Difference between revisions of "Chaenomeles"

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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|familia=Rosaceae
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| name = ''Chaenomeles''
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|genus=Chaenomeles
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| image = Quince8317.JPG
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|Min ht metric=cm
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| image_width = 240px
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|features=flowers
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| image_caption = ''Chaenomeles'' in flower, probably a cultivar of ''C. × superba''
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|image=Quince8317.JPG
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|image_width=240
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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|image_caption=''Chaenomeles'' in flower, probably a cultivar of ''C. × superba''
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| ordo = [[Rosales]]
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}}
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| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
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{{Inc|
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| subfamilia = [[Maloideae]]
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Chaenomeles japonica. It has been shown recently that Thunberg, when describing his Pyrus japonica, had the species now called C. Maulei in mind: therefore the name C. japonica, Lindl., must replace the name C. Maulei, and the species called here C. japonica must bear the name C. lagenaria, Koidzumi (Cydonia lagenaria Loisel.); and C. cathayensis should be a variety of it: Var. cathayensis, Rehd. (C. cathayensis, Schneid.). Lvs. narrower, lanceolate, pubescent beneath while young. Cent. China. Another variety is: Var. Wilsonii, Rehd. Lvs. covered beneath with a persistent fulvous woolly tomentum. W. China.
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| genus = '''''Chaenomeles'''''
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}}
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| genus_authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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{{Inc|
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| subdivision =
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Chaenomeles (Greek chainein, to gape, to split, and melea, apple: the fruit was supposed by Thunberg to split into five valves). Rosaceae, subfamily Pomeae. Woody plants, grown chiefly for their handsome brightly colored flowers appearing early in spring; formerly commonly included in Cydonia.
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''[[Chaenomeles cathayensis]]''<br/>
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''[[Chaenomeles japonica]]''<br/>
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Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spiny: lvs. sub- persistent or deciduous, alternate, short-petioled, serrate: fls. solitary or fascicled, before or after the lvs., sometimes partly staminate; calyx-lobes entire or serrate; petals 5; stamens numerous: styles 5, connate at the base: fr. 5-celled, each cell with many seeds.—Four species in China and Japan.
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''[[Chaenomeles speciosa]]''
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These are ornamental plants, nearly hardy North except C. sinensis, which can be grown only South. C. japonica and C. Maulei, with handsome glossy foliage and abundant flowers in early spring, varying in all shades from pure white to deep scarlet, are highly decorative, and especially adapted for borders of shrubberies and for low ornamental hedges. The fruit of all species can be made into conserves. They thrive in almost any soil, but require sunny position to bloom abundantly. Propagated by seeds, usually stratified and sown in spring: also readily increased by root- cuttings made in fall or early spring, and rarer kinds or less vigorous-growing varieties are grafted in the greenhouse in early spring, on stock of the Japanese or common quince; they grow also from cuttings of half-ripened or nearly mature wood, under glass, and from layers.{{SCH}}
 
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}}
  
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'''''Chaenomeles''''' is a [[genus]] of three species of [[deciduous]] spiny [[shrub]]s, usually 1–3&nbsp;m tall, in the family [[Rosaceae]]. They are native to eastern [[Asia]] in [[Japan]], [[China]] and [[Korea]]. These plants are related to the [[Quince]] (''Cydonia oblonga'') and the [[Chinese Quince]] (''Pseudocydonia sinensis''), differing in the serrated [[Leaf|leaves]], and in the [[flower]]s having deciduous [[sepal]]s and styles that are connate at the base.
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, and have a serrated margin. The flowers are 3–4.5&nbsp;cm diameter, with five [[petal]]s, and are usually bright orange-red, but can be white or pink; flowering is in late winter or early spring. The [[fruit]] is a [[pome]] with five carpels; it ripens in late autumn.
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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''Chaenomeles'' is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Brown-tail]] and the leaf-miner ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix pomifoliella]]''.
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
  
