Difference between revisions of "Lupin"

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{{SPlantbox
 
{{SPlantbox
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|familia=Fabaceae
 
|genus=Lupin
 
|genus=Lupin
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|common_name=Lupins, Lupines
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|habit=herbaceous
 
|Min ht metric=cm
 
|Min ht metric=cm
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|lifespan=perennial
 
|Temp Metric=°F
 
|Temp Metric=°F
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|image=Upload.png
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|image=Flores de lupino (Ushuaia).jpg
 
|image_width=240
 
|image_width=240
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|image_caption=Lupinus polyphyllus
 
}}
 
}}
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'''Lupins''' or '''lupines''' ([[North America]]) are the members of the [[genus]] '''''Lupinus''''' in the legume [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Fabaceae]]). The genus comprises between 200 and 600 [[species]], with major centers of diversity in South America and western North America, in the Mediterranean region and Africa.<ref>[http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm subgen.Platycarpos]</ref><ref>[http://personal.inet.fi/tiede/lupin/Classific.htm subgen. Lupinus]</ref><ref>Ainouche & Bayer (1999)</ref>
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The species are mostly [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s 0.3-1.5 [[Metre|m]] (1-5 ft) tall, but some are [[annual plant]]s and a few are [[shrub]]s up to 3 m (10 ft) tall - see also [[bush lupin]] -, with one species (''[[Lupinus jaimehintoniana]]'', from the Mexican state of [[Oaxaca]]) a [[tree]] up to 8 m high with a trunk 20&nbsp;cm (8 in) in diameter. They have a characteristic and easily recognised [[leaf]] shape, with soft green to grey-green leaves which in many species bear silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually [[palmate]]ly divided into 5–28 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States.  The [[flower]]s are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 [[centimeter|cm]] long, with a typical [[pea]]flower shape with an upper 'standard' or 'banner', two lateral 'wings' and two lower [[petal]]s fused as a 'keel'. Due to the flower shape, several species are known as [[bluebonnet]]s or [[quaker bonnets]]. The [[fruit]] is a [[legume|pod]] containing several [[seed]]s.
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Like most members of their family, lupins can [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from the atmosphere into [[ammonia]] via a rhizobium-root nodule symbiosis, fertilizing the [[soil]] for other plants, this adaption allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor quality soils.  The genus ''Lupinus'' is [[nodulate]]d by ''[[Bradyrhizobium]]'' soil bacteria<ref>Kurlovich ''et al.'' (2002)</ref>. Some species have a long central [[tap root]]s, or have [[proteoid root]]s.
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Lupins contain significant amounts of certain [[secondary metabolism|secondary compounds]] like [[isoflavone]]s and toxic [[alkaloid]]s, e.g. [[lupinine]] and [[sparteine]].
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Lupins are popular [[ornamental plant]]s in [[garden]]s. There are numerous [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s. Some species, such as [[Garden Lupin]] (''Lupinus polyphyllus'') and hybrids like the [[Rainbow Lupin]] (''L. × regalis'') are common garden flowers. Others, such as the [[Yellow Bush Lupin]] (''L. arboreus'') are considered [[invasive species|invasive]] [[weed]]s when they appear outside their native range. It is also rumoured that if they are soaked in a container of water, they will grow better and faster.
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In New Zealand ''[[Lupinus polyphyllus]]'' have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams on the [[South Island]]. Although considered attractive by some it is also seen as an [[invasive species]].
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{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
 
Lupinus (from the Latin lupus, a wolf, because a crop of lupines was supposed to destroy fertility). Leguminosae. Lupine. Usually herbs adapted to borders in masses, and to all places in which low-growing showy herbs would be found; some make good bedding plants, others cut-flowers.
 
Lupinus (from the Latin lupus, a wolf, because a crop of lupines was supposed to destroy fertility). Leguminosae. Lupine. Usually herbs adapted to borders in masses, and to all places in which low-growing showy herbs would be found; some make good bedding plants, others cut-flowers.
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The lupines are showy plants with conspicuous flowers in terminal racemes, those of the species in cultivation being mostly verticillate. The flowers are blue, white or yellow, or a union of these, papilionaceous and free-blooming. All are of easy cultivation in any garden soil, except that they are said not to succeed in soil containing lime. They are propagated by seed, the perennials also by division. They do not bear transplanting when once established, hence it is recommended to sow seed where the plants are finally desired. A few species are of value economically for soiling or plowing under.
 
