leaf]], growing up from two underground [[tuber]]s. It is elongated or linear-lanceolate and glabrous. The Custard Orchid (''T. villosa'') is the only species with a hairy leaf. The leaves of  ''T. spiralis'' and ''T. variegata'' are spirally twisted.
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These terrestrial orchids are only above ground during spring and early summer, usually with a single [[leaf]], growing up from two underground [[tuber]]s. It is elongated or linear-lanceolate and glabrous. The Custard Orchid (''T. villosa'') is the only species with a hairy leaf. The leaves of  ''T. spiralis'' and ''T. variegata'' are spirally twisted.
  
 
The [[flower]] stalk  is usually  a bluish-green colour.  The flower stem usually carries 4 to 10 flowers (even up to 20 flowers in the Plain Sun Orchid, ''T. holmesii''), often opening all at once, though some species have only one flower each year. The flower size is between 1 and 6 cm. These flowers only open in bright sunlight (in combination with warmth and humidity), close at night and during cold or cloudy weather.
 
The [[flower]] stalk  is usually  a bluish-green colour.  The flower stem usually carries 4 to 10 flowers (even up to 20 flowers in the Plain Sun Orchid, ''T. holmesii''), often opening all at once, though some species have only one flower each year. The flower size is between 1 and 6 cm. These flowers only open in bright sunlight (in combination with warmth and humidity), close at night and during cold or cloudy weather.
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Sun orchids come in most colours, including purple, deep blue (''T. pauciflora''), white, pink, magenta, maroon, yellow (''T. antennifera'') and red (''T. x macmillanii'').  Most are a single colour or have spots, a few have stronger variation and are multi-coloured. The deep blue colour, found in about 75% of the sun orchids, is of a rare kind, found only in 5 other orchid genera.
 
Sun orchids come in most colours, including purple, deep blue (''T. pauciflora''), white, pink, magenta, maroon, yellow (''T. antennifera'') and red (''T. x macmillanii'').  Most are a single colour or have spots, a few have stronger variation and are multi-coloured. The deep blue colour, found in about 75% of the sun orchids, is of a rare kind, found only in 5 other orchid genera.
  
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Several species are considered by the [[IUCN]] as endangered (''T. epipactoides'') or critically endangered (''T. gregaria'', ''T. hiemalis'' and ''T. x mackibbinii''. A number of conservation measures are underway in South Australia.
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{{Inc|
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Thelymitra (Greek, woman and cap, alluding to the hood-shaped column). Orchidaceae. Terrestrial herbs with ovoid tubers, occasionally grown in the greenhouse. Lf. solitary, usually with a rather long sheath, linear, lanceolate or rarely nearly ovate: fls. usually several in a terminal raceme, sometimes reduced to 1 or 2, blue, purple, red, or yellow, occasionally with white varieties; sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading; labellum similar; column erect, broadly winged, the wings variable, sometimes extended into a broad lobed hood over the anther, lateral lobes often penicillate or crested: caps. erect, obovoid or oblong, beakless. About 30 species, Austral., New Zeal., New Caledonia, and Malaya. Cult. similar to that of bletia. None of the species is in common cult., but a number of them are of interest to orchid fanciers.
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T. carnea, R. Br. St. slender, often flexuous, 6-12 in. high: lvs. narrow-linear: fls. 1-3, pink, sepals and petals oval-elliptic, oblong or obtuse, about 4 lines long. Austral.—T. ixioides, Sw. St. usually more than 1 ft. high: lvs. long-linear or linear-lanceolate, flat or channeled, with 1 or 2 shorter ones: fls. blue, pedicellate, usually forming a raceme 4-6 in. long: sepals, petals, and lip elliptic-oblong, 9-10 lines long. Austral.—T. longifolia, Forst. (T. Forsteri, Sw., T. graminea, Lindl. T. pauciflora, R. Br.). Usually about 1 ft. high: lvs. long and narrow: fls. blue, lilac, or pink, rather large, several to a raceme, column produced into a broad hood, usually conspicuous from its dark color. Austral.—T. variegata, Lindl. St. not very stout, 1 ft. or more high: lvs. with a villous sheath, blade linear, glabrous, with a much dilated base: fls. 2-4, purple, large; sepals and petals lanceolate, shortly acuminate or acute, 3/4 - 1 in. long, variegated. Austral.—T. venosa, R. Br. St. 1-2 ft. high: lvs. long and narrow: fls. blue, 6-10; sepals and petals 1/2 – 3/4 in. long; column broadly winged. Austral.
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{{SCH}}
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Until shortly, the taxonomy of the genus was outmoded and understudied. Jeffrey A Jeanes of the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne has recently (2004) done a taxonomic revision, resolved several species complexes and described a considerable number of new species (see ''Muelleria'' 19; 2004)
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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==Species==
 