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==Common names==
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==Species==
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Gardeners in the [[Western world|West]] often refer to these species as "flowering quince" (although all quince have flowers). In the 19th and 20th centuries the name "japonica" was widely used (although, since ''japonica'' is a [[Binary name|specific epithet]] which is shared by many other plants, this common name is particularly unhelpful). Originally used to refer to ''C. japonica'', the latter common name was (and still is) often loosely applied to ''Chaenomeles'', regardless of their species. The most commonly cultivated chaenomeles referred to as "japonica" are actually the hybrid ''C. × superba'' and ''C. speciosa'', not ''C. japonica''.
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Species{{wp}}:
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''[[Chaenomeles cathayensis]]''<br/>
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''[[Chaenomeles japonica]]''<br/>
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''[[Chaenomeles speciosa]]''
  
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==Species and hybrids==
 
 
''C. cathayensis'' is native to western China and has the largest fruit of the genus, [[pear]]-shaped, 10–15&nbsp;cm long and 6–9&nbsp;cm wide. The flowers are usually white or pink. The leaves are 7–14&nbsp;cm long.
 
''C. cathayensis'' is native to western China and has the largest fruit of the genus, [[pear]]-shaped, 10–15&nbsp;cm long and 6–9&nbsp;cm wide. The flowers are usually white or pink. The leaves are 7–14&nbsp;cm long.
  
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Four named [[hybrid]]s have been bred in gardens. The commonest is ''C. × superba'' (hybrid ''C. speciosa'' × ''C. japonica''), while ''C. × vilmoriniana'' is a hybrid ''C. speciosa'' × ''C. cathayensis'', and ''C. × clarkiana'' is a hybrid ''C. japonica'' × ''C. cathayensis''. The hybrid ''C. × californica'' is a tri-species hybrid (''C. × superba'' × ''C. cathayensis''). Numerous named [[cultivar]]s of all of these hybrids are available in the [[horticulture|horticultural]] trade.
 
Four named [[hybrid]]s have been bred in gardens. The commonest is ''C. × superba'' (hybrid ''C. speciosa'' × ''C. japonica''), while ''C. × vilmoriniana'' is a hybrid ''C. speciosa'' × ''C. cathayensis'', and ''C. × clarkiana'' is a hybrid ''C. japonica'' × ''C. cathayensis''. The hybrid ''C. × californica'' is a tri-species hybrid (''C. × superba'' × ''C. cathayensis''). Numerous named [[cultivar]]s of all of these hybrids are available in the [[horticulture|horticultural]] trade.
  
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===Uses===
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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[[Image:ChaenomelesFruit02floweringquince02.jpg|left|thumb|''Chaenomeles'' sp. bisected fruit, probably ''C. speciosa'' or cultivar]]
 
[[Image:ChaenomelesFruit02floweringquince02.jpg|left|thumb|''Chaenomeles'' sp. bisected fruit, probably ''C. speciosa'' or cultivar]]
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The species have become a popular [[ornamental plant|ornamental shrubs]] in parts of [[Europe]] and [[North America]], grown in [[garden]]s for their bright flowers. Some [[cultivar]]s grow up to 2&nbsp;m tall, but others are much smaller and creeping.  
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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They are also suitable for cultivation as a [[bonsai]].
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
  
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The fruit are very hard and astringent and very unpleasant to eat raw, though they do soften and become less astringent after [[frost]] (when they are said to be "[[Bletting|bletted]]"). They are, however, suitable for making [[liqueur]]s, as well as [[marmalade]] and preserves, as they contain more [[pectin]] than [[apple]]s and true [[quince]]s. The fruit also contain more [[vitamin C]] than [[lemon]]s (up to 150&nbsp;mg/100&nbsp;g).
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==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
  
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==References and external links==
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==External links==
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*[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Chaenomeles+speciosa ''Chaenomeles speciosa'']
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*{{wplink}}
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*[http://www.arhomeandgarden.org/plantoftheweek/articles/japonica.htm University of Arkansas: Flowering Quince or Japonica]
 
  
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[[Category:Maloideae]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Fruit]]
 