The lupines are showy plants with conspicuous flowers in terminal racemes, those of the species in cultivation being mostly verticillate. The flowers are blue, white or yellow, or a union of these, papilionaceous and free-blooming. All are of easy cultivation in any garden soil, except that they are said not to succeed in soil containing lime. They are propagated by seed, the perennials also by division. They do not bear transplanting when once established, hence it is recommended to sow seed where the plants are finally desired. A few species are of value economically for soiling or plowing under.
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{{Taxobox
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L. angustifolius, Linn., with blue fls., is much grown in Eu. as a fodder plant and for plowing under: annual. Native to the Medit. region.—L. pubescens, Benth. Perennial or subshrubby. the pubescence short, spreading, hardly silky in the new parts: 1fts. 7-9, oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the petiole, pubescent on both sides: fls. loosely arranged almost in whorls: pedicels shorter than the calyx: pod hirsute, 4-6-seeded. The above is from the original description. Bentham neglects to state the color of the fls., but an allied species has blue fls. Mottet must be in error in calling this an annual. Mex., Cent. Amer., Colombia.—L. villosus Willd., is mentioned occasionally in garden literature.
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| color = lightgreen
 
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| name = Lupin
 
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| image = Mainelupin.jpg
 
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| image_width = 250px
 
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| image_caption = Wild Perennial Lupin (''Lupinus perennis'')
 
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
 
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| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
 
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| ordo = [[Fabales]]
 
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| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
 
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| subfamilia = [[Faboideae]]
 
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| tribus = [[Luppineae]]
 
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| genus = '''''Lupinus'''''
 
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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| subgenus = '''''Lupinus''''' and '''''Platycarpos''''' [http://koti.mbnet.fi/bkurl/Classific.htm (Wats.) Kurl.]| subdivision_ranks = Species
 
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| subdivision =
 
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150-200 species, including:<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus albus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus angustifolius]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus luteus]]''<br/>
 
  
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''[[Lupinus albifrons]]''<br/>
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The following are garden hybrids of unknown origin. They mostly have variegated fls. and are common in cult.: L. atroviolaceus. Perennial, 2 ft. high: fls. dark violet, striped with white and yellow. —L. coelestinus. Annual, 2 ft. high: fls. light blue.—L. Dunnettii. Fls. lilac-purple, gold and white. According to Voss, this is the same as the kinds known to the trade as L. superbus, L. insignis (Vilmorin, not Dippe), L. tricolor elegans and L. superbus Dunnettii. There is also a double form.—L. hybridus. Probably mixed kinds.—L. tricolor. Sec L. Dunnettii.
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''[[Lupinus arboreus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus arizonicus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus bicolor]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus chamissonis]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus diffusus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus excubitus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus formosus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus longifolius]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus microcarpus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus mutabilis]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus nanus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus nootkatensis]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus perennis]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus polyphyllus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus sparsiflorus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus sulphureus]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus texensis]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus tidestromii]]''<br/>
 
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''[[Lupinus variicolor]]''<br/>
 
 
}}
 
}}
  
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'''Lupin''', often spelled '''lupine''' in [[North America]], is the common name for members of the [[genus]] '''''Lupinus''''' in the family [[Fabaceae]]. The genus comprises between 150-200 species, and has a wide distribution in the [[Mediterranean region]] - [[Subgenus|Subgen.]] '''''Lupinus''''' , and the [[Americas]] - Subgen. '''''Platycarpos '''''(Wats.) Kurl.[http://koti.mbnet.fi/bkurl/Classific.htm ].
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==Cultivation==
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<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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[[Image:Lupinenblaetter.jpg|left|thumb|Lupin leaves from below]]
 
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The species are mostly [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s 0.3-1.5 [[meter|m]] tall, but some are [[annual plant]]s and a few are [[shrub]]s up to 3 m tall. They have a characteristic and easily recognised [[leaf]] shape, with soft green to grey-green or silvery leaves divided into 5–17 finger-like leaflets that diverge from a central point; in many species, the leaves are hairy with silvery hairs, often densely so. The [[flower]]s are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 [[centimeter|cm]] long, with a typical [[pea]]flower shape with an upper 'standard', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. The [[fruit]] is a [[legume|pod]] containing several [[seed]]s.
 