[[Image:Thelymitra.PLateI.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Several Thelymitra species :2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
 
[[Image:Thelymitra.PLateI.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Several Thelymitra species :2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9]]
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==Species==
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Species{{wp}}:
 
* ''[[Thelymitra aemula]]'' Cheeseman 1919  
 
* ''[[Thelymitra aemula]]'' Cheeseman 1919  
 
* ''[[Thelymitra aggericola]]'' D.L.Jones 1999  
 
* ''[[Thelymitra aggericola]]'' D.L.Jones 1999  
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* x''Calomitra'' (''Calochilus'' x ''Thelymitra'') (unplaced name)
 
* x''Calomitra'' (''Calochilus'' x ''Thelymitra'') (unplaced name)
  
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==Cultivation==
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
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Thelymitras can be grown in a freely draining, dense mixture with partially composted organic matter. A suitable mixture is an equal mix of 7 mm road screenings, year old composted wood chips and commercial potting mix.  It is good practice to cover the surface in pine or she-oak needles to control water loss and to feed the mychorizal fungi that support the orchid.
 
  
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Due to the flowers only opening in warm weather, it is common practice for showing them, to use a bank of strong incandescent lights to simulate the warm sun.
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
  
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Some work has gone into growing hybrids for better growing and more colour.  The most popular hybrid is probably Th. x "Kay Nesbitt" with its strongly coloured red-ish pink flowers.
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==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
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== References ==
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==External links==
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*{{cite journal | author = Pamela Burns-Balogh and Peter Bernhardt | title = Floral evolution and phylogeny in the tribeThelymitreae (Orchidaceae: Neottioideae)| journal =  Plant Systematics and Evolution| volume = 159| year = 1988}}
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*{{wplink}}
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*{{cite journal | author = Breiner, E. and Breiner, R. | title =  ''Thelymitra, die sun orchids: eine bemerkenswerte Orchideen-Gattung aus Australien.'' | journal = Orchidee | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 350-351 | year = 2003}} (in German)
 
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* {{cite journal | author = Jeans, J. A. | title = A revision of the Thelymitra pauciflora R.Br. (Orchidaceae) complex in Australia | journal = Muelleria  | volume = 19 | pages = 19-79 | year = 2004}}
 
  
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[[Category:Orchids of Australia]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Orchid genera]]
 
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[[Category:Orchids of New Zealand]]
 

Latest revision as of 22:25, 26 April 2010


Salmon Sun orchid (Thelymitra rubra)


Plant Characteristics
Habit   orchid
Cultivation
Features: ✓ flowers
Scientific Names

Orchidaceae >

Thelymitra >


If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!


Thelymitra is a genus of orchids known as 'sun orchids' in reference to their habit of only opening in warm weather.

They are about 100 species distributed in higher rainfall areas across Australia (with 50 or so species), New Zealand (10+ endemic species), New Caledonia (2), Timor, Java, and the Philippines.

The type species is Thelymitra longifolia J.& G. Forst. 1775 from the South Island of New Zealand. The scientific name Thelymitra was given by J. R. and G. Forster, botanists on Captain Cook's second voyage. The genus name is derived from the Greek words thely (woman) and mitra (mitre hat), referring to elaborate shape of the staminodal (staminode = sterile stamen) structure at the top of the column, called a mitra.

These terrestrial orchids are only above ground during spring and early summer, usually with a single leaf, growing up from two underground tubers. It is elongated or linear-lanceolate and glabrous. The Custard Orchid (T. villosa) is the only species with a hairy leaf. The leaves of T. spiralis and T. variegata are spirally twisted.