Latest revision as of 21:19, 9 December 2009


Chaenomeles in flower, probably a cultivar of C. × superba


Plant Characteristics
Cultivation
Features: ✓ flowers
Scientific Names

Rosaceae >

Chaenomeles >



Read about Chaenomeles in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Chaenomeles japonica. It has been shown recently that Thunberg, when describing his Pyrus japonica, had the species now called C. Maulei in mind: therefore the name C. japonica, Lindl., must replace the name C. Maulei, and the species called here C. japonica must bear the name C. lagenaria, Koidzumi (Cydonia lagenaria Loisel.); and C. cathayensis should be a variety of it: Var. cathayensis, Rehd. (C. cathayensis, Schneid.). Lvs. narrower, lanceolate, pubescent beneath while young. Cent. China. Another variety is: Var. Wilsonii, Rehd. Lvs. covered beneath with a persistent fulvous woolly tomentum. W. China.


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.



Read about Chaenomeles in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 

Chaenomeles (Greek chainein, to gape, to split, and melea, apple: the fruit was supposed by Thunberg to split into five valves). Rosaceae, subfamily Pomeae. Woody plants, grown chiefly for their handsome brightly colored flowers appearing early in spring; formerly commonly included in Cydonia.

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spiny: lvs. sub- persistent or deciduous, alternate, short-petioled, serrate: fls. solitary or fascicled, before or after the lvs., sometimes partly staminate; calyx-lobes entire or serrate; petals 5; stamens numerous: styles 5, connate at the base: fr. 5-celled, each cell with many seeds.—Four species in China and Japan.

These are ornamental plants, nearly hardy North except C. sinensis, which can be grown only South. C. japonica and C. Maulei, with handsome glossy foliage and abundant flowers in early spring, varying in all shades from pure white to deep scarlet, are highly decorative, and especially adapted for borders of shrubberies and for low ornamental hedges. The fruit of all species can be made into conserves. They thrive in almost any soil, but require sunny position to bloom abundantly. Propagated by seeds, usually stratified and sown in spring: also readily increased by root- cuttings made in fall or early spring, and rarer kinds or less vigorous-growing varieties are grafted in the greenhouse in early spring, on stock of the Japanese or common quince; they grow also from cuttings of half-ripened or nearly mature wood, under glass, and from layers.CH


The above text is from the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. It may be out of date, but still contains valuable and interesting information which can be incorporated into the remainder of the article. Click on "Collapse" in the header to hide this text.


Cultivation

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Propagation

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Pests and diseases

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Species

Specieswp: Chaenomeles cathayensis
Chaenomeles japonica
Chaenomeles speciosa

C. cathayensis is native to western China and has the largest fruit of the genus, pear-shaped, 10–15 cm long and 6–9 cm wide. The flowers are usually white or pink. The leaves are 7–14 cm long.

Chaenomeles japonica

C. japonica (Maule's Quince or Japanese Quince) is native to Japan, and has small fruit, apple-shaped, 3–4 cm diameter. The flowers are usually red, but can be white or pink. The leaves are 3–5 cm long.

C. speciosa (Chinese Flowering Quince; syn.: Chaenomeles laganaria, Cydonia lagenaria, Cydonia speciosa, Pyrus japonica) is native to China and Korea, and has apple-shaped fruit 5–6 cm diameter. The flowers are red. The leaves are 4–7 cm long.

Four named hybrids have been bred in gardens. The commonest is C. × superba (hybrid C. speciosa × C. japonica), while C. × vilmoriniana is a hybrid C. speciosa × C. cathayensis, and C. × clarkiana is a hybrid C. japonica × C. cathayensis. The hybrid C. × californica is a tri-species hybrid (C. × superba × C. cathayensis). Numerous named cultivars of all of these hybrids are available in the horticultural trade.

Gallery

If you have a photo of this plant, please upload it! Plus, there may be other photos available for you to add.

Chaenomeles sp. bisected fruit, probably C. speciosa or cultivar

  • photo 1

  • photo 2

  • photo 3

References

External links


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