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Like most members of this family, lupins can [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from the atmosphere into [[ammonia]], fertilizing the [[soil]] for other plants (see [[legume]]). The genus '''''Lupinus''''' is nodulated by the soil microorganism [http://lupins-bk.blogspot.com/2006/07/nitrogen-fixation.html Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus).]
 
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Some species have a long central tap root.
 
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===Cultivation and uses===
 
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Lupins are popular [[ornamental plant]]s in [[garden]]s. There are numerous [[hybrid]]s and [[cultivar]]s. Some species, such as ''[[Lupinus polyphyllus]]'' and hybrids like the Rainbow Lupin (''Lupinus × regalis'') are common garden flowers. Others, such as the [[Lupinus arboreus|Yellow Bush Lupin]] ''L. arboreus'' are considered [[invasive species|invasive]] [[weed]]s when they appear outside their native range.
 
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Lupins are also cultivated as [[legume|forage]] and [[legume|grain]] legumes. Three [[Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]] species of lupin, ''[[Lupinus angustifolius]]'' (Blue Lupin), ''[[Lupinus albus]]'' (White Lupin) and ''[[Lupinus luteus]]'' (Yellow Lupin) are cultivated for livestock and poultry feed and for human consumption. The Andean Lupin ''[[Lupinus mutabilis]]'' and the Mediterranean ''L. albus'', ''L. angustifolius''<ref>http://www.zonaverde.net/lupinusangustifolius.htm Lupinus angustifolius: Características y aplicaciones (in Spanish)</ref> and ''L. hirsutus''<ref>http://www.swsbm.com/Ephemera/Sturtevants_Edible_Plants.pdf HEDRICK, U. P. (ed.) (1919): ''Sturtevant's Edible
 
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Plants of the World''. pp. 387-388. [http://www.famousamericans.net/edwardlewissturtevant|Edward Lewis Sturtevant] (1842-1898), farmer, botanist, physician and author, was one of the giants of his time in the science of agriculture.</ref>(these varieties are known locally as ''altramuz'' in [[Spain]] and [[Argentina]]) are also edible after soaking the seeds for some days in salted water <ref>http://www.historiacocina.com/historia/articulos/altramuces.htm Historia de los altramuces. Un humilde aperitivo (in Spanish)</ref>. These lupins are referred to as ''sweet lupins'' because they contain smaller amounts of toxic [[alkaloid]]s than the ''bitter'' varieties. Both sweet and bitter lupins in feed can cause livestock poisoning. Lupin poisoning is a nervous syndrome caused by alkaloids in bitter lupins, similar to [[Lathyrism|Neurolathyrism]]. Mycotoxic lupinosis is a disease caused by lupin material that is infected with the fungus ''[[Diaporthe toxica]]''; the fungus produces [[mycotoxin]]s called [[phomopsin]]s, which cause liver damage. The worst damage to lupin is caused by [http://lupins-bk.blogspot.com/2006/07/diseases-and-pests.html anthracnose, fusarium wilt, fusarium and other root rot, bacteria and viruses].
 
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''[[Lupinus nootkatensis]]'' ([http://www.iceland-nh.net/plants/data/Lupinus-nootkatensis/lupinus_nootkatensis.html Nootka Lupin]) is common on the west coast of North America, and is one of the species from which the garden hybrids are derived, being valued in Britain for its tolerance of cool, wet summers.
 
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The [[Kincaid's Lupine|Kincaid's Lupin]] (''Lupinus sulphureus'' subsp. ''kincaidii'') is native to the Willamette Valley of [[Oregon]] as well as parts of Washington.  It is a [[threatened]] species.
 
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''[[Lupinus tidestromii]]'' (Tidestrom's Lupin) is a rare and [[endangered species]] inhabiting areas around the northern coast of [[California]], for example in the [[Monterey, California|Monterey]] area.
 
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[[Image:Lupinroad.jpg|right|thumb|A field of lupin growing in an abandoned logging road in northern Maine.]]
 