The flower stalk is usually a bluish-green colour. The flower stem usually carries 4 to 10 flowers (even up to 20 flowers in the Plain Sun Orchid, T. holmesii), often opening all at once, though some species have only one flower each year. The flower size is between 1 and 6 cm. These flowers only open in bright sunlight (in combination with warmth and humidity), close at night and during cold or cloudy weather.

Sun orchids exhibit a particular characteristic : their lip shows, except in a few species such as T. variegata, almost the same shape, colour, colour pattern or size as the other petals and sepals. This gives a symmetrical shape to the perianth. Furthermore the lip lacks ornamentation. In other orchid genera, the lip has a distinctive shape and colour. The particular shape and color of the sun orchids mimics the flowers of lily family (Liliaceae) and the family Goodeniaceae, aiming by deceit for the same insect pollinators. The Slender Sun Orchid (T.pauciflora) only opens for a short time (or not at all) and is self-pollinating. This self-pollination is a successful strategy followed by several other species such as and T. circumsepta, T. graminea, T. holmesii and T. mucida.

Once the weather dries out the leaf shrivels away and the orchid lies as a single spherical tuber.

Sun orchids come in most colours, including purple, deep blue (T. pauciflora), white, pink, magenta, maroon, yellow (T. antennifera) and red (T. x macmillanii). Most are a single colour or have spots, a few have stronger variation and are multi-coloured. The deep blue colour, found in about 75% of the sun orchids, is of a rare kind, found only in 5 other orchid genera.


Read about Thelymitra in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Thelymitra (Greek, woman and cap, alluding to the hood-shaped column). Orchidaceae. Terrestrial herbs with ovoid tubers, occasionally grown in the greenhouse. Lf. solitary, usually with a rather long sheath, linear, lanceolate or rarely nearly ovate: fls. usually several in a terminal raceme, sometimes reduced to 1 or 2, blue, purple, red, or yellow, occasionally with white varieties; sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading; labellum similar; column erect, broadly winged, the wings variable, sometimes extended into a broad lobed hood over the anther, lateral lobes often penicillate or crested: caps. erect, obovoid or oblong, beakless. About 30 species, Austral., New Zeal., New Caledonia, and Malaya. Cult. similar to that of bletia. None of the species is in common cult., but a number of them are of interest to orchid fanciers.

T. carnea, R. Br. St. slender, often flexuous, 6-12 in. high: lvs. narrow-linear: fls. 1-3, pink, sepals and petals oval-elliptic, oblong or obtuse, about 4 lines long. Austral.—T. ixioides, Sw. St. usually more than 1 ft. high: lvs. long-linear or linear-lanceolate, flat or channeled, with 1 or 2 shorter ones: fls. blue, pedicellate, usually forming a raceme 4-6 in. long: sepals, petals, and lip elliptic-oblong, 9-10 lines long. Austral.—T. longifolia, Forst. (T. Forsteri, Sw., T. graminea, Lindl. T. pauciflora, R. Br.). Usually about 1 ft. high: lvs. long and narrow: fls. blue, lilac, or pink, rather large, several to a raceme, column produced into a broad hood, usually conspicuous from its dark color. Austral.—T. variegata, Lindl. St. not very stout, 1 ft. or more high: lvs. with a villous sheath, blade linear, glabrous, with a much dilated base: fls. 2-4, purple, large; sepals and petals lanceolate, shortly acuminate or acute, 3/4 - 1 in. long, variegated. Austral.—T. venosa, R. Br. St. 1-2 ft. high: lvs. long and narrow: fls. blue, 6-10; sepals and petals 1/2 – 3/4 in. long; column broadly winged. Austral. CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

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Propagation

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Pests and diseases

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Species

Several Thelymitra species :2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9

Specieswp:

Natural hybrids

  • Thelymitra × chasmogama R.S.Rogers 1927 (T. luteocilium × T. nuda)
  • Thelymitra × mackibbinii F.Muell. 1881 (T. × macmillanii × T. nuda)
  • Thelymitra × macmillanii F.Muell. 1865 (T. antennifera × T. luteocilium)
  • Thelymitra × truncata R.S.Rogers 1917


Intergeneric hybrid

  • xCalomitra (Calochilus x Thelymitra) (unplaced name)

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

External links


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