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''[[Lupinus perennis]]'' (Sundial Lupin) is an eastern North American native that generally grows in sandy areas with acidic soil and copious sunlight. It is the sole [[oviposition]] site and larval food source for the endangered [[Karner Blue]] and [[Frosted Elfin]] butterflies. Other [[Lepidoptera]] species whose [[larva]]e feed on lupins include ''[[Schinia|Schinia suetus]]'' (which feeds exclusively on ''Lupinus spp''), ''[[Chionodes|Chionodes braunella]]'', ''[[Phymatopus|Phymatopus behrensii]]'', [[Dot Moth]] and [[Streak (moth)|The Streak]] (the latter recorded on ''L. arboreus'').
 
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''Lupin milk'' is a [[milk substitute]] made from the lupin family of plant {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
 
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== Lupins as an introduced pest ==
 
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In New Zealand lupins have escaped to the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams in the South Island. The seeds are carried by car tyres and water flow, and unfortunately, some tourist shops in the major tourist areas have been reported to have sold packets of lupin seeds to tourists, with the instructions to disperse at will whilst driving down the road.  They are principally blue, pink and violet, with some yellow, and are very attractive, providing colourful vistas with a backdrop of mountains and lakes. The New Zealand environment authorities have a campaign to reduce their numbers, although this seems a hopeless task, especially when faced with such ignorance as mentioned above. In fields they seem to be eradicated by sheep, and hence remain largely restricted to ungrazed roadside verges and stream banks.[[Image:lupins_lake_tekapo.jpg|right|thumb|Lupins by the road at Lake Tekapo, South Island, New Zealand.]]
 
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== Lupins in popular culture ==
 
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*The [[Bluebonnet|Texas Bluebonnet]] (''Lupinus texensis'' and other similar species) is the [[list of U.S. state flowers|state flower]] of [[Texas]], [[USA]].
 
  
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*A [[Monty Python]] sketch featured a would-be [[Robin Hood]] named Dennis Moore, who stole lupins from the rich and gave them to the poor. Although he was very successful, the poor argued that money or food would be more practical.
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===Propagation===
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*The lupin has also lent its name to [[Arsène Lupin]], the main character in a series of stories by [[Maurice Leblanc]] (the name is a parody of [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s [[C. Auguste Dupin]]). He was a [[gentleman thief]] who first appeared in [[1905]]. The popular [[Manga|Japanese comic book]]/[[Anime]] character [[Lupin III]] is an unofficial spin-off of this series.
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===Pests and diseases===
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The most significant diseases of lupins are [[anthracnose]] as well as [[wilting]] and [[root rot]] diseases caused by ''[[Fusarium]]'' and other [[pathogen]]s, and some bacterial and viral diseases.<ref>Golubev & Kurlovich (2002)</ref>
  
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*In the British adventure series The Avengers, in the episode "Who's Who" from 1967 it is revealed the British Secret Service code names their agents by flowers worn on the lapel (ie; tulip, daffodill, rose). Though he is only seen dead, one is clearly wearing a lupin.
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==Species==
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Selected species:
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[[File:Mountaintop Lupin overlooking Raspberry Strait, Alaska 2009 114.jpg|thumb|left|Lupin and other wildflowers cover the mountaintop of [[Raspberry Island (Alaska)]]]]
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[[File:Lupinus flavoculatus 2.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Lupinus flavoculatus]]'']]
  
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* In the 19th century British comic novel [[Diary of a Nobody]], Mr. Pooter's son is called Lupin.
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<div float="left">
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* ''[[Lupinus adsurgens]]'' &ndash; Drew's silky lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus affinis]]'' &ndash; fleshy lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus albicaulis]]'' &ndash; sickle-keel lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus albifrons]]'' &ndash; silver bush lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus albus]]'' &ndash; white lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus × alpestris]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus andersonii]]'' &ndash; Anderson's lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus angustiflorus]]'' &ndash; narrowflower lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus angustifolius]]'' &ndash; blue lupin, narrowleaf lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus antoninus]]'' &ndash; Anthony Peak lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus arboreus]]'' &ndash; yellow bush lupin, tree lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus arbustus]]'' &ndash; longspur lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus arcticus]]'' &ndash; Arctic lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus argenteus]]'' &ndash; silvery lupin
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** ''Lupinus argenteus'' var. ''palmeri''
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* ''[[Lupinus aridorum]]'' &ndash; scrub lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus arizonicus]]'' &ndash; Arizona lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus benthamii]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus bicolor]]'' &ndash; miniature lupin, bicolor lupin, Lindley's annual lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus bingenensis]]'' &ndash; Bingen lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus brevicaulis]]'' &ndash; shortstem lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus breweri]]'' &ndash; Brewer's lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus burkei]]'' &ndash; Burke's lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus caespitosus]]'' &ndash; stemless dwarf lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus caudatus]]'' &ndash; Kellogg's spurred lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus cervinus]]'' <small>Kellogg</small> &ndash;  Santa Lucia lupin  (= ''L. latissimus''<!--  Greene -->)
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* ''[[Lupinus chamissonis]]'' &ndash; Chamisso bush lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus citrinus]]'' &ndash; orange lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus concinnus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus constancei]]'' &ndash; The Lassics lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus cosentinii]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus covillei]]'' &ndash; shaggy lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus croceus]]'' &ndash; saffron-flowered lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus dalesiae]]'' &ndash; Quincy lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus duranii]]'' &ndash; Mono Lake lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus diffusus]]'' &ndash; spreading lupin, Oak Ridge lupin, sky-blue lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus elatus]]'' &ndash; tall silky lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus elmeri]]'' &ndash; Elmer's lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus excubitus]]'' &ndash; grape soda lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus flavoculatus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus foliolosus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus formosus]]'' &ndash; summer lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus grayi]]'' &ndash; Sierra lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus guadalupensis]]'' &ndash; Guadalupe Island lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus havardii]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus hirsutus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus hirsutissimus]]'' &ndash; stinging lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus holmgrenianus]]'' &ndash; Holmgren's lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus hyacinthinus]]'' &ndash; San Jacinto lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus jaimehintoniana]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus kuntii]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus kuschei]]'' &ndash; Yukon lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus lapidicola]]'' ; Mt. Eddy lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus latifolius]]'' &ndash; broadleaf lupin
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** [[Lupinus latifolius var. barbatus|''Lupinus latifolius'' var. ''barbatus'']] &ndash; Klamath lupine, bearded lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus lepidus]]'' &ndash; prairie lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus leucophyllus]]'' &ndash; woolly-leaf lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus littoralis]]'' &ndash; seashore upin
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* ''[[Lupinus longifolius]]'' &ndash; longleaf bush lupin
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{{col-2-of-2}}
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* ''[[Lupinus luteolus]]'' &ndash; butter lupine, pale yellow lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus luteus]]'' &ndash; yellow lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus lyallii]]'' &ndash; Lyall's lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus macbrideanus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus michelianus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus micranthus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus microcarpus]]'' &ndash; wide-bannered lupin, chick lupin
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** ''Lupinus microcarpus'' var. ''densiflorus'' &ndash; dense-flowered lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus minimus]]'' &ndash; Kettle Falls lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus mutabilis]]'' &ndash; Andean lupin, pearl lupin, South American lupin, ''tarwi'', ''tarhui'', ''chocho''
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* ''[[Lupinus nanus]]'' &ndash; dwarf lupin, field lupin, sky lupin, Douglas' annual lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus nevadensis]]'' &ndash; Nevada lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus nipomensis]]'' &ndash; Nipomo Mesa lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus niveus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus nootkatensis]]'' &ndash; Nootka lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus nubigenus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus obtusilobus]]'' &ndash; bluntlobe lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus odoratus]]'' &ndash; royal Mojave lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus onustus]]'' &ndash; Plumas lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus oreganus]]'' &ndash; Oregon lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus padre-crowleyi]]'' &ndash; DeDecker's lupine, Father Crowley's lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus parviflorus]]'' &ndash; lodgepole lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus peirsonii]]'' &ndash; Peirson's lupine, long lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus perennis]]'' &ndash; wild perennial lupin, sundial lupin, Indian beet, old maid's bonnets
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* ''[[Lupinus plattensis]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus polycarpus]]'' &ndash; smallflower lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus polyphyllus]]'' &ndash; largeleaf lupin, bigleaf lupin, garden lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus pratensis]]'' &ndash; Inyo Meadow lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus prunophilus]]'' &ndash; hairy bigleaf lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus pusillus]]'' &ndash; small lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus × regalis]]'' &ndash; rainbow lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus rivularis]]'' &ndash; riverbank lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus rupestris]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus saxosus]]'' &ndash; rock lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus sericatus]]'' &ndash; Cobb Mountain lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus sericeus]]'' &ndash; Pursh's silky lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus shockleyi]]'' &ndash; purple desert lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus smithianus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus sparsiflorus]]'' &ndash; desert lupin, Coulter's lupin, Mojave lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus spectabilis]]'' &ndash; shaggyhair lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus stiversii]]'' &ndash; harlequin annual lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus subcarnosus]]'' &ndash; buffalo clover
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* ''[[Lupinus succulentus]]'' &ndash; succulent lupin, arroyo lupin, hollowleaf annual lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus sulphureus]]'' &ndash; sulphur lupin, sulphur-flowered lupin
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** ''Lupinus sulphureus'' ssp. ''kincaidii'' &ndash; Kincaid's lupin (formerly in ''L. oreganus'')
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* ''[[Lupinus texensis]]'' &ndash; Texas bluebonnet
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* ''[[Lupinus tidestromii]]'' &ndash; Tidestrøm's Lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus toratensis]]'' &ndash; [[Warwanzo]], Lito<!-- Endemic Species from the south Andes of Peru -->
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* ''[[Lupinus tracyi]]'' &ndash; Tracy's lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus truncatus]]'' &ndash; collared annual lupine
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* ''[[Lupinus vallicola]]'' &ndash; open lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus variicolor]]'' &ndash; varied lupin
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* ''[[Lupinus villosus]]''
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* ''[[Lupinus wyethii]]'' &ndash; Wyeth's lupin
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{{col-end}}
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</div>
  
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* In the children's book 'Miss Rumphius' by Barbara Cooney, the title character plants lupins to make the world a more beautiful place.
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
  
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* In the Harry Potter series, Remus Lupin is a one-time Professor at Hogwarts (Defense Against the Dark Arts) and werewolf. He is first introduced in 'Prisoner of Azkaban'. It is later revealed that he was also one of Harry's father's best friends, a co-creator of the Marauder's Map, and a member of the Order of the Phoenix.
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<gallery>
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File:Lupinus angustifolius (1).jpg|[[Blue Lupin]], ''L. angustifolius''.
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File:Lupins at lake tekapo.jpg|Lupin population
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Image:Lupinroad.jpg|A field of lupin
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Image:Upload.png| photo
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</gallery>
  
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== References ==
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==References==
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<references/>4. Diaporthe toxica sp.nov., the cause of lupinosis in sheep.  Williamson et al. 1994, Mycological Research 98 (12) 1364-1365
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
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== External links ==
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==External links==
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{{commonscat|Lupinus}}
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*{{wplink}}
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*[http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/ecology/notes/cycles/nitrogencycle.htm Nitrogen Cycle]
 
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*[http://www.lupins.org Lupins Resource Website]
 
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*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/lupine.html Alternative Field Crops Manual: Lupine]
 
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*[http://lupins-bk.blogspot.com/ Lupins]
 
  
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[[Category:Faboideae]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Garden plants]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Flowers]]
 

Latest revision as of 02:35, 14 December 2009


Lupinus polyphyllus


Plant Characteristics
Habit   herbaceous

Lifespan: ⌛ perennial
Cultivation
Scientific Names

Fabaceae >

Lupin >


Lupins or lupines (North America) are the members of the genus Lupinus in the legume family (Fabaceae). The genus comprises between 200 and 600 species, with major centers of diversity in South America and western North America, in the Mediterranean region and Africa.[1][2][3]

The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0.3-1.5 m (1-5 ft) tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to 3 m (10 ft) tall - see also bush lupin -, with one species (Lupinus jaimehintoniana, from the Mexican state of Oaxaca) a tree up to 8 m high with a trunk 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. They have a characteristic and easily recognised leaf shape, with soft green to grey-green leaves which in many species bear silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually palmately divided into 5–28 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 cm long, with a typical peaflower shape with an upper 'standard' or 'banner', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. Due to the flower shape, several species are known as bluebonnets or quaker bonnets. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds.

Like most members of their family, lupins can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia via a rhizobium-root nodule symbiosis, fertilizing the soil for other plants, this adaption allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor quality soils. The genus Lupinus is nodulated by Bradyrhizobium soil bacteria[4]. Some species have a long central tap roots, or have proteoid roots.

Lupins contain significant amounts of certain secondary compounds like isoflavones and toxic alkaloids, e.g. lupinine and sparteine.

Lupins are popular ornamental plants in gardens. There are numerous hybrids and cultivars. Some species, such as Garden Lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) and hybrids like the Rainbow Lupin (L. × regalis) are common garden flowers. Others, such as the Yellow Bush Lupin (L. arboreus) are considered invasive weeds when they appear outside their native range. It is also rumoured that if they are soaked in a container of water, they will grow better and faster.

In New Zealand Lupinus polyphyllus have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams on the South Island. Although considered attractive by some it is also seen as an invasive species.


Read about Lupin in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Lupinus (from the Latin lupus, a wolf, because a crop of lupines was supposed to destroy fertility). Leguminosae. Lupine. Usually herbs adapted to borders in masses, and to all places in which low-growing showy herbs would be found; some make good bedding plants, others cut-flowers.

Mostly annuals or herbaceous perennials, 2 species in cult, being shrubby: lvs. usually digitate, with 5-15 entire lfts.: fls. with calyx deeply bilabiate, 5-toothed, unequal; corolla with simple erect broadly ovate standard, having strongly reflexed sides; wings united at the apex and inclosing the keel; stamens united into a closed tube: pod 2-valved. flattened, inclosing several large seeds.—A group of about 300 species mostly confined to W. N. Amer., a few growing in E. N. Amer., Peru, Brazil, Mex., Guatemala, Afr., and in the Medit. region. A very variable genus in the garden. There are numerous garden hybrids of unknown parentage. Some of these names will be found in the supplementary list. Voss groups these under the name of L. hybridus. Hort., and its vars. atrococcineus and roseus, or florists lupines. They have variegated fls.

In addition to those described below the following native species have been advertised, mostly by Gillett, in 1881, for western collections. Probably they are not in cultivation. They are mostly described in Bot. Calif.: L. albicaulis, L. Chamissonis, L. lepidus, L. leucophyllus, L. ornatus and L. villosus.

The lupines are showy plants with conspicuous flowers in terminal racemes, those of the species in cultivation being mostly verticillate. The flowers are blue, white or yellow, or a union of these, papilionaceous and free-blooming. All are of easy cultivation in any garden soil, except that they are said not to succeed in soil containing lime. They are propagated by seed, the perennials also by division. They do not bear transplanting when once established, hence it is recommended to sow seed where the plants are finally desired. A few species are of value economically for soiling or plowing under.

L. angustifolius, Linn., with blue fls., is much grown in Eu. as a fodder plant and for plowing under: annual. Native to the Medit. region.—L. pubescens, Benth. Perennial or subshrubby. the pubescence short, spreading, hardly silky in the new parts: 1fts. 7-9, oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the petiole, pubescent on both sides: fls. loosely arranged almost in whorls: pedicels shorter than the calyx: pod hirsute, 4-6-seeded. The above is from the original description. Bentham neglects to state the color of the fls., but an allied species has blue fls. Mottet must be in error in calling this an annual. Mex., Cent. Amer., Colombia.—L. villosus Willd., is mentioned occasionally in garden literature.

The following are garden hybrids of unknown origin. They mostly have variegated fls. and are common in cult.: L. atroviolaceus. Perennial, 2 ft. high: fls. dark violet, striped with white and yellow. —L. coelestinus. Annual, 2 ft. high: fls. light blue.—L. Dunnettii. Fls. lilac-purple, gold and white. According to Voss, this is the same as the kinds known to the trade as L. superbus, L. insignis (Vilmorin, not Dippe), L. tricolor elegans and L. superbus Dunnettii. There is also a double form.—L. hybridus. Probably mixed kinds.—L. tricolor. Sec L. Dunnettii.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

Propagation

Pests and diseases

The most significant diseases of lupins are anthracnose as well as wilting and root rot diseases caused by Fusarium and other pathogens, and some bacterial and viral diseases.[5]

Species

Selected species:

Lupin and other wildflowers cover the mountaintop of Raspberry Island (Alaska)
Lupinus flavoculatus

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

  • Blue Lupin, L. angustifolius.

  • Lupin population

  • A field of lupin

  • photo

References

External links


  1. ↑ subgen.Platycarpos
  2. ↑ subgen. Lupinus
  3. ↑ Ainouche & Bayer (1999)
  4. ↑ Kurlovich et al. (2002)
  5. ↑ Golubev & Kurlovich (2002)
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